Issus coleoptratus: Difference between revisions
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These insects are unable to fly, unlike most members of their [[family (biology)|family]]. They feed on the [[phloem]] of different trees, such as [[Tilia|lime trees]] (''Tilia'' species), [[oak]]s (''Quercus'' species), [[maple]]s (''Acer'' species), [[birch]]es (''Betula'' species), [[elm]]s (''Ulmus'' species) and [[hazel]]s (''Corylus'' species). There is only one generation per year. Adults can be found from May to mid October, depending on location. The larvae overwinter on [[ivy]] (''Hedera'' species), [[privet]] (''Ligustrum'' species), [[juniper]] (''Juniperus'' species) and ''[[Taxus]]'' species.<ref name=BB/> |
These insects are unable to fly, unlike most members of their [[family (biology)|family]]. They feed on the [[phloem]] of different trees, such as [[Tilia|lime trees]] (''Tilia'' species), [[oak]]s (''Quercus'' species), [[maple]]s (''Acer'' species), [[birch]]es (''Betula'' species), [[elm]]s (''Ulmus'' species) and [[hazel]]s (''Corylus'' species). There is only one generation per year. Adults can be found from May to mid October, depending on location. The larvae overwinter on [[ivy]] (''Hedera'' species), [[privet]] (''Ligustrum'' species), [[juniper]] (''Juniperus'' species) and ''[[Taxus]]'' species.<ref name=BB/> |
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Like all [[planthopper]]s,<ref>S. Heilig, K. Sander (1986) Zahnradsektoren zur Koordination der Sprungbeine - eine lavale Synapomorphie der fulgoromorphen Zikaden (Homoptera, Cicadina, Fulgoroidea). Zool. Jb. Syst. 113: 307–317.</ref> the nymphs of this insect have a small, [[gear]]-like structure on the base of each of their hind legs.<ref name = Burrows>{{citation |first1=Malcolm |last1=Burrows |first2=Gregory |last2=Sutton |title=Interacting gears synchronize propulsive leg movements in a jumping insect |journal=Science |volume=341 |issue=6151 |date=2013-09-13 |pages=1254–1256 |doi=10.1126/science.1240284 |pmid=24031019}}</ref> These gears have teeth that intermesh, keeping the legs synchronized when the insect jumps, preventing it from spiraling. This is the first planthopper species in which the function of these gears was described,<ref name="Burrows"/> though their existence had been known for decades.<ref>K. Sander. 1957. Bau und Funktion des Sprungapparates von ''Pyrilla perpusilla'' WALKER (Homoptera - Fulgoridae). Zool. Jb. Jena (Anat.) 75, 383–388</ref> The insects shed this gear before moulting into adults.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Jane|title=Insects Use Gears in Hind Legs to Jump|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/09/130912-planthopper-gear-wheel-insect-legs-science/|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Adi | last = Robertson | title = The first-ever naturally occurring gears are found on an insect's legs | date = September 12, 2013 | url = https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/12/4724040/naturally-occurring-gears-found-on-insect-legs | work = [[The Verge]] | accessdate = September 14, 2013}}</ref> |
Like all [[planthopper]]s,<ref>S. Heilig, K. Sander (1986) Zahnradsektoren zur Koordination der Sprungbeine - eine lavale Synapomorphie der fulgoromorphen Zikaden (Homoptera, Cicadina, Fulgoroidea). Zool. Jb. Syst. 113: 307–317.</ref> the nymphs of this insect have a small, [[gear]]-like structure on the base of each of their hind legs.<ref name = Burrows>{{citation |first1=Malcolm |last1=Burrows |first2=Gregory |last2=Sutton |title=Interacting gears synchronize propulsive leg movements in a jumping insect |journal=Science |volume=341 |issue=6151 |date=2013-09-13 |pages=1254–1256 |doi=10.1126/science.1240284 |pmid=24031019|hdl=1983/69cf1502-217a-4dca-a0d3-f8b247794e92 }}</ref> These gears have teeth that intermesh, keeping the legs synchronized when the insect jumps, preventing it from spiraling. This is the first planthopper species in which the function of these gears was described,<ref name="Burrows"/> though their existence had been known for decades.<ref>K. Sander. 1957. Bau und Funktion des Sprungapparates von ''Pyrilla perpusilla'' WALKER (Homoptera - Fulgoridae). Zool. Jb. Jena (Anat.) 75, 383–388</ref> The insects shed this gear before moulting into adults.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Jane|title=Insects Use Gears in Hind Legs to Jump|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/09/130912-planthopper-gear-wheel-insect-legs-science/|publisher=National Geographic|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Adi | last = Robertson | title = The first-ever naturally occurring gears are found on an insect's legs | date = September 12, 2013 | url = https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/12/4724040/naturally-occurring-gears-found-on-insect-legs | work = [[The Verge]] | accessdate = September 14, 2013}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 11:49, 10 December 2019
| Issus coleoptratus | |
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| Adult of Issus coleoptratus, dorsal view | |
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| Issus coleoptratus, lateral view | |
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| Species: | I. coleoptratus
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| Issus coleoptratus (Fabricius, 1781)
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List
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Issus coleoptratus is a species of planthopper belonging to the family Issidae.[1]
Distribution and habitat
This common species can be found in the western Palaearctic ecozone, in the Near East and in North Africa.[2] These insects live on shrubbery and on foliage of various woody plants and common deciduous trees and in mixed forests (forest edges and parks).[3][4]
Description
Issus coleoptratus can reach a length of 5.5–7.0 millimetres (0.22–0.28 in). The coloration of these planthoppers can vary from light brown and olive to nearly black. The head, including the eyes, is narrower than the pronotum. The forehead is usually dark brown to black in the upper third, with lighter spots. In the lower area it is greenish, yellowish or brownish. The leathery wings usually show a huge number of dark brown cross-veins with a dark brown discal spot and some evidence of banding. The forewing veins of males and females differs (sexual dimorphism), as they are effaced distally in the female, while in males they are throughout prominent. This species is very similar to the much rarer Issus muscaeformis.[3][4]
Biology
These insects are unable to fly, unlike most members of their family. They feed on the phloem of different trees, such as lime trees (Tilia species), oaks (Quercus species), maples (Acer species), birches (Betula species), elms (Ulmus species) and hazels (Corylus species). There is only one generation per year. Adults can be found from May to mid October, depending on location. The larvae overwinter on ivy (Hedera species), privet (Ligustrum species), juniper (Juniperus species) and Taxus species.[4]
Like all planthoppers,[5] the nymphs of this insect have a small, gear-like structure on the base of each of their hind legs.[6] These gears have teeth that intermesh, keeping the legs synchronized when the insect jumps, preventing it from spiraling. This is the first planthopper species in which the function of these gears was described,[6] though their existence had been known for decades.[7] The insects shed this gear before moulting into adults.[8][9]
References
- ^ Catalogue of life
- ^ Fauna europaea
- ^ a b British Bugs
- ^ a b c P.F. Whitehead & R.S. Key Observations on British Issus (Hemiptera, Issidae) with reference to development, periodicity and ecology
- ^ S. Heilig, K. Sander (1986) Zahnradsektoren zur Koordination der Sprungbeine - eine lavale Synapomorphie der fulgoromorphen Zikaden (Homoptera, Cicadina, Fulgoroidea). Zool. Jb. Syst. 113: 307–317.
- ^ a b Burrows, Malcolm; Sutton, Gregory (2013-09-13), "Interacting gears synchronize propulsive leg movements in a jumping insect", Science, 341 (6151): 1254–1256, doi:10.1126/science.1240284, hdl:1983/69cf1502-217a-4dca-a0d3-f8b247794e92, PMID 24031019
- ^ K. Sander. 1957. Bau und Funktion des Sprungapparates von Pyrilla perpusilla WALKER (Homoptera - Fulgoridae). Zool. Jb. Jena (Anat.) 75, 383–388
- ^ Lee, Jane. "Insects Use Gears in Hind Legs to Jump". National Geographic. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
- ^ Robertson, Adi (September 12, 2013). "The first-ever naturally occurring gears are found on an insect's legs". The Verge. Retrieved September 14, 2013.