Broad-billed hummingbird: Difference between revisions

Broad-Billed Hummingbird
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Apodiformes
Family:	Trochilidae
Genus:	Cynanthus
Species:	C. latirostris
Binomial name
	Cynanthus latirostris; Swainson, 1827
	Distribution Map

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The Broad-billed hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris) is a small-sized hummingbird that resides in Mexico and the southwestern United States^[2]. The bird displays sexual dimorphism, and the juveniles resemble the female adult more than the male adult^[3]. The Broad-billed hummingbird is a bright coloured bird with a broad and bright red bill. The bird is also known for its other common names - the Colibrí Pico Ancho in Spanish and Colibri circé in French^[4]. It is a diurnal bird^[4].

Description

The Broad-billed hummingbird is a small-sized hummingbird at about 8-10 centimeters long^[2]. It weighs only 3-4 grams, with the male weighing slightly more than the female^[2]. The wingspan of the hummingbird is about 13cm^[5]. It has a long, bright reddish coloured bill that has a black tip^[6]. The birds are metallic green dorsally with more dull colouring on the crown and forehead. The hummingbird is sexually dimorphic, with the adults appearance varying significantly.

The male is dark green with white undertail-coverts and a blue throat^[6]. The adult males tail is blackish-blue and broad. The flight feathers are brownish-gray. The adult female has a pale belly and has a white eyestripe behind her eye. Her tail feathers are white-tipped. The bill of the male is shorter but brighter red. As for size, both the juvenile and adult males have larger wings and tails than the female^[4].

The colouring of the juveniles tend to resemble the adult female^[3]. With time, the bill of the juvenile males will redden, and iridescent feathers will appear on its throat. Unlike the females, the juvenile males don't have a white-tipped tail.

The hatchings have a brown body and orange downy feathers and an orange bill^[4]. Not much is known about hatchlings, but in captivity the juvenile birds have been seen to have adult plumage within 6-8 months^[4].

Taxonomy

There are 338 described species of hummingbirds that can be further categorized into 9 different clades^[7]. The Cynanthus genus falls under the emerald clade of hummingbirds^[7]. The emerald clade formed between 10-15 million years ago and has the largest diversity of species^[7]. The common name of the bird comes from the Latin origins of the species name. The word latirostris comes from the Latin word lata meaning "broad" and rostris meaning "platform," which relates to the characteristic feature of the bird- it’s broad bill.
The Broad-billed hummingbird was described by William Swainson in 1827 based on specimens by William Bullock in the Valley of México near Mexico City ^[8]. Swainson made most of his descriptions from the 70 specimens that Bullock brought back to England in 1822^[8].

Subspecies

There are 5 described subspecies of the Broad-billed hummingbird. These subspecies are:

Cynanthus latirostris latirostris, Swainson, 1827

Cynanthus latirostris magicus (Mulsant and J. Verreaux, 1872)

Cynanthus latirostris lawrencei (Berlepsch, 1887)

Cynanthus latirostris doubledayi (Bourcier, 1847)

Cynanthus latirostris propinquus (R. T. Moore, 1939)

There is skepticism surrounding the subspecies status of C. l. doubledayi and C. l. lawrencei. A study by McGuire et al. (2014) analyzed the mtDNA and nDNA of C. l. doubledayi and concluded that it should be treated as its own species instead^[7]. C. l. doubledayi was found to relate more to Canivet’s Emerald (Chlorostilbon canivetii) than the Broad-billed hummingbird^[9]. The same study also showed that the genus is paraphyletic and concluded that C. latirostris is closer related to Canivet's Emerald (Chlorostilbon canivetii) than another other species in the genus, the Dusky Hummingbird (Cynanthus sordidus)^[10] ^[9] .

The Broad-billed hummingbird has hybridized with two different species: Rivoli’s hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens) and the Violet-crowned hummingbird (Amazilia violiceps)^[4].

Behaviour

Vocalizations

Songs and calls

Listen to broad-billed hummingbird on xeno-canto

The C. latirostris chatter is done by both the male and the female^[4]. Like the note of a Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) the chatter sounds like a rapid chi-dit^[11]. This noise can be done while perching or in flight. The males display call is a whining zing - but little is known about its song^[2]^[6].

Diet

The broad-billed hummingbird eats both nectar and insects. The hummingbird is also known to visit sugar-water hummingbird feeders^[11]. Their eating habits showed that the broad-billed hummingbird prefers visiting red or red-and-yellow flowers the most^[8].

To feed on nectar, the hummingbird will extend its bill and long tongue into the flower to access the nectar while hovering^[11]. This differs from their behaviour at feeders, where often times they will perch. To feed on insects, the bird species can catch them midair or hover and pluck them from a plant^[11].

Not much is known on the metabolism, drinking and food selection process of this species.

Nectar

In the USA, the Broad-billed hummingbird is known to eat from the following flowering species^[4]:

Agave (Agave parryi and A. schottii), desert honeysuckle (Anisacanthus thurberi), milkweed (Asclepias spp.), Bouvardia (Bouvardia glaberima), bird-of-paradise (Caesalpinia gilliesii), indian paintbrush (Castilleja spp.), desert willow (Chilopsis linearis), New Mexico thistle (Cirsium neomexicanum), fireweed (Epilobium canum), coral bean (Erythrina flabelliformis), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), trumpet honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens), scarlet bugler (Penstemon barbatus), Mojave beardtongue (P. pseudospectabilis), superb penstemon (P. superbus) and Texas betony (Stachys coccinea).

In southern Mexico, the Broad-billed hummingbird is known to eat from the following flower species^[4]:

Bejuco blanco (Exogonium bracteatum), pochote (Ceiba aesculifolia), cactus (Lemairocereus spp.), fairy-duster (Calliandra spp.), Bumelia spp. and liana (Paullinia sessiliflora).

In Nayarit and Jalisco, Mexico, the Broad-billed hummingbird is known to occur in the same range as the Cinnamon hummingbird (Amazilia rutila)^[4]. This leads to food competition and therefore when co-occuring, the C. latirostris will feed from flowers with low-nectar availability^[4]. The Broad-billed hummingbird will feed from high-nectar available flowers such as the sharpleaf jacaranda (Jacaranda acutifolia), sleeping hibiscus (Malvaviscus arboreus), and mistletoe (Psittacanthus longipennis). When in competition with the A. rutila, the C. latirostris will feed from Calopogonium parvum, royal poinciana (Delonix regia), velvet-seed (Hamelia versicolor), hibiscus (Hibiscus sp.), and coralblow (Russelia tenuis)^[4].

In central Mexico, the C. latirostris feeds on two cacti (Pachycereus weberi and Pilosocereus chrysacanthus.) After feeding on these species, the hummingbirds studied were found to have pollen grains on them. However it was deemed that they have no role in the pollination of these plants^[12].

Insects

There is little available information regarding the Broad-billed hummingbird eating insects. However, one study showed that even when there is an abundance of insects, the hummingbirds prefer to feed from flowers if available^[13]. In Guadalupe Canyon, Mexico, the hummingbirds were only seen eating flying Diptera and Ephemeroptera^[13].

Reproduction

Breeding

Broad-billed hummingbirds reproduce sexually through mates choice. To attract a mate, the male will perform a "pendulum display" to the female. This display consists of the male Broad-billed hummingbird hovering in front of the female and flying back and forth 4 times in repeated arcs, just like a pendulum^[5].

In the United States, there is usually 2 brood attempts per year, in mid-April to mid-to late June and then again in July to mid-August. These dates overlap with the peak nectar availability in the Broad-bill hummingbirds habitats^[13]. In Arizona, pairs breed in semi-open habitats at 914 to 1524 meters in elevation^[11].

In southern Mexico, the species breeds over a long period of time. The birds sex organs have been shown to be able to breed from January to August^[8].

In Sonora and western Mexico, breeding starts mid-January, peaking in Mid March and ending in August^[8].

Nesting

The Broad-billed hummingbird typically creates a nest within 2 meters of the ground^[8]. In Guadalupe Canyon, most nests were found to be at an average height of 1.1 meter above the ground^[13]. Although the height from the ground matters to the mothers, the nesting habitats have been found at many elevations^[8]. One study found 4 nests between 14 meters, in Sinaloa, to 442 meters, in Sonora^[8]. Nest site selection is thought to be less specific in individuals living towards the southern part of the range^[4]. The nests themselves are constructed only by the females^[8]. The female will weave nesting material (bark, grasses and dried leaves) into a nest and shape it with her body^[8]. The nest is about 2.5cm tall, with an interior diameter of 1.9cm. The interior is lined with materials such as white plant down, plant stems, leaves, plant blooms and even lichen^[8]. Once ready, the female Broad-billed hummingbird will lay 2 eggs into her nest^[11]. The eggs of C. latirostris are smooth and white. On average, the eggs measure 12 by 8 millimeters. Although uncertain, it's believed that the female incubates the eggs for more than 2 weeks^[11]. After hatching, in Guadalupe Canyon the females spent about 60% of each hour at her nest^[13]. The largest causes of nest mortality are due to predation on eggs and nestlings, abandonment of nest before egg and failure for eggs to hatch^[13].

There is little known information available regarding incubation, hatching, growth and fledgling of the broad-billed hummingbird.

Habitat and Distribution

Habitat

In the USA, C. latirostris lives along streamsides and oak woodlands. It prefers areas with streamside groves and dense vegetation, as well as open oak woodlands in lower canyons^[11]. It favours living in areas with Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii), Fremont cottonwoods (Populus fremontii), and mesquite^[13].

In Mexico, specimens have been collected at nearly every elevation above sea level, even from 1494 to 3048 meters high^[8]. Along the Pacific coast, the Broad-billed hummingbird is known to be a common resident of arid thorn forests, tropical deciduous forests and riparian gallery forests^[4].

Distribution

During breeding season, the Broad-billed hummingbird is common in desert canyons and low mountain oak woodlands. It's found in the Southwest United States through to central Mexico. It's been noted breeding in southeast Arizona, southwest new Mexico and rarely in southwest Texas. There have also been rare sightings across the continent, including in Arkansas. In the state of Sonora, Mexico, it’s the most common hummingbird.

Migration and Permanent Residents

The breeding populations of C. latirostris in the USA, Sonora and Nuevo Leon are all migratory^[4]. Not enough information is known about the migration but it’s believed that the birds fly deeper south into Mexico, into Guerrero and Baja California Sur^[4]. Most populations in Mexico are resident, unless they reside in the extreme north. The Northern populations migrate south in the beginning of November, and return in early March^[14]. There have been rare sightings in the fall and winter months in Southern California,Texas and even rarely in Oregon, Idaho, Colorado and the East Coast^[2]. An abundance map of Broad-bill hummingbirds has been produced on eBird^[15].

Click to see the ranges of the subspecies
Subspecies ranges
C. l. latirostris, C. l. magicus, C. l. propinquus	click
C. l. doubledayi	click
C. l. lawrencei	click

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cynanthus latirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. IUCN: e.T22725767A94902093. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725767A94902093.en. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "National Geographic field guide to the birds of eastern North America". Choice Reviews Online. 46 (09): 46–5021-46-5021. 2009-05-01. doi:10.5860/choice.46-5021. ISSN 0009-4978.
^ ^a ^b "Birds of North and Middle America The Birds of North and Middle America. Part X Robert Ridgway Herbert Friedmann". The Auk. 64 (2): 328–329. 1947-04-01. doi:10.2307/4080589. ISSN 0004-8038.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Powers, Donald R.; Wethington, Susan M. (2020-03-04). "Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.brbhum.01.
^ ^a ^b "Broad-billed Hummingbird - BirdFellow Social Field Guide". www.birdfellow.com. Retrieved 2020-10-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Sibley field guide to birds of eastern North America". Choice Reviews Online. 41 (04): 41–2180-41-2180. 2003-12-01. doi:10.5860/choice.41-2180. ISSN 0009-4978.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d McGuire, Jimmy-A.; Witt, Christopher-C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, Ammon; Rabosky, Daniel-L.; Altshuler, Douglas-L.; Dudley, Robert (April 2014). "Molecular Phylogenetics and the Diversification of Hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Moore, Robert (1939). A new race of Cynanthus latirostris from Guanajuato. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. p. 313-319.
^ ^a ^b McGuire, Jimmy A.; Witt, Christopher C.; Remsen, J. V.; Corl, Ammon; Rabosky, Daniel L.; Altshuler, Douglas L.; Dudley, Robert (14 April 2014). "Molecular Phylogenetics and the Diversification of Hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016.
^ Stiles, F. Gary; Remsen, J. V. Jr.; Mcguire, Jimmy A. (24 November 2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Lives of North American Birds". The Auk. 114 (3): 539–540. 1997-07-01. doi:10.2307/4089268. ISSN 0004-8038.
^ Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso; Rojas-Martínez, Alberto; Arizmendi, María del Coro; Dávila, Patricia (1997-04-01). "Pollination biology of two columnar cacti (Neobuxbaumia mezcalaensis and Neobuxbaumia macrocephala) in the Tehuacan Valley, central Mexico". American Journal of Botany. 84 (4): 452–455. doi:10.2307/2446020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Baltosser, William (1989). "Nectar Availability and Habitat Selection by Hummingbirds in Guadalupe Canyon". The Wilson Bulletin. 101: 559–578 – via JSTOR.
^ Russell, S. M., and G. Monson (1998). The Birds of Sonora. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, USA.
^ Fink, D., T. Auer, A. Johnston, M. Strimas-Mackey, O. Robinson, S. Ligocki, B. Petersen, C. Wood, I. Davies, B. Sullivan, M. Iliff, S. Kelling. 2020. eBird Status and Trends, Data Version: 2018; Released: 2020. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. https://doi.org/10.2173/ebirdst.2018

External Links

Abundance map on eBird
USA stamp featuring the Cynanthus latirostris
Cynanthus latirostris photos
Climate vulnerability of Cynanthus latirostris under "Climate Vulnerability" tab
IUCN red list status
Cynanthus latirostris at a feeder - outside its native range

[IUCN-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Cynanthus latirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. IUCN: e.T22725767A94902093. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725767A94902093.en. Retrieved October 14, 2020.

[:1-2] "National Geographic field guide to the birds of eastern North America". Choice Reviews Online. 46 (09): 46–5021-46-5021. 2009-05-01. doi:10.5860/choice.46-5021. ISSN 0009-4978.

[:7-3] "Birds of North and Middle America The Birds of North and Middle America. Part X Robert Ridgway Herbert Friedmann". The Auk. 64 (2): 328–329. 1947-04-01. doi:10.2307/4080589. ISSN 0004-8038.

[:3-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Powers, Donald R.; Wethington, Susan M. (2020-03-04). "Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.brbhum.01.

[:9-5] "Broad-billed Hummingbird - BirdFellow Social Field Guide". www.birdfellow.com. Retrieved 2020-10-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[:2-6] "The Sibley field guide to birds of eastern North America". Choice Reviews Online. 41 (04): 41–2180-41-2180. 2003-12-01. doi:10.5860/choice.41-2180. ISSN 0009-4978.

[:8-7] McGuire, Jimmy-A.; Witt, Christopher-C.; Remsen, J.V.; Corl, Ammon; Rabosky, Daniel-L.; Altshuler, Douglas-L.; Dudley, Robert (April 2014). "Molecular Phylogenetics and the Diversification of Hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016.

[:4-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Moore, Robert (1939). A new race of Cynanthus latirostris from Guanajuato. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. p. 313-319.

[:0-9] McGuire, Jimmy A.; Witt, Christopher C.; Remsen, J. V.; Corl, Ammon; Rabosky, Daniel L.; Altshuler, Douglas L.; Dudley, Robert (14 April 2014). "Molecular Phylogenetics and the Diversification of Hummingbirds". Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016.

[10] Stiles, F. Gary; Remsen, J. V. Jr.; Mcguire, Jimmy A. (24 November 2017). "The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny". Zootaxa. 4353 (3): 401. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.1.

[:5-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Lives of North American Birds". The Auk. 114 (3): 539–540. 1997-07-01. doi:10.2307/4089268. ISSN 0004-8038.

[12] Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso; Rojas-Martínez, Alberto; Arizmendi, María del Coro; Dávila, Patricia (1997-04-01). "Pollination biology of two columnar cacti (Neobuxbaumia mezcalaensis and Neobuxbaumia macrocephala) in the Tehuacan Valley, central Mexico". American Journal of Botany. 84 (4): 452–455. doi:10.2307/2446020.

[:6-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Baltosser, William (1989). "Nectar Availability and Habitat Selection by Hummingbirds in Guadalupe Canyon". The Wilson Bulletin. 101: 559–578 – via JSTOR.

[14] Russell, S. M., and G. Monson (1998). The Birds of Sonora. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, USA.

[15] Fink, D., T. Auer, A. Johnston, M. Strimas-Mackey, O. Robinson, S. Ligocki, B. Petersen, C. Wood, I. Davies, B. Sullivan, M. Iliff, S. Kelling. 2020. eBird Status and Trends, Data Version: 2018; Released: 2020. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. https://doi.org/10.2173/ebirdst.2018

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@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 The male is dark green with white [[Covert feather|undertail-coverts]] and a blue throat<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=2003-12-01|title=The Sibley field guide to birds of eastern North America|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.41-2180|journal=Choice Reviews Online|volume=41|issue=04|pages=41–2180-41-2180|doi=10.5860/choice.41-2180|issn=0009-4978}}</ref>. The adult males tail is blackish-blue and broad. The flight feathers are brownish-gray. The adult female has a pale belly and has a white [[Bird anatomy|eyestripe]] behind her eye. Her tail feathers are white-tipped. The bill of the male is shorter but brighter red. As for size, both the juvenile and adult males have larger wings and tails than the female<ref name=":3" />.
-The colouring of the juveniles tend to resemble the adult female<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=1947-04|title=Birds of North and Middle America The Birds of North and Middle America. Part X Robert Ridgway Herbert Friedmann|url=|journal=The Auk|volume=64|issue=2|pages=328–329|doi=10.2307/4080589|issn=0004-8038|via=}}</ref>. With time, the bill of the juvenile males will redden, and iridescent feathers will appear on its throat. Unlike the females, the juvenile males don't have a white-tipped tail.
+The colouring of the juveniles tend to resemble the adult female<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=1947-04-01|title=Birds of North and Middle America The Birds of North and Middle America. Part X Robert Ridgway Herbert Friedmann|url=|journal=The Auk|volume=64|issue=2|pages=328–329|doi=10.2307/4080589|issn=0004-8038|via=}}</ref>. With time, the bill of the juvenile males will redden, and iridescent feathers will appear on its throat. Unlike the females, the juvenile males don't have a white-tipped tail.
 The hatchings have a brown body and orange downy feathers and an orange bill<ref name=":3" />. Not much is known about hatchlings, but in captivity the juvenile birds have been seen to have adult plumage within 6-8 months<ref name=":3" />.
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 == Taxonomy ==
-There are 338 described species of hummingbirds that can be further categorized into 9 different clades<ref name=":8" />. The ''[[Cynanthus]]'' genus falls under the emerald [[clade]] of hummingbirds<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |last1=McGuire |first1=Jimmy A. |last2=Witt |first2=Christopher C. |last3=Remsen |first3=J.V. |last4=Corl |first4=Ammon |last5=Rabosky |first5=Daniel L. |last6=Altshuler |first6=Douglas L. |last7=Dudley |first7=Robert |title=Molecular Phylogenetics and the Diversification of Hummingbirds |journal=Current Biology |date=April 2014 |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=910–916 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016}}</ref>. The emerald clade formed between 10-15 million years ago and has the largest diversity of species<ref name=":8" />. The common name of the bird comes from the Latin origins of the species name. The word ''latirostris'' comes from the Latin word ''lata'' meaning "broad" and ''rostris'' meaning "platform," which relates to the characteristic feature of the bird- it’s broad bill.<br>
+There are 338 described species of hummingbirds that can be further categorized into 9 different clades<ref name=":8" />. The ''[[Cynanthus]]'' genus falls under the emerald [[clade]] of hummingbirds<ref name=":8">{{cite journal|last1=McGuire|first1=Jimmy-A.|last2=Witt|first2=Christopher-C.|last3=Remsen|first3=J.V.|last4=Corl|first4=Ammon|last5=Rabosky|first5=Daniel-L.|last6=Altshuler|first6=Douglas-L.|last7=Dudley|first7=Robert|date=April 2014|title=Molecular Phylogenetics and the Diversification of Hummingbirds|url=|journal=Current Biology|volume=24|issue=8|pages=910–916|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016|via=}}</ref>. The emerald clade formed between 10-15 million years ago and has the largest diversity of species<ref name=":8" />. The common name of the bird comes from the Latin origins of the species name. The word ''latirostris'' comes from the Latin word ''lata'' meaning "broad" and ''rostris'' meaning "platform," which relates to the characteristic feature of the bird- it’s broad bill.<br>
 The Broad-billed hummingbird was described by [[William John Swainson|William Swainson]] in 1827 based on specimens by [[William Bullock (collector)|William Bullock]] in the Valley of México near Mexico City <ref name=":4">{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Robert |title=A new race of Cynanthus latirostris from Guanajuato |date=1939 |publisher=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |page=313-319 }}</ref>. Swainson made most of his descriptions from the 70 specimens that Bullock brought back to England in 1822<ref name=":4" />.
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 There is skepticism surrounding the subspecies status of ''C. l. doubledayi'' and ''C. l. lawrencei''. A study by McGuire et al. (2014) analyzed the [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] and [[Nuclear DNA|nDNA]] of ''C. l. doubledayi'' and concluded that it should be treated as its own species instead<ref name=":8" />. ''C. l. doubledayi'' was found to relate more to [[Canivet's emerald|Canivet’s Emerald]] (''Chlorostilbon canivetii'') than the Broad-billed hummingbird<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=McGuire|first1=Jimmy A.|last2=Witt|first2=Christopher C.|last3=Remsen|first3=J. V.|last4=Corl|first4=Ammon|last5=Rabosky|first5=Daniel L.|last6=Altshuler|first6=Douglas L.|last7=Dudley|first7=Robert|date=14 April 2014|title=Molecular Phylogenetics and the Diversification of Hummingbirds|url=|journal=Current Biology|volume=24|issue=8|pages=910–916|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.016|via=}}</ref>. The same study also showed that the genus is [[paraphyletic]] and concluded that ''C. latirostris'' is closer related to [[Canivet's emerald|Canivet's Emerald]] (''Chlorostilbon canivetii'') than another other species in the genus, the [[Dusky hummingbird|Dusky Hummingbird]] (''Cynanthus sordidus'')<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stiles |first1=F. Gary |last2=Remsen |first2=J. V. Jr. |last3=Mcguire |first3=Jimmy A. |title=The generic classification of the Trochilini (Aves: Trochilidae): Reconciling taxonomy with phylogeny |journal=Zootaxa |date=24 November 2017 |volume=4353 |issue=3 |pages=401 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.1}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> .
-The Broad-billed hummingbird has [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] with two different species: [[Rivoli's hummingbird|Rivoli’s hummingbird]] (''Eugenes fulgens'') and the [[Violet-crowned hummingbird]] (''Amazilia violiceps'')<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Powers|first1=Donald R.|last2=Wethington|first2=Susan M.|date=4 March 2020|title=Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris)|url=|journal=Birds of the World|volume=|pages=|doi=10.2173/bow.brbhum.01|via=}}</ref>.
+The Broad-billed hummingbird has [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] with two different species: [[Rivoli's hummingbird|Rivoli’s hummingbird]] (''Eugenes fulgens'') and the [[Violet-crowned hummingbird]] (''Amazilia violiceps'')<ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Powers|first1=Donald R.|last2=Wethington|first2=Susan M.|date=2020-03-04|title=Broad-billed Hummingbird (Cynanthus latirostris)|url=|journal=Birds of the World|volume=|pages=|doi=10.2173/bow.brbhum.01|via=}}</ref>.
 == Behaviour ==
@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 In [[Nayarit]] and [[Jalisco]], Mexico, the Broad-billed hummingbird is known to occur in the same range as the [[Cinnamon hummingbird]] (''Amazilia rutila'')<ref name=":3" />. This leads to food competition and therefore when co-occuring, the ''C. latirostris'' will feed from flowers with low-nectar availability<ref name=":3" />.  The Broad-billed hummingbird will feed from high-nectar available flowers such as the sharpleaf jacaranda (''Jacaranda acutifolia''), [[Malvaviscus arboreus|sleeping hibiscus]] (''Malvaviscus arboreus''), and mistletoe (''Psittacanthus longipennis''). When in competition with the ''A. rutila'', the ''C. latirostris'' will feed from ''Calopogonium parvum'', [[Delonix regia|royal poinciana]] (''Delonix regia''), velvet-seed (''Hamelia versicolor''), [[hibiscus]] (''Hibiscus'' sp.), and [[Russelia|coralblow]] (''Russelia tenuis'')<ref name=":3" />.
-In central Mexico, the ''C. latirostris'' feeds on two cacti (''Pachycereus weberi'' and ''Pilosocereus chrysacanthus''.) After feeding on these species, the hummingbirds studied were found to have pollen grains on them. However it was deemed that they have no role in the [[pollination]] of these plants<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Valiente-Banuet|first=Alfonso|last2=Rojas-Martínez|first2=Alberto|last3=Arizmendi|first3=María del Coro|last4=Dávila|first4=Patricia|date=1997-04|title=Pollination biology of two columnar cacti (Neobuxbaumia mezcalaensis and Neobuxbaumia macrocephala) in the Tehuacan Valley, central Mexico|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.2307/2446020|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=84|issue=4|pages=452–455|doi=10.2307/2446020}}</ref>.
+In central Mexico, the ''C. latirostris'' feeds on two cacti (''Pachycereus weberi'' and ''Pilosocereus chrysacanthus''.) After feeding on these species, the hummingbirds studied were found to have pollen grains on them. However it was deemed that they have no role in the [[pollination]] of these plants<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Valiente-Banuet|first=Alfonso|last2=Rojas-Martínez|first2=Alberto|last3=Arizmendi|first3=María del Coro|last4=Dávila|first4=Patricia|date=1997-04-01|title=Pollination biology of two columnar cacti (Neobuxbaumia mezcalaensis and Neobuxbaumia macrocephala) in the Tehuacan Valley, central Mexico|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.2307/2446020|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=84|issue=4|pages=452–455|doi=10.2307/2446020|via=}}</ref>.
 ==== Insects ====