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Aloha (/ɑːˈloʊhɑː/; Hawaiian: [əˈloːˌha]) is the Hawaiian word for love, affection, peace, compassion and mercy, that is commonly used as a simple greeting^[1]^[2] but has a deeper cultural and spiritual significance to native Hawaiians, in which the term is used to define a force that holds together existence.^[3]

The word is found in all Polynesian languages and always with the same basic meaning of "love, compassion, sympathy, kindness"^[4]although the use in Hawai’i has a seriousness lacking in the Tahitian and Samoan meanings.^[5] Mary Kawena Pukui wrote that the "first expression" of aloha was between a parent and child.^[4] The Oxford English Dictionary defined the word as a "greeting" like "welcome" and "farewell" using a number of examples dating back as far as 1798 and up to 1978 where it was defined as a substitute for welcome.^{[citation needed]}

Lorrin Andrews wrote the first Hawaiian dictionary, called A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language.^[6] In it he describes aloha as "A word expressing different feelings; love, affection, gratitude, kindness, pity, compassion, grief, the modern common salutation at meeting; parting".^[7] Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Hoyt Elbert's Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian also contains a similar definition. Anthropologist Francis Newton states that "Aloha is a complex and profound sentiment. Such emotions defy definition".^[5] Anna Wierzbicka concludes that the term has "no equivalent in English".^[5]

The state of Hawai’i introduced the Aloha Spirit law in 1986, which mandates that state officials and judges treat the public with Aloha.^[8]^[9]

References

^ Pukui, Mary Kawena (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0824807030. OCLC 229095.
^ Van Valkenburg, June A. (2012), Feeling My Way: Finding Purpose, BalboaPress, p. 69, ISBN 978-1-4525-5462-4
^ Carrol, Bret (2000). The Routledge Historical Atlas of Religion in America. Psychology Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780415921312.
^ ^a ^b Kanahele, George Hu'eu Sanford (1992). Ku Kanaka Stand Tall: A Search for Hawaiian Values. University of Hawaii Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-8248-1500-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wierzbicka, Anna (1992). Semantics, Culture, and Cognition: Universal Human Concepts in Culture-Specific Configurations. Oxford University Press. pp. 152–155. ISBN 978-0-19-536091-2.
^ Forbes, David W. (1998). Hawaiian National Bibliography, Vol 3: 1851–1880. University of Hawaii Press. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-8248-2503-4.
^ Andrews, Lorrin; Parker, Henry (1922). A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language. Honolulu: Board of Commissioners of Public Archives of the Territory of Hawaii. p. 52.
^ Kerr, Breena (April 23, 2018). "In Hawaii, being nice is the law". BBC. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
^ Hawaiʻi Law of The Aloha Spirit

[1] Pukui, Mary Kawena (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0824807030. OCLC 229095.

[2] Van Valkenburg, June A. (2012), Feeling My Way: Finding Purpose, BalboaPress, p. 69, ISBN 978-1-4525-5462-4

[3] Carrol, Bret (2000). The Routledge Historical Atlas of Religion in America. Psychology Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780415921312.

[KanaheleKanahele1992-4] Kanahele, George Hu'eu Sanford (1992). Ku Kanaka Stand Tall: A Search for Hawaiian Values. University of Hawaii Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-8248-1500-4.

[Wierzbicka1992-5] Wierzbicka, Anna (1992). Semantics, Culture, and Cognition: Universal Human Concepts in Culture-Specific Configurations. Oxford University Press. pp. 152–155. ISBN 978-0-19-536091-2.

[Forbes1998-6] Forbes, David W. (1998). Hawaiian National Bibliography, Vol 3: 1851–1880. University of Hawaii Press. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-8248-2503-4.

[7] Andrews, Lorrin; Parker, Henry (1922). A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language. Honolulu: Board of Commissioners of Public Archives of the Territory of Hawaii. p. 52.

[8] Kerr, Breena (April 23, 2018). "In Hawaii, being nice is the law". BBC. Retrieved July 14, 2019.

[9] Hawaiʻi Law of The Aloha Spirit

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 The word is found in all [[Polynesian languages]] and always with the same basic meaning of "love, compassion, sympathy, kindness"<ref name="KanaheleKanahele1992" />although the use in Hawai’i has a seriousness lacking in the [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]] and [[Samoan language|Samoan]] meanings.<ref name="Wierzbicka1992" />  [[Mary Kawena Pukui]] wrote that the "first expression" of ''aloha'' was between a parent and child.<ref name="KanaheleKanahele1992">{{cite book|first=George Hu'eu Sanford|last=Kanahele|title=Ku Kanaka Stand Tall: A Search for Hawaiian Values|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ndt4MZQ2kfEC&pg=PA470|year=1992|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1500-4|page=470}}</ref> ''The Oxford English Dictionary'' defined the word as a "greeting" like "welcome" and "farewell" using a number of examples dating back as far as 1798 and up to 1978 where it was defined as a substitute for ''welcome''.{{cn|date=July 2019}}
-[[Lorrin Andrews]] wrote the first Hawaiian dictionary, called ''A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language''.<ref name="Forbes1998">{{cite book|first=David W.|last=Forbes|title=Hawaiian National Bibliography, Vol 3: 1851–1880|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lB_F9CffeN8C&pg=PA385|year=1998|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2503-4|page=385}}</ref> In it he describes ''aloha'' as "A word expressing different feelings; love, affection, gratitude, kindness, pity, compassion, grief, the modern common salutation at meeting; parting".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Andrews|first1=Lorrin|last2=Parker|first2=Henry|title=A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language|url=https://archive.org/details/ofhawadictionary00andrrich|date=1922|page=[https://archive.org/details/ofhawadictionary00andrrich/page/52 52]|publisher=Board of Commissioners of Public Archives of the Territory of Hawaii|location=Honolulu}}</ref> Mary Kawena Pukui and [[Samuel Hoyt Elbert]]'s ''Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian'' also contains a similar definition. [[Anthropologist]] Francis Newton states that "Aloha is a complex and profound sentiment. Such emotions defy definition".<ref name="Wierzbicka1992" /> Anna Wierzbicka concludes that the term has "no equivalent in English".<ref name="Wierzbicka1992">{{cite book|first=Anna |last=Wierzbicka|title=Semantics, Culture, and Cognition: Universal Human Concepts in Culture-Specific Configurations|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6vdbt5bUI78C&pg=PA152|date=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536091-2|pages=152–155}}</ref>
+[[Lorrin Andrews]] wrote the first Hawaiian dictionary, called ''A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language''.<ref name="Forbes1998">{{cite book|first=David W.|last=Forbes|title=Hawaiian National Bibliography, Vol 3: 1851–1880|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lB_F9CffeN8C&pg=PA385|year=1998|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2503-4|page=385}}</ref> In it he describes ''aloha'' as "A word expressing different feelings; love, affection, gratitude, kindness, pity, compassion, grief, the modern common salutation at meeting; parting".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Andrews|first1=Lorrin|last2=Parker|first2=Henry|title=A Dictionary of the Hawaiian Language|url=https://archive.org/details/ofhawadictionary00andrrich|date=1922|page=[https://archive.org/details/ofhawadictionary00andrrich/page/52 52]|publisher=Board of Commissioners of Public Archives of the Territory of Hawaii|location=Honolulu}}</ref> Mary Kawena Pukui and [[Samuel Hoyt Elbert]]'s ''Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian'' also contains a similar definition. [[Anthropologist]] Francis Newton states that "Aloha is a complex and profound sentiment. Such emotions defy definition".<ref name="Wierzbicka1992" /> [[Anna Wierzbicka]] concludes that the term has "no equivalent in English".<ref name="Wierzbicka1992">{{cite book|first=Anna |last=Wierzbicka|title=Semantics, Culture, and Cognition: Universal Human Concepts in Culture-Specific Configurations|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6vdbt5bUI78C&pg=PA152|date=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536091-2|pages=152–155}}</ref>
 The state of Hawai’i introduced the Aloha Spirit law in 1986, which mandates that state officials and judges treat the public with Aloha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180422-in-hawaii-being-nice-is-the-law|title=In Hawaii, being nice is the law|first=Breena|last=Kerr|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=April 23, 2018|accessdate=July 14, 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://www.hawaii.edu/uhwo/clear/home/lawaloha.html Hawaiʻi Law of The Aloha Spirit]</ref>

Revision as of 02:30, 7 July 2020

See also

References