Inner Six: Difference between revisions
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Dependency on overseas [[oil]] and the steady exhaustion of coal deposits led to the idea of an atomic energy community (a separate Community was favoured by Monnet, rather than simply extending the powers of the ECSC as suggested by the [[European Parliament|Common Assembly]]). However, the [[Benelux]] countries ([[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Luxembourg]]) and Germany desired a [[single market|common market]] (though opposed by France and Monnet). In order to reconcile the two ideas, both communities would be created.<ref>[http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=5599 1957-1968 Successes and crises] [[European NAvigator]]</ref> Thus, the six went on to sign the [[Treaties of Rome]] in 1957, establishing the [[European Economic Community]] and the [[European Atomic Energy Community]]. The institutions of these communities would later be merged in 1967, leading to them collectively being known as the "[[European Communities]]". The six would continue in their co-operation until 1973 when they were joined by two of the Outer Seven (UK and Denmark) and Ireland. |
Dependency on overseas [[oil]] and the steady exhaustion of coal deposits led to the idea of an atomic energy community (a separate Community was favoured by Monnet, rather than simply extending the powers of the ECSC as suggested by the [[European Parliament|Common Assembly]]). However, the [[Benelux]] countries ([[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Luxembourg]]) and Germany desired a [[single market|common market]] (though opposed by France and Monnet). In order to reconcile the two ideas, both communities would be created.<ref>[http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=5599 1957-1968 Successes and crises] [[European NAvigator]]</ref> Thus, the six went on to sign the [[Treaties of Rome]] in 1957, establishing the [[European Economic Community]] and the [[European Atomic Energy Community]]. The institutions of these communities would later be merged in 1967, leading to them collectively being known as the "[[European Communities]]". The six would continue in their co-operation until 1973 when they were joined by two of the Outer Seven (UK and Denmark) and Ireland. |
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==Enlargement |
==Enlargement: Nine, Ten, Twelve, Fifteen, and beyond== |
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The events of the [[Suez Crisis]] showed the United Kingdom that it could no longer operate alone, instead turning to the [[United States]] and the [[European Community]]. Britain, along with Denmark, Ireland and Norway, applied for membership in 1960. However, then–[[French President]] [[Charles de Gaulle]] saw British membership of the Community as a [[Trojan horse]] for US interests, and hence stated he would veto British membership.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6102536.stm France's own lesson from Suez] [[BBC News]]</ref> The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with [[Georges Pompidou]] succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French President, the veto was lifted. Negotiations began in 1970 and two years later the accession treaties were signed with all but Norway acceding to the Community (Norway rejected membership in a [[1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum|referendum]]). |
The events of the [[Suez Crisis]] showed the United Kingdom that it could no longer operate alone, instead turning to the [[United States]] and the [[European Community]]. Britain, along with Denmark, Ireland and Norway, applied for membership in 1960. However, then–[[French President]] [[Charles de Gaulle]] saw British membership of the Community as a [[Trojan horse]] for US interests, and hence stated he would veto British membership.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6102536.stm France's own lesson from Suez] [[BBC News]]</ref> The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with [[Georges Pompidou]] succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French President, the veto was lifted. Negotiations began in 1970 and two years later the accession treaties were signed with all but Norway acceding to the Community (Norway rejected membership in a [[1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum|referendum]]). |
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In 1981 [[Greece]] joined the European Community, bringing the number to ten. After its democratic revolution, Portugal would also leave [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] to join the Communities in 1986, along with [[Spain]]. The twelve were joined by Sweden, Austria and [[Finland]] (which had joined EFTA in 1986) in 1995, leaving only Norway and Switzerland as the remaining members of the original outer seven, although EFTA had gained two new members ([[Iceland]] and [[Liechtenstein]]) in the intervening time. On the other hand, membership of the Communities, now the [[European Union]] (EU), has reached 28. |
In 1981 [[Greece]] joined the European Community, bringing the number to ten. After its democratic revolution, Portugal would also leave [[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]] to join the Communities in 1986, along with [[Spain]]. The twelve were joined by Sweden, Austria and [[Finland]] (which had joined EFTA in 1986) in 1995, leaving only Norway and Switzerland as the remaining members of the original outer seven, although EFTA had gained two new members ([[Iceland]] and [[Liechtenstein]]) in the intervening time. On the other hand, membership of the Communities, now the [[European Union]] (EU), has reached 28. |
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Revision as of 06:41, 26 January 2020
| History of the European Union |
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 European Union portal |
The Inner Six, or simply "the Six", were the six founding member states of the European Communities. They were in contrast to the outer seven who formed the European Free Trade Association rather than engage in supranational European integration. Five of the Outer Seven later joined the European Communities.
| Inner Six | Outer Seven |
|---|---|
History
The Inner Six are those who responded to the Schuman Declaration's call for the pooling of coal and steel resources under a common High Authority. The six signed the Treaty of Paris creating the European Coal and Steel Community on 18 April 1951 (which came into force on 23 July 1952). Following on from this, they attempted to create a European Defence Community: with the idea of allowing West Germany to rearm under the authority of a common European military command, a treaty was signed in 1952. However the plan was rejected by the Senate of France, which also scuppered the draft treaty for a European Political Community (which would have created a political federation to ensure democratic control over the new European army). President of the ECSC High Authority, and architect of the ECSC, Jean Monnet resigned in protest and began work on a new plan concentrating on economic fields.
Dependency on overseas oil and the steady exhaustion of coal deposits led to the idea of an atomic energy community (a separate Community was favoured by Monnet, rather than simply extending the powers of the ECSC as suggested by the Common Assembly). However, the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg) and Germany desired a common market (though opposed by France and Monnet). In order to reconcile the two ideas, both communities would be created.[1] Thus, the six went on to sign the Treaties of Rome in 1957, establishing the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community. The institutions of these communities would later be merged in 1967, leading to them collectively being known as the "European Communities". The six would continue in their co-operation until 1973 when they were joined by two of the Outer Seven (UK and Denmark) and Ireland.
Enlargement: Nine, Ten, Twelve, Fifteen, and beyond
The events of the Suez Crisis showed the United Kingdom that it could no longer operate alone, instead turning to the United States and the European Community. Britain, along with Denmark, Ireland and Norway, applied for membership in 1960. However, then–French President Charles de Gaulle saw British membership of the Community as a Trojan horse for US interests, and hence stated he would veto British membership.[2] The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with Georges Pompidou succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French President, the veto was lifted. Negotiations began in 1970 and two years later the accession treaties were signed with all but Norway acceding to the Community (Norway rejected membership in a referendum). In 1981 Greece joined the European Community, bringing the number to ten. After its democratic revolution, Portugal would also leave EFTA to join the Communities in 1986, along with Spain. The twelve were joined by Sweden, Austria and Finland (which had joined EFTA in 1986) in 1995, leaving only Norway and Switzerland as the remaining members of the original outer seven, although EFTA had gained two new members (Iceland and Liechtenstein) in the intervening time. On the other hand, membership of the Communities, now the European Union (EU), has reached 28.
Modern "inner" groups
Today, there are still some groups within the European Union integrating faster than others, for example the eurozone and Schengen Area (see: Opt-outs in the European Union). The Treaty of Lisbon includes provisions for a group of countries to integrate without the inclusions of others if they do not wish to join in as, following the rejection of the European Constitution, some leaders wished to create an inner, more highly integrated Federal Europe within a slower-moving EU.
The Inner Six are today among the most integrated members of the EU.
| Participant | Schengen | AFSJ | CFR | Euro | EEA | ESM | EFC | SRM | Euro+ | CSDP | Prüm | Patent | Divorce | Symbols |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Belgium
|
x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
 France
|
x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
 Germany
|
x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
 Italy
|
x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | o | x | x | x |
 Luxembourg
|
x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
 Netherlands
|
x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | o | o |
| Participant | Schengen | AFSJ | CFR | Euro | EEA | ESM | EFC | SRM | Euro+ | CSDP | Prüm | Patent | Divorce | Symbols |
x – member
o – non-member
See also
- Arraiolos meeting
- Big Four (Western Europe)
- Craiova Group
- Enlargement of the European Union
- EU Med Group
- European Economic Area
- European Free Trade Association
- EU three
- G6 (EU)
- Multi-speed Europe
- Opt-outs in the European Union
- Schengen Agreement
- Visegrád Group