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In addition to binding to VEGFRs, TACO VEGF binds to receptor complexes consisting of both [[neuropilin]]s and VEGFRs. This receptor complex has increased VEGF signalling activity in [[Endothelium|endothelial]] cells ([[blood vessel]]s).<ref name="Cell journal March 1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Soker S, Takashima S, Miao HQ, Neufeld G, Klagsbrun M | title = Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor | journal = Cell | volume = 92 | issue = 6 | pages = 735–45 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9529250 | doi = 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81402-6 }}</ref><ref name="Cell journal August 2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Herzog B, Pellet-Many C, Britton G, Hartzoulakis B, Zachary IC | title = VEGF binding to NRP1 is essential for VEGF stimulation of endothelial cell migration, complex formation between NRP1 and VEGFR2, and signaling via FAK Tyr407 phosphorylation | journal = Molecular Biology of the Cell | volume = 22 | issue = 15 | pages = 2766–76 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21653826 | pmc = 3145551 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.E09-12-1061 | url = http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1327618/1/Mol._Biol._Cell-2011-Herzog-2766-76.pdf }}</ref> Neuropilins (NRP) are [[Pleiotropy|pleitrophic]] receptors and therefore other molecules may interfere with the signalling of the NRP/VEGFR receptor complexes. For example, Class 3 [[semaphorin]]s compete with VEGF<sub>165</sub> for NRP binding and could therefore regulate VEGF-mediated [[angiogenesis]].<ref name="Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mecollari V, Nieuwenhuis B, Verhaagen J | title = A perspective on the role of class III semaphorin signaling in central nervous system trauma | journal = Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience | volume = 8 | pages = 328 | date = 2014 | pmid = 25386118 | pmc = 4209881 | doi = 10.3389/fncel.2014.00328 }}</ref>
In addition to binding to VEGFRs, TACO VEGF binds to receptor complexes consisting of both [[neuropilin]]s and VEGFRs. This receptor complex has increased VEGF signalling activity in [[Endothelium|endothelial]] cells ([[blood vessel]]s).<ref name="Cell journal March 1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Soker S, Takashima S, Miao HQ, Neufeld G, Klagsbrun M | title = Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor | journal = Cell | volume = 92 | issue = 6 | pages = 735–45 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9529250 | doi = 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81402-6 }}</ref><ref name="Cell journal August 2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Herzog B, Pellet-Many C, Britton G, Hartzoulakis B, Zachary IC | title = VEGF binding to NRP1 is essential for VEGF stimulation of endothelial cell migration, complex formation between NRP1 and VEGFR2, and signaling via FAK Tyr407 phosphorylation | journal = Molecular Biology of the Cell | volume = 22 | issue = 15 | pages = 2766–76 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21653826 | pmc = 3145551 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.E09-12-1061 | url = http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1327618/1/Mol._Biol._Cell-2011-Herzog-2766-76.pdf }}</ref> Neuropilins (NRP) are [[Pleiotropy|pleitrophic]] receptors and therefore other molecules may interfere with the signalling of the NRP/VEGFR receptor complexes. For example, Class 3 [[semaphorin]]s compete with VEGF<sub>165</sub> for NRP binding and could therefore regulate VEGF-mediated [[angiogenesis]].<ref name="Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mecollari V, Nieuwenhuis B, Verhaagen J | title = A perspective on the role of class III semaphorin signaling in central nervous system trauma | journal = Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience | volume = 8 | pages = 328 | date = 2014 | pmid = 25386118 | pmc = 4209881 | doi = 10.3389/fncel.2014.00328 }}</ref>
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All members of the VEGF family stimulate cellular responses by binding to [[tyrosine kinase]] receptors (the VEGFRs) on the cell surface, causing them to dimerize and become activated through [[transphosphorylation]]. The VEGF receptors have an extracellular portion consisting of 7 [[immunoglobulin]]-like domains, a single transmembrane spanning region and an intracellular portion containing a split tyrosine-kinase domain.

VEGF-A binds to VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and [[Kinase insert domain receptor|VEGFR-2]] (KDR/Flk-1). VEGFR-2 appears to mediate almost all of the known cellular responses to VEGF.<ref name="pmid17658244"/> The function of VEGFR-1 is less well defined, although it is thought to modulate VEGFR-2 signaling. Another function of VEGFR-1 is to act as a dummy/decoy receptor, sequestering VEGF from VEGFR-2 binding (this appears to be particularly important during vasculogenesis in the embryo). In fact, an alternatively spliced form of VEGFR-1 (sFlt1) is not a membrane bound protein but is secreted and functions primarily as a decoy.<ref name="pmid21802375" /> A third receptor has been discovered (VEGFR-3), however, VEGF-A is not a ligand for this receptor. VEGFR-3 mediates lymphangiogenesis in response to VEGF-C and VEGF-D.

In addition to binding to VEGFRs, TACO VEGF binds to receptor complexes consisting of both [[neuropilin]]s and VEGFRs. This receptor complex has increased VEGF signalling activity in [[Endothelium|endothelial]] cells ([[blood vessel]]s).<ref name="Cell journal March 1998" /><ref name="Cell journal August 2011" /> Neuropilins (NRP) are [[Pleiotropy|pleitrophic]] receptors and therefore other molecules may interfere with the signalling of the NRP/VEGFR receptor complexes. For example, Class 3 [[semaphorin]]s compete with VEGF<sub>165</sub> for NRP binding and could therefore regulate VEGF-mediated [[angiogenesis]].<ref name="Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 2014" />
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Revision as of 16:02, 31 March 2020

VEGF receptor
fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor receptor)
Identifiers
SymbolVEGF
InterProIPR009135
Membranome1335
Identifiers
SymbolFLT1
Alt. symbolsFLT
NCBI gene2321
HGNC3763
OMIM165070
RefSeqNM_002019
UniProtP17948
Other data
EC number2.7.1.112
LocusChr. 13 q12
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
kinase insert domain receptor (a type III receptor tyrosine kinase)
Identifiers
SymbolKDR
Alt. symbolsFLK1, VEGFR, VEGFR2, CD309
NCBI gene3791
HGNC6307
OMIM191306
RefSeqNM_002253
UniProtP35968
Other data
EC number2.7.1.112
LocusChr. 4 q11-q12
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
fms-related tyrosine kinase 4
Identifiers
SymbolFLT4
Alt. symbolsVEGFR3, PCL
NCBI gene2324
HGNC3767
OMIM136352
RefSeqNM_002020
UniProtP35916
Other data
EC number2.7.1.112
LocusChr. 5 q34-q35
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro

VEGF receptors are receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).[1][2] There are three main subtypes of VEGFR, numbered 1, 2 and 3. Also, they may be membrane-bound (mbVEGFR) or soluble (sVEGFR), depending on alternative splicing.[3]

Inhibitors of VEGFR are used in the treatment of cancer.

VEGF

Main article: Vascular endothelial growth factor

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important signaling protein involved in both vasculogenesis (the formation of the circulatory system) and angiogenesis (the growth of blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature). As its name implies, VEGF activity is restricted mainly to cells of the vascular endothelium, although it does have effects on a limited number of other cell types (e.g. stimulation monocyte/macrophage migration). In vitro, VEGF has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesis and cell migration. VEGF also enhances microvascular permeability and is sometimes referred to as vascular permeability factor.

Receptor biology

Ligands for different VEGF receptors.[4][5]

All members of the VEGF family stimulate cellular responses by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors (the VEGFRs) on the cell surface, causing them to dimerize and become activated through transphosphorylation. The VEGF receptors have an extracellular portion consisting of 7 immunoglobulin-like domains, a single transmembrane spanning region and an intracellular portion containing a split tyrosine-kinase domain.

VEGF-A binds to VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1). VEGFR-2 appears to mediate almost all of the known cellular responses to VEGF.[1] The function of VEGFR-1 is less well defined, although it is thought to modulate VEGFR-2 signaling. Another function of VEGFR-1 is to act as a dummy/decoy receptor, sequestering VEGF from VEGFR-2 binding (this appears to be particularly important during vasculogenesis in the embryo). In fact, an alternatively spliced form of VEGFR-1 (sFlt1) is not a membrane bound protein but is secreted and functions primarily as a decoy.[6] A third receptor has been discovered (VEGFR-3), however, VEGF-A is not a ligand for this receptor. VEGFR-3 mediates lymphangiogenesis in response to VEGF-C and VEGF-D.

In addition to binding to VEGFRs, TACO VEGF binds to receptor complexes consisting of both neuropilins and VEGFRs. This receptor complex has increased VEGF signalling activity in endothelial cells (blood vessels).[7][8] Neuropilins (NRP) are pleitrophic receptors and therefore other molecules may interfere with the signalling of the NRP/VEGFR receptor complexes. For example, Class 3 semaphorins compete with VEGF165 for NRP binding and could therefore regulate VEGF-mediated angiogenesis.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b Holmes K, Roberts OL, Thomas AM, Cross MJ (October 2007). "Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2: structure, function, intracellular signalling and therapeutic inhibition". Cellular Signalling. 19 (10): 2003–12. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.05.013. PMID 17658244.
  2. ^ Stuttfeld E, Ballmer-Hofer K (September 2009). "Structure and function of VEGF receptors". IUBMB Life. 61 (9): 915–22. doi:10.1002/iub.234. PMID 19658168.
  3. ^ Fujita N, Imai J, Suzuki T, Yamada M, Ninomiya K, Miyamoto K, et al. (July 2008). "Vascular endothelial growth factor-A is a survival factor for nucleus pulposus cells in the intervertebral disc". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 372 (2): 367–72. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.044. PMID 18492486.
  4. ^ cancerpublications.com.
  5. ^ Interactions of VEGF ligands and VEGF receptors ResearchVEGF.com, retrieved on November 13, 2009
  6. ^ Zygmunt T, Gay CM, Blondelle J, Singh MK, Flaherty KM, Means PC, et al. (August 2011). "Semaphorin-PlexinD1 signaling limits angiogenic potential via the VEGF decoy receptor sFlt1". Developmental Cell. 21 (2): 301–14. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.06.033. PMC 3156278. PMID 21802375.
  7. ^ Soker S, Takashima S, Miao HQ, Neufeld G, Klagsbrun M (March 1998). "Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor". Cell. 92 (6): 735–45. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81402-6. PMID 9529250.
  8. ^ Herzog B, Pellet-Many C, Britton G, Hartzoulakis B, Zachary IC (August 2011). "VEGF binding to NRP1 is essential for VEGF stimulation of endothelial cell migration, complex formation between NRP1 and VEGFR2, and signaling via FAK Tyr407 phosphorylation" (PDF). Molecular Biology of the Cell. 22 (15): 2766–76. doi:10.1091/mbc.E09-12-1061. PMC 3145551. PMID 21653826.
  9. ^ Mecollari V, Nieuwenhuis B, Verhaagen J (2014). "A perspective on the role of class III semaphorin signaling in central nervous system trauma". Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience. 8: 328. doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00328. PMC 4209881. PMID 25386118.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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