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Revision as of 07:09, 1 July 2018
This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2015) |
Grouping | Legendary creature |
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Sub grouping | Hybrid |
In Greek mythology and Roman mythology, a harpy (plural harpies, Template:Lang-el,[1][2] harpyia, pronounced [hárpyi̯a]; Template:Lang-lat) was a half-human and half-bird personification of storm winds, in Homeric poems.[3]
Descriptions
They were generally depicted as birds with the heads of maidens, faces pale with hunger and long claws on their hands. Roman and Byzantine writers detailed their ugliness.[4] Pottery art depicting the harpies featured beautiful women with wings. Ovid described them as human-vultures.[5]
Hesiod
To Hesiod, they were imagined as fair-locked and winged maidens, who surpassed winds and birds in the rapidity of their flight.
"...the Harpyiai (Harpies) of the lovely hair, Okypete (Ocypete) and Aello, and these two in the speed of their wings keep pace with the blowing winds, or birds in flight, as they soar and swoop, high aloft."[6]
Aeschylus
But even as early as the time of Aeschylus, they are described as ugly creatures with wings, and later writers carry their notions of the Harpies so far as to represent them as most disgusting monsters. The Pythian priestess of Apollo recounted the appearance of the Harpies in the following lines:
"Before this man an extraordinary band of women [i.e. Harpies] slept, seated on thrones. No! Not women, but rather Gorgons I call them; and yet I cannot compare them to forms of Gorgons either. Once before I saw some creatures in a painting, carrying off the feast of Phineus; but these are wingless in appearance, black, altogether disgusting; they snore with repulsive breaths, they drip from their eyes hateful drops; their attire is not fit to bring either before the statues of the gods or into the homes of men. I have never seen the tribe that produced this company, nor the land that boasts of rearing this brood with impunity and does not grieve for its labor afterwards."[7]
Virgil
"Bird-bodied, girl-faced things they (Harpies) are; abominable their droppings, their hands are talons, their faces haggard with hunger insatiable"[8]
Hyginus
"They are said to have been feathered, with cocks' heads, wings, and human arms, with great claws; breasts, bellies, and female parts human."[9]
Functions and abode
The harpies seems originally to have been wind spirits (personifications of the destructive nature of wind). Their name means "snatchers" or "swift robbers"[10] and they steal food from their victims while they are eating and carry evildoers (especially those who have killed their family) to the Erinyes. When a person suddenly disappeared from the earth, it was said that he had been carried off by the Harpies.[11] Thus, they carried off the daughters of king Pandareus and gave them as servants to the Erinyes.[12] In this form they were agents of punishment who abducted people and tortured them on their way to Tartarus. They were vicious, cruel and violent.
The harpies were called "the hounds of mighty Zeus" thus "ministers of the Thunderer (Zeus)".[13] Later writers listed the Harpies among the guardians of the underworld among other monstrosities including the Centaurs, Scylla, Briareus, Lernaean Hydra, Chimera, Gorgons and Geryon.[14]
Their abode is either the islands called Strophades,[15] a place at the entrance of Orcus,[16] or a cave in Crete.[17]
Names and family
Hesiod calls them two "lovely-haired" creatures, the daughters of Thaumas and the Oceanid Electra and sisters of Iris.[6] Hyginus however, cited a certain Ozomene[18] as the mother of the Harpies but he also recounted that Electra was also the mother of these beings in the same source. This can be explained by the fact that Ozomene was another name for Electra. The harpies possibly be siblings of the river-god Hydaspes and Arke, as they were called sisters of Iris and children of Thaumas. According to Valerius, Typhoeus (Typhon) was said to be the father of these monsters[13] while a different version by Servius told that the Harpies were daughters of Pontus and Gaea or of Poseidon.[19]
They are named Aello ("storm swift") and Ocypete ("the swift wing"),[20][21] and Virgil added Celaeno ("the dark") as a third.[22] Homer knew of a Harpy named Podarge ("fleet-foot").[23] Aello, sometimes also spelled Aellopus or Nicothoe; Ocypete, sometimes also spelled Ocythoe or Ocypode.
Homer called the harpy Podarge as the mother of the two horses (Balius and Xanthus) of Achilles sired by the West Wind Zephyrus[24] while according to Nonnus, Xanthus and Podarkes, horses of the Athenian king Erechtheus, were born to Aello and the North Wind Boreas.[25] Other progeny of Podarge were Phlogeus and Harpagos, horses given by Hermes to the Dioscuri, who competed for the chariot-race in celebration of the funeral games of Pelias.[26] The swift horse Arion was also said to begotten by loud-piping Zephyrus on a Harpy (probably Podarge), as attested by Quintus Smyrnaeus.[27]
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF NAMES AND FAMILY OF HARPIES ACCORDING TO VARIOUS SOURCES | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name and Relation | Hesiod | Homer | Stesichorus | Virgil | Valerius | Apollodorus | Hyginus | Nonnus | Quintus | Servius |
Parents | Thaumas and Electra | not stated | not stated | not stated | Typhoeus | Thaumas and Electra | Thaumas and Electra or Ozomene | not stated | not stated | Pontus and Gaea or Poseidon |
Names | Aello | Podarge | Podarge | not stated | Aello or Nicothoe | Aellopus or Podarce | Aellopos | Podarge | not stated | |
Ocypete | Ocypete, Ocythoe or Ocypode | Ocypete | - | |||||||
Celaeno | Celaeno | |||||||||
Mate | - | Zephyrus | not stated | - | - | - | - | Boreas | Zephyrus | - |
Progeny | - | Balius and Xanthus | Phlogeus and Harpagos | - | - | - | - | Xanthus and Podarkes | Balius and Xanthus; Arion | - |
Mythology
Argonauts
The most celebrated story in which the Harpies play a part is that of King Phineus of Thrace was given the gift of prophecy by Zeus. Angry that Phineus gave away the god's secret plan, Zeus punished him by blinding him and putting him on an island with a buffet of food which he could never eat because the harpies always arrived to steal the food out of his hands before he could satisfy his hunger. Later writers add that they either devoured the food themselves, or that they dirtied it by dropping upon it some stinking substance, so as to render it unfit to be eaten.
This continued until the arrival of Jason and the Argonauts. Phineus promised to instruct them respecting the course they had to take, if they would deliver him from the Harpies. The Boreads, sons of Boreas, the North Wind, who also could fly, succeeded in driving off the harpies. According to an ancient oracle, the Harpies were to perish by the hands of the Boreades, but the latter were to die if they could not overtake the Harpies. The latter fled, but one fell into the river Tigris, which was hence called Harpys, and the other reached the Echinades, and as she never returned, the islands were called Strophades. But being worn out with fatigue, she fell down simultaneously with her pursuer; and, as they promised no further to molest Phineus, the two Harpies were not deprived of their lives.[28] According to others, the Boreades were on the point of killing the Harpies, when Iris or Hermes appeared and commanded the conquerors to set them free, promising that Phineus would not be bothered by the harpies again. "The dogs of great Zeus" then returned to their "cave in Minoan Crete". Other accounts said that both the Harpies as well as the Boreades died.[29] Thankful for their help, Phineus told the Argonauts how to pass the Symplegades.[30]
Tzetzes explained the origin of the myth pertaining to Phineus, the Harpies, and the Boreades in his account. In this late version of the myth it was said that Phineus, due to his old age, became blind, and he has two daughters named Eraseia and Harpyreia. These maidens lived a very libertine and lazy life, abandoning themselves to poverty and fatal famine. Then Zetes and Calais snatched them away somehow, and they disappeared from those places ever since. From this account all myths about them [i.e., the Harpies] started, as was also retold by Apollonius in his own story of the Argonauts.[31]
Aeneid
Aeneas encountered harpies on the Strophades as they repeatedly made off with the feast the Trojans were setting. Celaeno utters a prophecy: the Trojans will be so hungry they will eat their tables before they reach the end of their journey. The Trojans fled in fear.
Modern reception
Dante
Harpies remained vivid in the Middle Ages. In Canto XIII of his Inferno, Dante Alighieri envisages the tortured wood infested with harpies, where the suicides have their punishment in the seventh ring of Hell:
Here the repellent harpies make their nests,
Who drove the Trojans from the Strophades
With dire announcements of the coming woe.
They have broad wings, with razor sharp talons and a human neck and face,
Clawed feet and swollen, feathered bellies; they caw
Their lamentations in the eerie trees.[32]
William Blake was inspired by Dante's description in his pencil, ink and watercolour "The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides" (Tate Gallery, London).
Linguistic use and application
The harpy eagle is a real bird named after the mythological animal.
The term is often used metaphorically to refer to a nasty or annoying woman. In Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing, Benedick spots the sharp-tongued Beatrice approaching and exclaims to the prince, Don Pedro, that he would do an assortment of arduous tasks for him "rather than hold three words conference with this harpy!"
Heraldry
In the Middle Ages, the harpy, often called the Jungfrauenadler[citation needed] or "maiden eagle" (although it may not have been modeled after the original harpy of Greek mythology), became a popular charge in heraldry, particularly in East Frisia, seen on, among others, the coats-of-arms of Rietberg, Liechtenstein, and the Cirksena.
In popular culture
Harpies are referenced in present-day culture, especially in fiction and fantasy. They tend to be evil-aligned.[citation needed]
Examples include:
- In Carl Barks' Donald Duck story "The Golden Fleecing" (1955), Scrooge McDuck, Donald Duck and Huey, Louie and Dewey meet creatures who are half women and half birds and are named "Larkies", despite clearly being modelled after the mythological harpy birds. He was forced to use this name, because harpy was also a slang term for 'street prostitute'.[33]
- The award-winning short film Harpya (1979) by Raoul Servais features a man being terrorized by a harpy.[34]
- In Dungeons & Dragons, the Harpies are depicted as humanoids with the wings, lower body, and legs of a bird which varied from either an eagle or a vulture.
- In George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire, the harpy is the heraldric emblem of the cities of Slaver's Bay, and of their predecessor the Ghiscari Empire.[35][36]
- Harpies are villainous characters in Astrid Lindgren's children's novel Ronia the Robber's Daughter and its 1984 film adaptation.[37]
See also
References
- ^ Of uncertain etymology; R. S. P. Beekes has suggested a Pre-Greek origin (Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 139).
- ^ ἅρπυια. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ^ Homer. Odyssey, Book 20.66 & 77
- ^ Virgil. Aeneid, Book 3.216; Tzetzes. ad Lycoph. 653; Ovid. Metamorphoses Book 7.4, Fasti, Book 6.132; Hyginus. Fabulae, 14
- ^ Ovid. Metamorphoses vii.4
- ^ a b Hesiod, Theogony, 265–267. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Aeschylus. Eumenides, 50 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Virgil. Aeneid, Book 3.216 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Hyginus. Fabulae, 14 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Adrian Room, Who's Who in Classical Mythology, p. 147 ISBN 0-517-22256-6
- ^ Homer Odyssey, Book 1.241, 14.371
- ^ Homer. Odyssey, Book 20.78
- ^ a b Valerius Flaccus. Argonautica Book 4.425
- ^ Virgil. Aeneid 6.287 ff; Seneca. Hercules Furens 747 ff
- ^ Virgil. Aeneid, Book 3.210
- ^ Virgil. Aeneid, Book 6.289
- ^ Apollonius. Argonautica, Book 2.298
- ^ Hyginus. Fabulae 14
- ^ Servius. ad Aeneid, Book 3.241
- ^ Hesiod. Theogony 265
- ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus. Bibliotheca, Book 1.121-123.
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 3.209
- ^ Homer, Iliad 16.148
- ^ Homer. Iliad, Book 16.150; Quintus Smyrnaeus. Fall of Troy, Book 3.743 ff
- ^ Nonnus. Dionysiaca Book 37.155
- ^ Stesichorus. Fragments 178
- ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus. Fall of Troy, Book 4.569 ff
- ^ Apollodorus. Bibliotheca, Book 1.9.21
- ^ Scholia. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 286, 297; Tzetzes. Chiliades, i. 217
- ^ Argonautica, book II; Ovid XIII, 710; Virgil III, 211, 245
- ^ Tzetzes. ad Lycophron, 166, Chiliades, 1.220; Palaephaust. 23. 3
- ^ Translation of Robert Pinsky, Boston Review Archived 2014-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Andrae, Tom (1 January 2006). "Carl Barks and the Disney Comic Book: Unmasking the Myth of Modernity". Univ. Press of Mississippi. Retrieved 9 July 2016 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Harpya (1979)". 27 September 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
- ^ Martin, George. A Storm of Swords. Bantam Books. pp. 311–312. ISBN 978-0-553-57342-8.
- ^ "Day 18: What is a Harpy?". HBO. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
- ^ Zipes, Jack (1 January 2015). "The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 9 July 2016 – via Google Books.
External links
- Media related to Harpies at Wikimedia Commons
- Articles with trivia sections from December 2016
- Harpies
- Pejorative terms for people
- Human-headed mythical creatures
- Fairies
- Legendary birds
- Mythological human hybrids
- Mythological birds of prey
- Heraldic beasts
- Female legendary creatures
- Misogynistic slurs
- Mythological Greek characters
- Mythology of Argonautica
- Monsters in Greek mythology