Jump to content

2020 United States presidential election in Michigan: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
Polling: subsample not published
m Undid revision 963034452 by Rami R (talk)
Line 135: Line 135:
|style="text-align:left;"|[https://www.changeresearch.com/post/states-of-play-battleground-states-of-play-battleground-wave-7 Change Research/CNBC]
|style="text-align:left;"|[https://www.changeresearch.com/post/states-of-play-battleground-states-of-play-battleground-wave-7 Change Research/CNBC]
|Jun 12-14, 2020
|Jun 12-14, 2020
| ~361 (LV){{efn|15% of a 2,408 AZ/FLMI/NC/PA/WI likely voter sample}}
| –
| –
| –
|45%
|45%

Revision as of 12:09, 17 June 2020

2020 United States presidential election in Michigan

← 2016 November 3, 2020 2024 →
Turnout%
 
Nominee Donald Trump Joe Biden
Party Republican Democratic
Home state Florida Delaware
Running mate Mike Pence TBA

President before election

Donald Trump
Republican

Elected President

TBA

The 2020 United States presidential election in Michigan is scheduled to take place on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the 2020 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia will participate.[1] Michigan voters will choose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote. The state of Michigan has 16 electoral votes in the Electoral College.[2]

Michigan is expected to be tightly contested in 2020, as it was the closest state by margin in the 2016 election, where President Trump became the first Republican to carry Michigan’s electoral votes since 1988, when George H. W. Bush won in a national landslide against Michael Dukakis.

Primary elections

The primary elections were on March 10, 2020.

Republican primary

Incumbent United States President Donald Trump was challenged by three candidates: former governor Mark Sanford of South Carolina, former congressman Joe Walsh of Illinois, and former governor Bill Weld of Massachusetts. Sanford and Walsh both withdrew prior to the primary. Michigan is the only primary state where Sanford's name remained on the ballot.[3]

2020 Michigan Republican primary[4]
Candidate Votes % Estimated
delegates
Donald Trump (incumbent) 640,552 93.7% 73
Uncommitted 32,743 4.8% 0
Bill Weld 6,099 0.9% 0
Mark Sanford (withdrawn) 4,258 0.6% 0
Joe Walsh (withdrawn) 4,067 0.6% 0
Total 683,431 100% 73

Democratic primary

Bernie Sanders and former Vice President Joe Biden were the two major declared Democratic candidates.[5]

Results by county
  Biden—40–50%
  Biden—50–60%
  Biden—60–70%
2020 Michigan Democratic presidential primary[6]
Candidate Votes % Delegates[7]
Joe Biden 840,360 52.93 73
Bernie Sanders 576,926 36.34 52
Michael Bloomberg (withdrawn)[a] 73,464 4.63
Elizabeth Warren (withdrawn)[a] 26,148 1.65
Pete Buttigieg (withdrawn)[b] 22,462 1.41
Amy Klobuchar (withdrawn)[b] 11,018 0.69
Tulsi Gabbard 9,461 0.60
Andrew Yang (withdrawn)[c] 2,380 0.15
Tom Steyer (withdrawn)[b] 1,732 0.11
Michael Bennet (withdrawn)[c] 1,536 0.10
Cory Booker (withdrawn) 840 0.05
Joe Sestak (withdrawn) 757 0.05
Marianne Williamson (withdrawn) 719 0.05
John Delaney (withdrawn)[d] 464 0.03
Julian Castro (withdrawn) 306 0.02
Uncommitted 19,106 1.20
Total 1,587,679 100% 125

General election

Predictions

Source Ranking As of
The Cook Political Report[8] Tossup March 9, 2020
Inside Elections[9] Tilt D (flip) April 3, 2020
CNN[10] Tossup June 11, 2020
Sabato's Crystal Ball[11] Lean D (flip) April 2, 2020
Politico[12] Tossup April 19, 2020
RCP[13] Tossup April 19, 2020
Niskanen[14] Lean D (flip) March 24, 2020

Polling

Aggregate polls

Donald Trump vs. Joe Biden
Source of poll aggregation Dates administered Dates updated Joe Biden Donald Trump Other/Undecided[e] Margin
270 to Win May 21, 2020 – June 7, 2020 June 7, 2020 49.4% 43.2% Biden +6.2
Real Clear Politics April 18, 2020 – June 3, 2020 June 7, 2020 50.0% 42.7% Biden +7.3
Donald Trump vs. Joe Biden
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Joe
Biden (D)
Other Undecided
Change Research/CNBC Jun 12-14, 2020 ~361 (LV)[g] 45% 47% 3%[h]
American Greatness/TIPP Jun 9-12, 2020 859 (LV) 38% 51% 4%[i] 7%
Kiaer Research May 31 - Jun 7, 2020 543 (LV) ± 6.4% 35% 50% 6%[j] 8%
EPIC-MRA May 31-Jun 4, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 39% 55%
EPIC-MRA May 30-Jun 3, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 41% 53% 6%[k]
Change Research/CNBC May 29-31, 2020 620 (LV)[l] 46% 48% 3% 3%
PPP/Progress Michigan[A] May 29-30, 2020 1,582 (V) ± 2.5% 44% 50% 4%[m] 2%
PPP/Protect Our Care[B] May 18-19, 2020 1,234 (V) ± 2.8% 45% 51% 5%
Change Research/Crooked Media May 11-17, 2020 3,070 (LV) 46% 49%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies May 10-14, 2020 970 (LV) ± 3.2% 39% 47% 3%[n] 11%
Hodas & Associates/Restoration PAC (R) May 1-5, 2020 600 (LV) ± 3% 42% 50% 8%
Public Policy Polling[C] Apr 28–29, 2020 1,270 (V) 42% 50% 8%
Public Policy Polling[D] April 20–21, 2020 1,277 (RV) 44% 51% 5%
Fox News April 18–21, 2020 801 (RV) ± 3.5% 41% 49% 3% 6%
Ipsos/Reuters April 15–20, 2020 612 (RV) ± 5.0% 38% 46%
Hodas & Associates/Restoration PAC (R) April 9-11, 2020 600 (RV) ± 3.0% 43% 49%
Hart Research/CAP Action[E] April 6–8, 2020 303 (RV) 41% 50% 4% 5%
Public Policy Polling March 31–Apr 1, 2020 1,019 (RV) ± 3.1% 45% 48% 7%
SPRY Strategies March 30–Apr 1, 2020 602 (LV) ± 4.0% 46% 46% 8%
Baldwin Wallace University Great Lakes March 17–25, 2020 997 (RV) ± 3.7% 42% 47% 11%
Change Research Mar 21–23, 2020 510 (LV) 47% 48% 5%
Marketing Resource Group Mar 16–20, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4.0 % 41% 44%
Hodas & Associates/Restoration PAC (R) Mar 12–16, 2020 600 (RV) 44% 50%
AtlasIntel Mar 7–9, 2020 1,100 (RV) ± 3.0 % 46% 44% 10%
YouGov/Yahoo News Mar 6–8, 2020 566 (RV) 41% 45% 6%[o] 7%
Monmouth University Mar 5–8, 2020 977 (RV) ± 3.1 % 41% 48% 2% 9%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Mar 5–7, 2020 550 (RV) ± 5.3 % 46% 44%
YouGov Feb 11–20, 2020 1,249 (RV) ± 4.0 % 43% 47%
Quinnipiac University Feb 12–18, 2020 845 (RV) ± 3.4 % 43% 47% 6%[p] 3%
Expedition Strategies/Progressive Policies Institute Feb 6-18, 2020 500 (RV) 43% 43% 14%
EPIC-MRA/Detroit Free Press[1] Jan 9–12, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 44% 50% 6%
Glengariff Group Inc. Jan 3–7, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 43% 50% 5%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Dec 3–5, 2019 551 (LV) ± 4.3% 46% 41% 8% [q] 5% [r]
Emerson College Oct 31–Nov 3, 2019 1,051 ± 3.0% 44% 56%
NYT Upshot/Siena College Oct 13–25, 2019 501 (LV) ± 5.1% 44% 45%
Target Insyght Sep 24–26, 2019 800 35% 54%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Sep 7–9, 2019 529 ± 4.0% 41% 42% 17%
EPIC-MRA Aug 17–21, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 41% 51% 8%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Jun 11–13, 2019 587 ± 4.2% 43% 46% 11%
EPIC-MRA Jun 8–12, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 41% 52% 7%
Glengariff Group May 28–30, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 41% 53% 4%
WPA Intelligence Apr 27–30, 2019 200 ± 6.9% 42% 45% 12%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Mar 19–21, 2019 530 ± 4.5% 46% 45% 4%
Emerson College Mar 7–10, 2019 743 ± 3.5% 46% 54%
Glengariff Group Jan 24–26, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 40% 53% 5%
EPIC-MRA Apr 28–30, 2018 600 ± 4.0% 39% 52% 9%
Zogby Analytics Sep 2017 800 35% 52% 13%
Former candidates
Donald Trump vs. Michael Bloomberg
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Michael
Bloomberg (D)
Other Undecided
Quinnipiac University Feb 12–18, 2020 845 (RV) ±3.4% 42% 47% 7%[s] 4%
Expedition Strategies/Progressive Policies Institute Feb 6-18, 2020 500 (RV) 41% 46% 13%
EPIC-MRA/Detroit Free Press[2] Jan 9–12, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 42% 49% 9%
Glengariff Group Inc. Jan 3–7, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 41% 47% 10%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Dec 3–5, 2019 551 (LV) ± 4.3% 48% 37% 8% [t] 7% [u]
Donald Trump vs. Cory Booker
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Cory
Booker (D)
Climate Nexus Jul 14–17, 2019 820 ± 4.0% 37% 39%
Donald Trump vs. Pete Buttigieg
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Pete
Buttigieg (D)
Other Undecided
YouGov Feb 11–20, 2020 1,249 (RV) ±4.0% 41% 47%
Quinnipiac University Feb 12–18, 2020 845 (RV) ±3.4% 44% 45% 8%[v] 3%
Expedition Strategies/Progressive Policies Institute Feb 6-18, 2020 500 (RV) 40% 44% 15%
EPIC-MRA/Detroit Free Press[3] Jan 9–12, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 43% 47% 10%
Glengariff Group Inc. Jan 3–7, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 43% 45% 10%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Dec 3–5, 2019 551 (LV) ± 4.3% 48% 37% 8% [w] 6% [x]
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Jun 11–13, 2019 587 ± 4.2% 44% 40% 16%
Glengariff Group May 28–30, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 41% 47% 11%
Donald Trump vs. Kamala Harris
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Kamala
Harris (D)
Undecided
EPIC-MRA Aug 17–21, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 43% 46% 11%
Glengariff Group May 28–30, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 44% 47% 9%
Emerson College Mar 7–10, 2019 743 ± 3.5% 49% 51%
Glengariff Group Jan 24–26, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 42% 47% 10%
Donald Trump vs. Amy Klobuchar
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Amy
Klobuchar (D)
Other Undecided
YouGov Feb 11–20, 2020 1,249 (RV) ±4.0% 41% 44%
Quinnipiac University Feb 12–18, 2020 845 (RV) ±3.4% 44% 45% 6%[y] 4%
Emerson College Mar 7–10, 2019 743 ± 3.5% 47% 53%
Donald Trump vs. Beto O'Rourke
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Beto
O'Rourke (D)
Other Undecided
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Mar 19–21, 2019 530 ± 4.5% 48% 39% 8%
Donald Trump vs. Bernie Sanders
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Bernie
Sanders (D)
Other Undecided
Baldwin Wallace University Great Lakes March 17–25, 2020 997 (RV) ± 3.7% 42% 45% 13%
Hodas & Associates/Restoration PAC (R) Mar 12–16, 2020 600 (RV) 44% 49%
AtlasIntel Mar 7–9, 2020 1,100 (RV) ± 3.0 % 43% 46% 11%
YouGov/Yahoo News Mar 6-8, 2020 566 (RV) 42% 43% 7%[z] 8%
Monmouth University Mar 5–8, 2020 977 (RV) ± 3.1 % 41% 46% 2% 9%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Mar 5–7, 2020 550 (RV) ± 5.3 % 48% 41%
YouGov Feb 11–20, 2020 1,249 (RV) ± 4.0 % 41% 48%
Quinnipiac University Feb 12–18, 2020 845 (RV) ± 3.4 % 43% 48% 7%[aa] 3%
Expedition Strategies/Progressive Policies Institute Feb 6-18, 2020 500 (RV) 42% 46% 12%
EPIC-MRA/Detroit Free Press[4] Jan 9–12, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 45% 50% 5%
Glengariff Group Inc. Jan 3–7, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 45% 49% 5%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Dec 3–5, 2019 551 (LV) ± 4.3% 48% 42% 6% [ab] 5% [ac]
Emerson College Oct 31–Nov 3, 2019 1,051 ± 3.0% 43% 57%
NYT Upshot/Siena College Oct 13–25, 2019 501 (LV) ± 5.1% 42% 46%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Sep 7–9, 2019 529 ± 4.0% 43% 40% 17%
EPIC-MRA Aug 17–21, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 44% 48% 8%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Jun 11–13, 2019 587 ± 4.2% 44% 44% 12%
Glengariff Group May 28–30, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 41% 53% 5%
Tulchin Research (D)[F] Apr 14–18, 2019 400 ± 4.9% 41% 52%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Mar 19–21, 2019 530 ± 4.5% 46% 45% 6%
Emerson College Mar 7–10, 2019 743 ± 3.5% 47% 52%
Glengariff Group Jan 24–26, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 41% 52% 6%
Zogby Analytics Sep 2017 800 36% 54% 10%
Donald Trump vs. Elizabeth Warren
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Elizabeth
Warren (D)
Other Undecided
YouGov Feb 11–20, 2020 1,249 (RV) ±4.0% 43% 46%
Quinnipiac University Feb 12–18, 2020 845 (RV) ±3.4% 43% 45% 7%[ad] 4%
EPIC-MRA/Detroit Free Press[5] Jan 9–12, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 45% 48% 7%
Glengariff Group Inc. Jan 3–7, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 44% 46% 8%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Dec 3–5, 2019 551 (LV) ± 4.3% 47% 38% 8% [ae] 6% [af]
Emerson College Oct 31–Nov 3, 2019 1,051 ± 3.0% 46% 54%
NYT Upshot/Siena College Oct 13–25, 2019 501 (LV) ± 5.1% 45% 40%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Sep 7–9, 2019 529 ± 4.0% 42% 41% 17%
EPIC-MRA Aug 17–21, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 43% 49% 8%
Firehouse Strategies/Øptimus Jun 11–13, 2019 587 ± 4.2% 43% 41% 16%
Glengariff Group May 28–30, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 43% 47% 9%
Emerson College Mar 7–10, 2019 743 ± 3.5% 49% 51%
Glengariff Group Jan 24–26, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 43% 46% 10%
Zogby Analytics Sep 2017 800 37% 46% 17%
Zogby Analytics Aug 17–23, 2017 803 ± 3.5% 35% 51% 14%
Hypothetical polling
with Donald Trump, Joe Biden, and Justin Amash
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Joe
Biden (D)
Justin
Amash (L)
Undecided
Glengariff Group May 28–30, 2019 600 ± 4.0% 39% 45% 10% 6%
with Donald Trump, Joe Biden, and Howard Schultz
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Joe
Biden (D)
Howard
Schultz (I)
Undecided
Emerson College Mar 7–10, 2019 743 ± 3.5% 44% 52% 4%
with Donald Trump, Bernie Sanders, and Howard Schultz
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Bernie
Sanders (D)
Howard
Schultz (I)
Undecided
Emerson College Mar 7–10, 2019 743 ± 3.5% 45% 49% 6%
with Donald Trump and Generic Democrat
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Generic
Democrat (D)
Undecided
Baldwin Wallace University/Oakland University/Ohio Northern University Mar 17-25, 2020 997 (RV) ± 3.7% 43.2%[ag] 54.0% 2.9%[ah]
Expedition Strategies/Progressive Policies Institute Feb 6-18, 2020 500 (RV) 38% 50% 11%
Baldwin Wallace University/Oakland University/Ohio Northern University Jan 8-20, 2020 1,023 (RV) ± 3.1% 36.4%[ai] 50.3% 13.3%
KFF/Cook Political Report Sep 23 - Oct 15, 2019 767 (RV) ± 4% 27% 39% 25%
with Donald Trump and Generic Opponent
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[f]
Margin
of error
Donald
Trump (R)
Generic
Opponent
Undecided
EPIC-MRA May 31 - Jun 4, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 33% 51%[aj] 13%[ak]
EPIC-MRA[6] May 30 - Jun 3, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 38% 51%[al] 8%[am]
EPIC-MRA/Detroit Free Press[7] Jan 9-12, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4% 34% 44%[an] 22%[ao]
EPIC-MRA Jun 8 - 12, 2019 600 (LV) ± 4% 32% 45%[ap] 23%[aq]
EPIC-MRA/Detroit Free Press Mar 3-7, 2019 600 (LV) ± 4% 31% 49%[ar] 20%[as]

See also

Notes

Partisan clients
  1. ^ Progress Michigan is a non-profit that primarily supports Democratic candidates
  2. ^ Protect Our Care is a pro-Affordable Care Act organisation
  3. ^ Poll sponsored by Progress Michigan, the Michigan branch of Progress Now, a progressive advocacy organisation
  4. ^ Poll sponsored by Protect Our Care, a pro-Affordable Care Act organisation
  5. ^ CAP Action is a political advocacy group that exclusively supports Democratic candidates
  6. ^ Poll sponsored by the Sanders campaign
Voter samples and additional candidates
  1. ^ a b Candidate withdrew during absentee voting, following Super Tuesday.
  2. ^ a b c Candidate withdrew during absentee voting, before Super Tuesday.
  3. ^ a b Candidate withdrew during absentee voting, following the New Hampshire primary.
  4. ^ Candidate withdrew in January, shortly after absentee voting had begun.
  5. ^ Calculated by taking the difference of 100% and all other candidates combined.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Key:
    A – all adults
    RV – registered voters
    LV – likely voters
    V – unclear
  7. ^ 15% of a 2,408 AZ/FLMI/NC/PA/WI likely voter sample
  8. ^ "Libertarian Party candidate/Green Party candidate" with 3%
  9. ^ "Other" with 4%; "prefer not to answer" with 0%
  10. ^ "A different candidate" with 6%
  11. ^ Includes "refused"
  12. ^ Additional data sourced from FiveThirtyEight
  13. ^ "Third party" with 4%
  14. ^ "Third party/write-in" with 3%
  15. ^ "Other" with 4%; would not vote with 2%
  16. ^ "Someone else" with 2%; would not vote with 4%
  17. ^ A third party candidate with 5%; would not vote with 3%
  18. ^ Includes "refused"
  19. ^ "Someone else" with 3%; would not vote with 4%
  20. ^ A third party candidate with 5%; would not vote with 3%
  21. ^ Includes "refused"
  22. ^ "Someone else" with 3%; would not vote with 5%
  23. ^ A third party candidate with 4%; would not vote with 4%
  24. ^ Includes "refused"
  25. ^ "Someone else" with 2%; would not vote with 4%
  26. ^ "Other" with 5%; would not vote with 2%
  27. ^ "Someone else" with 3%; would not vote with 4%
  28. ^ A third party candidate with 4%; would not vote with 2%
  29. ^ Includes "refused"
  30. ^ "Someone else" with 2%; would not vote with 5%
  31. ^ A third party candidate with 3%; would not vote with 5%
  32. ^ Includes "refused"
  33. ^ Figures for each candidate in this poll include undecided voters who were reported to lean towards that candidate at the time of polling.
  34. ^ "It depends on who the Democrats nominate" with 1.9%; "unsure" with 1%
  35. ^ Figures for each candidate in this poll include undecided voters who were reported to lean towards that candidate at the time of polling.
  36. ^ Listed as "Would vote to replace Trump"
  37. ^ Listed as "would consider voting for someone other than Trump"
  38. ^ Listed as "Would vote to replace Trump"
  39. ^ Listed as "would consider voting for someone other than Trump"
  40. ^ Listed as "Would vote to replace Trump"
  41. ^ 19% listed as "would consider voting for someone other than Trump"; 3% as "undecided/refused"
  42. ^ "Vote to replace Trump" with 45%
  43. ^ "Consider voting for someone else" with 19%; "Undecided/refused" with 4%
  44. ^ "Vote to replace Trump" with 49%
  45. ^ "Consider voting for someone else" with 16%; "Don't know/refused" with 4%

References

  1. ^ Kelly, Ben (August 13, 2018). "US elections key dates: When are the 2018 midterms and the 2020 presidential campaign?". The Independent. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  2. ^ "Distribution of Electoral Votes". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  3. ^ "Michigan Will Keep Mark Sanford's Name on the Republican Presidential Primary Unless he Sends in a Withdrawal Letter | Ballot Access News". November 21, 2019.
  4. ^ "2020 Michigan Election Results". Michigan Secretary of State. April 30, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  5. ^ Taylor, Kate (9 February 2019). "Elizabeth Warren Formally Announces 2020 Presidential Bid in Lawrence, Mass". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
  6. ^ "2020 Michigan Election Results". Michigan Secretary of State. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  7. ^ "Associated Press Election Services - Delegate Tracker". Associated Press. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  8. ^ "2020 POTUS Race ratings" (PDF). The Cook Political Report. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  9. ^ "POTUS Ratings | Inside Elections". insideelections.com. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  10. ^ CNN, David Chalian and Terence Burlij. "Road to 270: CNN's debut Electoral College map for 2020". CNN. Retrieved 2020-06-16. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  11. ^ "Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball » 2020 President". crystalball.centerforpolitics.org. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
  12. ^ "2020 Election Forecast". Politico. November 19, 2019.
  13. ^ "Battle for White House". RCP. April 19, 2019.
  14. ^ 2020 Bitecofer Model Electoral College Predictions, Niskanen Center, March 24, 2020, retrieved: April 19, 2020