Federal Meat Inspection Act

Federal Meat Inspection Act

Long title	An Act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eight.
Acronyms (colloquial)	FMIA
Nicknames	Agricultural Department Appropriations (1906)
Enacted by	the 59th United States Congress
Effective	March 5, 1906
Citations
Public law	59-242
Statutes at Large	34 Stat. 1256
Codification
Titles amended	21 U.S.C.: Food and Drugs
U.S.C. sections created	21 U.S.C. ch. 12 § 601 et seq.
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 24815 by James Wolcott Wadsworth (R–NY) on January 23, 1907 Passed the House on February 14, 1907 (Passed) Passed the Senate on February 18, 1907 (47-9) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on March 2, 1907 (138-115) Signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt on March 4, 1907
Major amendments
Wholesome Meat Act of 1967

The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (FMIA) is an American law that makes it a crime to adulterate or misbrand meat and meat products being sold as food, and ensures that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. These requirements also apply to imported meat products, which must be inspected under equivalent foreign standards. USDA inspection of poultry was added by the Poultry Products Inspection Act of 1957. The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act authorizes the FDA to provide inspection services for all livestock and poultry species not listed in the FMIA or PPIA, including venison and buffalo. The Agricultural Marketing Act authorizes the USDA to offer voluntary, fee-for-service inspection services for these same species.

Historical motivation for enactment

The original 1906 Act authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to inspect and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption. Unlike previous laws ordering meat inspections, which were enforced to assure European nations from banning pork trade, this law was strongly motivated to protect the American diet. All labels on any type of food had to be accurate (although not all ingredients were provided on the label). Even though all harmful food was banned, many warnings were still provided on the container. The law was partly a response to the publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, an exposé of the Chicago meat packing industry, as well as to other Progressive Era muckraking publications of the day. While Sinclair's dramatized account was intended to bring attention to the terrible working conditions in Chicago, the public was more horrified by the prospect of bad meat.

James Bronson Reynolds, 1907

The book's assertions were confirmed in the Neill-Reynolds report, commissioned by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906. Roosevelt was suspicious of Sinclair's socialist attitude and conclusions in The Jungle, so he sent labor commissioner Charles P. Neill and social worker James Bronson Reynolds, men whose honesty and reliability he trusted, to Chicago to make surprise visits to meat packing facilities.

Despite betrayal of the secret to the meat packers, who worked three shifts a day for three weeks to thwart the inspection, Neill and Reynolds were still revolted by the conditions at the factories and at the lack of concern by plant managers (though neither had much experience in the field). Following their report, Roosevelt became a supporter of regulation of the meat packing industry, and, on June 30, signed the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

Provisions

The FMIA mandated the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) inspection of meat processing plants that conducted business across state lines. The Pure Food and Drug Act, enacted on the same day in 1906, also gave the government broad jurisdiction over food in interstate commerce.

The four primary requirements of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 were:

1. Mandatory inspection of livestock before slaughter (cattle, sheep, goats, equines, and swine);
2. Mandatory postmortem inspection of every carcass;
3. Sanitary standards established for slaughterhouses and meat processing plants; and
4. Authorized U.S. Department of Agriculture ongoing monitoring and inspection of slaughter and processing operations.

After 1906, many additional laws that further standardized the meat industry and its inspection were passed.

Preemption of state law

In 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in National Meat Assn. v. Harris, that the FMIA preempts a California law regulating the treatment of non-ambulatory livestock.

Amendments to 1907 Act

Chronological legislation relative to U.S. Congressional revisions concerning the Federal Meat Inspection Act.

Date of Enactment	Public Law Number	U.S. Statute Citation	U.S. Legislative Bill	U.S. Presidential Administration
June 29, 1938	P.L. 75-776	52 Stat. 1235	H.R. 8047	Franklin D. Roosevelt
June 10, 1942	P.L. 77-602	56 Stat. 351	H.J.Res. 315	Franklin D. Roosevelt
June 5, 1948	P.L. 80-610	62 Stat. 344	S. 2256	Harry S. Truman
December 15, 1967	P.L. 90-201	81 Stat. 584	H.R. 12144	Lyndon B. Johnson
July 18, 1970	P.L. 91-342	84 Stat. 438	S. 3592	Richard M. Nixon
October 10, 1978	P.L. 95-445	92 Stat. 1069	S. 3092	Jimmy Carter
October 17, 1984	P.L. 98-487	98 Stat. 2264	H.R. 5223	Ronald W. Reagan
December 7, 1989	P.L. 101-205	103 Stat. 1829	H.R. 2134	Ronald W. Reagan

See also

• Humane Slaughter Act

Further reading

• Coppin, Clayton and Jack High. The Politics of Purity: Harvey Washington Wiley and the Origins of Federal Food Policy (University of Michigan Press, 1999).
• Goodwin, Lorine S. The Pure Food, Drink, and Drug Crusaders, 1879-1914 (McFarland, 1999).
• Law, Marc. "History of Food and Drug Regulation in the United States". EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. 2004. online
• Law, Marc T. "The Origins of State Pure Food Regulation." Journal of Economic History 63#4 (2003): 1103-1130.
• Libecap, Gary D. "The rise of the Chicago packers and the origins of meat inspection and antitrust." Economic Inquiry 30.2 (1992): 242-262. Emphasizes the role of the big packers and passage of the law that protected them against unsanitary local packing houses.
• Young, James H. Pure Food: Securing the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906 (Princeton University Press. 1986).
• Young, James Harvey. "The Pig that Fell into the Privy: Upton Sinclair's The Jungle and the meat inspection amendments of 1906." Bulletin of the History of Medicine Vol. 59, no.4 (Winter 1985): 467-80.

External links

• Federal Meat Inspection Act, U.S. Food and Drug Administration