Political Islam: Difference between revisions
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== Development of the term “Political Islam“ == |
== Development of the term “Political Islam“ == |
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The terminology used for the phenomenon of Political Islam differs amongst experts |
The terminology used for the phenomenon of Political Islam differs amongst experts. [[Martin Kramer]] was one of the first experts who started using the term “Political Islam” in 1980. In 2003, he added that Political Islam can also be seen as contradiction because nowhere in the [[Muslim world]] is a religion separated from [[politics]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kramer|first=Martin|date=2003-03-01|title=Coming to Terms: Fundamentalists or Islamists?|url=http://www.meforum.org/541/coming-to-terms-fundamentalists-or-islamists|journal=Middle East Quarterly|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kramer|first=Martin|date=1980|title=Political Islam|url=|journal=The Washington Papers|volume=VIII|pages=|via=}}</ref> Some experts use terms like [[Islamism]], pointing out the same set of occurrences or they confuse both terms. Dekmejian was amongst the first experts who made remarks on politicisation of [[Islam]] in the context of the failure of secular Islamic governments while he uses both [[Islamism]] and [[Fundamentalism]] at the same time (rather than Political Islam).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dekmejian|first=R. Hrair|date=1980|title=The Anatomy of Islamic Revival: Legitimacy Crisis, Ethnic Conflict and the Search for Islamic Alternatives|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4325967|journal=Middle East Journal|volume=34|issue=1|pages=1–12}}</ref> |
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The term Political Islam has been also used in connection with foreign communities, referring to the movements or groups invested in a broad fundamentalist revival connected to a certain political agenda.<ref name=":2" /> Khan incorporates into Political Islam all the Islamic movements promoting a political system based solely on Islam which must be followed by every [[Muslim]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-ir.info/2014/03/10/what-is-political-islam/|title=What is Political Islam?|website=E-International Relations|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> Some of the experts also use other descriptive terms in order to distinguish various ideological courses within Political Islam: conservative, progressive, [[militant]], [[Political radicalism|radical]], [[Jihadism|jihadist]] etc.<ref name=":1" /> |
The term Political Islam has been also used in connection with foreign communities, referring to the movements or groups invested in a broad fundamentalist revival connected to a certain political agenda.<ref name=":2" /> Khan incorporates into Political Islam all the Islamic movements promoting a political system based solely on Islam which must be followed by every [[Muslim]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-ir.info/2014/03/10/what-is-political-islam/|title=What is Political Islam?|website=E-International Relations|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> Some of the experts also use other descriptive terms in order to distinguish various ideological courses within Political Islam: conservative, progressive, [[militant]], [[Political radicalism|radical]], [[Jihadism|jihadist]] etc.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Revision as of 01:49, 19 March 2018
"Political Islam" is a recently developed term. It is used to label the wide-scale activities of individuals or organizations heading towards the transformation of the state and entire society according to "Islamic" rules.[1] It is based on Islam, an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God (Allah)[2] and that Muhammad is a messenger of God.[3][4] Its primary scriptures are the Quran, viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative example (called the sunnah, composed of accounts called hadith) of Muhammad (c. 570–8 June 632 CE). The term is often used in connection with the movements which represent the current political powers in the name of Islam, emerging at the end of 20th century.[5]
Political Islam is often confused with Islamism.[6] However, Political Islam is not only a synonym for violent, radical or extreme Islamism. On the contrary, an overwhelming majority of Islamic political activity is carried out by peaceful means and often within a constitutional framework (e.g. Arbitration Act from 1996, where Sharia courts became a part of official British law). International activities of extremists including terrorist acts are an exception not the rule if we talk about political activities executed in the name of Islam. Although this term is often used for organized groups, movements or parties, it can also concern a great number of the individuals who share basic goals and background of Political Islam without any direct connection to a party or group.[1]
Development of the term “Political Islam“
The terminology used for the phenomenon of Political Islam differs amongst experts. Martin Kramer was one of the first experts who started using the term “Political Islam” in 1980. In 2003, he added that Political Islam can also be seen as contradiction because nowhere in the Muslim world is a religion separated from politics.[7][8] Some experts use terms like Islamism, pointing out the same set of occurrences or they confuse both terms. Dekmejian was amongst the first experts who made remarks on politicisation of Islam in the context of the failure of secular Islamic governments while he uses both Islamism and Fundamentalism at the same time (rather than Political Islam).[9]
The term Political Islam has been also used in connection with foreign communities, referring to the movements or groups invested in a broad fundamentalist revival connected to a certain political agenda.[7] Khan incorporates into Political Islam all the Islamic movements promoting a political system based solely on Islam which must be followed by every Muslim. [10] Some of the experts also use other descriptive terms in order to distinguish various ideological courses within Political Islam: conservative, progressive, militant, radical, jihadist etc.[5] The current promoter of the term Political Islam is Bill Warner.[citation needed] He uses it mainly in the sense of a description of Islamic politics based on the fundamental texts of Islam concerning non-Muslims. The rest of the activities in those texts he considers to be religious. However, the whole of Islam he considers more a political ideology than a religion. He also founded an international organization devoted to Political Islam – The Center for the Study of Political Islam.[11]
See also
Reference
- ^ a b "Political Islam - Dictionary definition of Political Islam | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
- ^ "Surah Al-Baqarah [2:255]". Surah Al-Baqarah [2:255]. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
- ^ John L. Esposito (2009). "Islam. Overview". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Profession of Faith [...] affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of God, the last and final prophet.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter|subscription=ignored (|url-access=suggested) (help) - ^ F. E. Peters (2009). "Allāh". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
the Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based [...] on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of humankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses, Jesus, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the "Peoples of the Book."
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter|subscription=ignored (|url-access=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Voll, John O.; Sonn, Tamara. "Political Islam". Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063.
- ^ Ayoob, Mohammed (2004). "Political Islam: Image and Reality". World Policy Journal. 21 (3): 1–14.
- ^ a b Kramer, Martin (2003-03-01). "Coming to Terms: Fundamentalists or Islamists?". Middle East Quarterly.
- ^ Kramer, Martin (1980). "Political Islam". The Washington Papers. VIII.
- ^ Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1980). "The Anatomy of Islamic Revival: Legitimacy Crisis, Ethnic Conflict and the Search for Islamic Alternatives". Middle East Journal. 34 (1): 1–12.
- ^ "What is Political Islam?". E-International Relations. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
- ^ "Center for the Study of Political Islam". www.cspii.org. Retrieved 2017-05-26.