Compaq
| Compaq logo | |
| Industry | PDA and Computer Hardware |
|---|---|
| Founded | February, 1982 |
| Defunct | 2002 |
| Fate | Merged; now a HP brand |
| Successor | Hewlett-Packard |
| Headquarters | Houston, Texas, USA |
Key people | Rod Canion, Founder Jim Harris, Founder Bill Murto, Founder |
| Products | Presario desktops and notebooks, iPAQ |
Number of employees | 63,700 (2001) |
Compaq Computer Corporation was an American personal computer company founded in 1982, and now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard.
The company was formed by Rod Canion, Jim Harris and Bill Murto — former Texas Instruments senior managers. The name "COMPAQ" was derived from "Compatibility and Quality", as at its formation Compaq produced some of the first IBM PC compatible computers.
Once the largest supplier of computing systems in the world and previously regarded as perhaps the most reputable manufacturer of mid-range hardware, Compaq existed as an independent corporation until 2002, when it merged with Hewlett-Packard.
History
1980s
Compaq was founded in February 1982 by Rod Canion, Jim Harris and Bill Murto, three senior managers from semiconductor manufacturer Texas Instruments. Each invested $1,000 to form the company. Their first venture capital came from Ben Rosen and Sevin-Rosen partners. Like many small startups with unique beginnings, the original Compaq PC was first sketched out on a placemat by the founders while dining in a local Houston restaurant, House of Pies.
In its early years Compaq was in many respects what IBM's PC Group should have been, and indeed, two of Compaq's key marketing executives, Jim D'Arezzo and Sparky Sparks, had moved from there.
Compaq Portable
In November 1982 Compaq announced their first product, the Compaq Portable, a portable IBM PC compatible personal computer. It was released in March 1983 at $2995, considerably more affordable than competitors at the time. The Compaq Portable was one of the progenitors of today's laptop. It was the second IBM PC compatible, being capable of running all software that would run on an IBM PC. It was a commercial success, selling 53,000 units in its first year. The Compaq Portable was the first in the range of the Compaq Portable series. Compaq was able to market a legal IBM clone because IBM mostly used "off the shelf" parts for their PC. Furthermore, Microsoft had kept the right to license the operating system to other computer manufacturers. The only part which had to be duplicated was the BIOS, which Compaq did legally by using clean room reverse engineering for $1 million[1][2][3]. Phoenix Technologies were the first to follow their lead, but soon "clone BIOSes" were available from several vendors.
Deskpro
On June 28th 1984 Compaq Released the Compaq Deskpro, a 16-bit desktop computer using an Intel 8086 microprocessor running at 7.14MHz. It was considerably faster than an IBM PC and was, like the Compaq Portable, also capable of running IBM software. This was the first of the Compaq Deskpro line of computers.
Deskpro 286
In 1985, Compaq released the Compaq Deskpro 286, a 16-bit desktop computer using an Intel 80286 microprocessor running at 8 MHz and capable of supporting up to 7 MB of RAM. It cost $2000 for the 40-MB hard disk model. It was considerably faster than an IBM PC AT which ran at 6MHz at that time and was, like the Compaq Portable, also capable of running IBM software.
After making half a billion dollars turnover, in 1986 Compaq released the Compaq Portable II. The Portable II was significantly lighter and smaller than its predecessor, featuring a revised design with an 8 MHz processor and 10 MB hard disk. It was cheaper than the IBM PC/AT at $3199, or $4799 with a hard disk.
Deskpro 386
When in 1986 Compaq introduced the first PC based on Intel's new 80386 microprocessor, the Compaq Deskpro 386[4], they began a period of increasing performance leadership over IBM, who were not yet using this processor. An IBM machine eventually reached the market seven months later, but by that time Compaq was the 386 supplier of choice and IBM had lost its image of technical leadership.
Systempro
This technical leadership and the rivalry with IBM was emphasised when the Systempro server was launched in late 1989 - this was a true server product with standard support for a second CPU and RAID, but also the first product to feature the EISA bus which was designed in reaction to IBM's MCA (MicroChannel Architecture).
1990s
At the same time as they began to dominate the server market, in the early 1990s Compaq entered the retail computer market with the Presario, and was one of the first manufacturers in the mid-1990s to market a sub-$1000 PC. In order to maintain the prices it wanted, Compaq became the first first-tier computer manufacturer to utilize CPUs from AMD and Cyrix. The price war resulting from Compaq's actions ultimately drove numerous competitors, most notably IBM and Packard Bell, from this market.
In 1997, Compaq bought Tandem Computers, known for their NonStop server line. This acquisition instantly gave Compaq a presence in the higher end business computing market. In 1998, Compaq acquired Digital Equipment Corporation, the leading company in the previous generation of computing during the 1970s and early 1980s. This acquisition made Compaq, at the time, the world's second largest computer maker in the world in terms of revenue. Unfortunately for the company, CEO Eckhard Pfeiffer, who engineered both mergers, had little vision for what the combined companies should do, or indeed how the three dramatically different cultures could work as a single entity, and Compaq struggled as a result. Pfeiffer was forced out as CEO in 1999 in a coup led by board chairman Ben Rosen and was eventually replaced by Michael Capellas, formerly CIO of the company. Capellas was able to restore some of the luster lost in the latter part of the Pfeiffer era, but the company still struggled against lower-cost competitors such as Dell.
During November 1999, Compaq began to work with Microsoft to create the first in a line of small-scale, web-based computer systems called MSN Companions.[1]
2000s
In 2001, Compaq engaged in a merger with Hewlett-Packard. Numerous large HP shareholders, including Walter Hewlett, publicly opposed the deal, which resulted in an impassioned public proxy battle between those for and against the deal.
The merger was approved only after the narrowest of margins, and allegations of vote buying (primarily involving an alleged last-second back-room deal with Deutsche Bank) haunted the new company.
It was subsequently disclosed that HP had retained Deutsche Bank's investment banking division in January 2002 to assist in the merger. HP had agreed to pay Deutsche Bank $1 million guaranteed, and another $1 million contingent upon approval of the merger. On August 19, 2003, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission charged Deutsche Bank with failing to disclose a material conflict of interest in its voting of client proxies for the merger and imposed a civil penalty of $750,000. Deutsche Bank consented without admitting or denying the findings. [2]
Capellas left the company after serving less than a year as President of HP and became CEO of MCI Worldcom before Verizon bought MCI. Carly Fiorina, the CEO of HP, added Capellas's responsibilities to her own.
Fiorina helmed HP for nearly three years after Capellas left. HP laid off thousands of former Compaq, DEC, HP, and Tandem employees[3] [4], its stock price generally declined, profits did not perk up, and it continued to lose market share to Dell. Facing dismissal from a hostile Board of Directors, Fiorina opted to leave in February 2005 before the board could fire her. Mark Hurd took her place as CEO of HP.
Most Compaq products have been re-branded with the HP nameplate, such as the company's market leading ProLiant server line, while the Compaq brand remains on only some consumer-orientated products, notably Compaq Presario PCs. HP's business computers line was deprecated in favour of the Compaq Evo line, which was rebranded HP Compaq. HP's Jornada PDAs were replaced by Compaq iPAQ PDAs, which were renamed HP iPAQ.
Before the merger, Compaq's ticker symbol was CPQ, but this was melded with Hewlett-Packard's previous symbol (HWP) to create the current symbol of HPQ. In late 2005, HPQ seemed to find its feet under the new leadership of Mark Hurd. At this same time Dell seemed to be faltering and eventually conceded the #1 sales position to archrival HPQ. Hurd took the merger once considered a huge mistake by industry experts and turned it into a huge success story for other merger candidates to model.
Compaq also made a Tablet PC notepad laptop, an interactive pen and fold down option where you can still use it as normal with on-screen keyboard & the interactive pen.
In May of 2007, HP in a press release announced a new logo for their Compaq Division to be placed on the new model Compaq Presarios. The full logo can be seen on the new Compaq Home page on [5]
Sponsorship
Compaq sponsored Queen's Park Rangers Football Club from 1994 to 1996, during their most recent two seasons as a Premier League club.
PC Products
- Compaq Portable
- Compaq Deskpro
- Compaq LTE
- Compaq Prosignia 300
- Compaq Presario
- Compaq ProLinea
- Compaq ProLiant
- Compaq Armada
- Compaq Evo
- iPAQ
- Compaq Professional Workstation AP400
- Tc1000, a tablet notebook
Wireless LAN Products
- Compaq WL400 access point
Culture
Two sports stadiums were named after the company:
- The Compaq Center, of Houston, Texas, formerly The Summit, lost its sports teams to the Toyota Center. The building became the new home of Lakewood Church, one of the largest Protestant congregations in the United States.
- The Compaq Center at San Jose, later renamed the HP Pavilion when HP purchased Compaq.
Competitors
HP Compaq competes against other computer manufacturers including Dell, Apple, Lenovo, Gateway, Sony and Toshiba among others. Originally the company competed against IBM, making affordable IBM PC compatibles often cheaper and faster than the IBM alternative. Lenovo, which purchased IBM's personal computer business in 2005, is a new competitor, especially in the People's Republic of China where it was founded.
See also
References
- ^ "MSN Web Companion" (HTML). Retrieved 2007-03-04.
- ^ http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2003-100.htm SEC Press Release: "SEC Brings Settled Enforcement Action Against Deutsche Bank Investment Advisory Unit in Connection with Its Voting of Client Proxies for Merger Transaction; Imposes $750,000 Penalty"
- ^ http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061226/news_1b26hp.html "HP hires workers as it lets others go"
- ^ http://www.denverpost.com/technology/ci_4893866 "What's 150,000 minus 45,000? In Hewlett-Packard's world, the answer is still roughly 150,000."
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2007) |