Terumot: Difference between revisions
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==Structure and content== |
==Structure and content== |
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The tractate consists of eleven chapters and 101 paragraphs (''mishnayot''). It has a [[Gemara]] – rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah – only in the [[Jerusalem Talmud]]. There is a [[Tosefta]] of ten chapters for this tractate.<ref name=Birnbaum/><ref name=JE2/> |
The tractate consists of eleven chapters and 101 paragraphs (''mishnayot''). It has a [[Gemara]] – rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah – only in the [[Jerusalem Talmud]]. There is a [[Tosefta]] of ten chapters for this tractate.<ref name=Birnbaum/><ref name=JE2/> |
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There is no Gemara in the [[Babylonian Talmud]] for this tractate, or indeed for any of the tractates of [[Seder Zeraim|this order of the Mishnah]], other than tractate [[Berakhot]], as the laws related to agriculture and produce that are mostly discussed in this order generally have no practical application outside of the [[Land of Israel]]. |
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In most editions of the Mishnah, this tractate is sixth in the order Zera'im. [[Maimonides]], in his ''Commentary on the Mishnah'', states that this tractate follows [[Shevi'it]] since ''terumah'' is the first gift which one separates from the produce.<ref name=Kehati/><ref name=JE2/> |
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==Historical context== |
==Historical context== |
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Revision as of 01:56, 28 February 2020
Terumot (Template:Lang-he, lit. "Priestly dues" and often, "heave-offering") is the sixth tractate of Seder Zeraim ("Order of Seeds") of the Mishnah and of the Jerusalem Talmud. This tractate discusses the laws of teruma, a gift of produce that an Israelite farmer was required to set aside and give to a kohen (priest). There were two kinds of terumot given to the priest: the regular heave-offering, known also as the terumah gedolah ("great heave-offering"), which the Israelites were required to give to the priest from the produce of their fields; the other was the terumat ma'aser ("tithe of the heave-offering"), namely, the gift that the Levites were required to put aside for the priests from the tithe which ordinary Israelites had been required to give to them.
The laws detailed in this tractate are derived from the Torah in Numbers 18:8, 11–12 and Deut 18:4–5, and for terumat ma'aser from Numbers 18:25–32.
The mitzvah (commandment) applies only to produce grown in the Land of Israel and continues to be observed in the modern state of Israel.
This tractate comprises eleven chapters in the Mishna and ten in the Tosefta and has fifty-nine folio pages of Gemara in the Jerusalem Talmud. Like most tractates in the order of Zeraim, there is no Babylonian Talmud for this tractate. Laws concerning terumah are also mentioned in the tractates "Demai" and "Ma'aserot".
Subject matter
The first-fruits of your grain, of your wine, and of your oil, and the first of the fleece of your sheep, you shall give him. For the Lord your God has chosen him out of all your tribes, to stand to minister in the name of the Lord, him and his sons for ever.
— Deuteronomy 18:4-5
This tractate focuses on the laws of the gifts of produce that are to be given to a kohen (priest) as mandated by the Torah. Terumah is the first gift that must be separated from the produce and given to the priest, as prescribed in Numbers (Num 18:8, 11–12 and Numbers 18:25–32) and Deuteronomy (Deut 18:4–5).[1]
The Hebrew term terumah signifies a contribution, an offering for a sacred purpose, and more literally, something lifted up (hence the antiquated English translation, heave offering). [note 1] In the Torah, the commandment applied to grain, wine and oil; the Mishna extends the scope to include all produce. It also applied only in the Land of Israel, but certain lands bordering the Land of Israel, and Babylonia were later included. [2][3]
Since the priests and Levites were not allocated land in of the Land of Israel, they were provided for in the form of tithes given to the Levites and the terumot offerings given to the priests by both the Levites and the ordinary Israelites. The Levites were required to separate and give the priest one-tenth of the tithe that they received from the Israelite farmers and this was called terumat ma'aser ("offering of the tithe"), or ma’aser min hama’aser (tithe of the tithe). The Israelites, on the other hand, separated the terumah gedolah to be given to the priests before they separated a tenth of the produce to be given as tithe to the Levites. Both types of gifts come under the general term of terumah, which forms the theme of this tractate, but the terumah gedolah of the Israelite farmers comprises the main subject of discussion. [1][2][3][4][5]
The Torah does not specify the amount of terumah that must be given, and theoretically, even one single kernel of grain could suffice; thus the Mishna in this tractate establishes an amount, from one-fortieth to one-sixtieth of the gross product, depending on the circumstances and generosity of the individual farmer, with one-fiftieth being regarded as the average gift. The generally accepted measure is therefore one-fiftieth, and the Sages found an allusion to this amount in the term terumah as an acronym of the Aramaic words trei mi-meah ("two from a hundred") or 2%.[1][3][6]
The tractate deals with the details of many circumstances which could arise with regards to the terumah. Thus, for example, before the terumah is separated, all the produce is tevel (untithed) and forbidden to be eaten. Terumah is considered holy, and may be eaten by priests only, as prescribed in Leviticus 22:10, and must be guarded against becoming ritually unclean, lost or wasted, as interpreted from Numbers 18:8. The Mishna also considers what to do in cases where terumah became mixed with non-sacred food; if the ratio is less than one hundred times that of terumah, it determines that all of it becomes forbidden to non-priests. However, it is not necessary to give the mixture to the priest, rather it is sold to a priest at the price of terumah, which was fixed lower than ordinary produce, while deducting the value of the terumah mixed into it. If the ratio of non-sacred food exceeds one hundred-times than that of the terumah, a non-priest may eat it, after removing the quantity of the terumah that had fallen into it and giving it to the priest.[1][3]
Structure and content
The tractate consists of eleven chapters and 101 paragraphs (mishnayot). It has a Gemara – rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah – only in the Jerusalem Talmud. There is a Tosefta of ten chapters for this tractate.[2][4]
There is no Gemara in the Babylonian Talmud for this tractate, or indeed for any of the tractates of this order of the Mishnah, other than tractate Berakhot, as the laws related to agriculture and produce that are mostly discussed in this order generally have no practical application outside of the Land of Israel.
In most editions of the Mishnah, this tractate is sixth in the order Zera'im. Maimonides, in his Commentary on the Mishnah, states that this tractate follows Shevi'it since terumah is the first gift which one separates from the produce.[1][4]
Historical context
The commandment of terumah applies only to produce grown in the Land of Israel and continues to be observed in the modern state of Israel. There is debate among Jewish legal authorities as to whether the present-day Jewish religious laws detailed in this tractate are now biblically or rabbinically mandated obligations.[7]
Notes
- ^ The same term, terumah, was also used with regards to the half-shekel contributions made to the Temple fund for sacred needs (terumat ha-lishkah). This terumah is not dealt with in this tractate. [2]
References
- ^ a b c d e Kehati, Pinchas (1994). Tomaschoff, Avner (ed.). Seder Zera'im: Terumot. The Mishna: A New Translation with Commentary. Vol. Vol. 2. Fisch, Rafael (translator). Jerusalem, Israel: Maor Wallach Press. pp. 1–2.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ a b c d Birnbaum, Philip (1975). "Terumah". A Book of Jewish Concepts. New York, NY: Hebrew Publishing Company. p. 668-669. ISBN 088482876X.
- ^ a b c d Lehrman, S. M., ed. (1948). "Terumoth: Translated into English with Notes". The Babylonian Talmud. Vol. vol. 2. Singer, M.H. (translator). London: The Soncino Press. pp. 197–198.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ a b c
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Terumot". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- ^ "Terumot". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
- ^ Lipman, Eugene (1970). "Terumot—Heave-Offerings". The Mishna: Oral Teachings of Judaism. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 58–59.
- ^ The Mishnah, ArtScroll Mishnah Series, Seder Zeraim, Tractate Terumos(a), pp. 9–10
External links
- Full text of the Mishnah for tractate Terumot on Sefaria (Hebrew and English)
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