Silly Putty: Difference between revisions
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Silly Putty's unusual flow characteristics are due to the ingredient [[polydimethylsiloxane]] (PDMS), a [[viscoelasticity|viscoelastic]] substance. Viscoelasticity is a type of [[Non-Newtonian fluid|non-Newtonian flow]], characterizing material that acts as a [[viscosity|viscous]] [[liquid]] over a long time period but as an [[elasticity (physics)|elastic]] [[solid]] over a short time period.<ref name=Clegg>{{cite journal|last1=Clegg|first1=Brian|title=Polydimethylsiloxane|journal=Chemistry World|date=22 July 2015 |url=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2015/07/polydimethylsiloxane-pdms-silly-putty-podcast|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref> Because its apparent viscosity increases directly with respect to the amount of force applied, Silly Putty can be characterized as a [[dilatant]] fluid.<ref name=Thayer/> |
Silly Putty's unusual flow characteristics are due to the ingredient [[polydimethylsiloxane]] (PDMS), a [[viscoelasticity|viscoelastic]] substance. Viscoelasticity is a type of [[Non-Newtonian fluid|non-Newtonian flow]], characterizing material that acts as a [[viscosity|viscous]] [[liquid]] over a long time period but as an [[elasticity (physics)|elastic]] [[solid]] over a short time period.<ref name=Clegg>{{cite journal|last1=Clegg|first1=Brian|title=Polydimethylsiloxane|journal=Chemistry World|date=22 July 2015 |url=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2015/07/polydimethylsiloxane-pdms-silly-putty-podcast|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref> Because its apparent viscosity increases directly with respect to the amount of force applied, Silly Putty can be characterized as a [[dilatant]] fluid.<ref name=Thayer/> |
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Silly [[Putty]] is also a fairly good [[adhesive]]. When [[newspaper]] ink was petroleum based, Silly Putty could be used to transfer newspaper images to other surfaces, |
Silly [[Putty]] is also a fairly good [[adhesive]]. When [[newspaper]] ink was petroleum based, Silly Putty could be used to transfer newspaper images to other surfaces, potentially providing amusement by distorting the transferred image afterwards. Newer papers with soy-based inks are more resistant to this process.<ref name=Holmes>{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Owen|title=Silly Putty Doesn't Work Anymore|url=http://www.altweeklies.com/aan/silly-putty-doesnt-work-anymore/Story?oid=168408|accessdate=30 September 2015|work=Folio Weekly|date=August 1, 2006}}</ref> |
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[[File:Sputty.jpg|thumb|right|Silly Putty in the form of a solid cube]] |
[[File:Sputty.jpg|thumb|right|Silly Putty in the form of a solid cube]] |
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Revision as of 05:55, 14 February 2017
Silly Putty is a toy based on silicone polymers that have unusual physical properties. It bounces, but it breaks when given a sharp blow, and it can also flow like a liquid. It contains a viscoelastic liquid silicone, a type of non-Newtonian fluid, which makes it act as a viscous liquid over a long time period but as an elastic solid over a short time period. It was originally created during research into potential rubber substitutes for use by the United States in World War II.[1]
The name Silly Putty is a trademark of Crayola LLC; the company's factory is based in Easton, Pennsylvania, USA.[2] Other names are used to market similar substances from other manufacturers.
Description
As a bouncing putty, Silly Putty is noted for its unusual characteristics: it bounces but breaks when given a sharp blow; it can also float in a liquid and will form a puddle given enough time. Silly Putty and most other retail putty products have viscoelastic agents added to reduce the flow and enable the putty to hold its shape.[3]
The original coral-colored Silly Putty is composed of 65% dimethylsiloxane (hydroxy-terminated polymers with boric acid), 17% silica (crystalline quartz), 9% Thixatrol ST (castor oil derivative), 4% polydimethylsiloxane, 1% decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane, 1% glycerine, and 1% titanium dioxide.[4]
Silly Putty's unusual flow characteristics are due to the ingredient polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a viscoelastic substance. Viscoelasticity is a type of non-Newtonian flow, characterizing material that acts as a viscous liquid over a long time period but as an elastic solid over a short time period.[5] Because its apparent viscosity increases directly with respect to the amount of force applied, Silly Putty can be characterized as a dilatant fluid.[3]
Silly Putty is also a fairly good adhesive. When newspaper ink was petroleum based, Silly Putty could be used to transfer newspaper images to other surfaces, potentially providing amusement by distorting the transferred image afterwards. Newer papers with soy-based inks are more resistant to this process.[6]
Generally, Silly Putty is difficult to remove from textured items such as hair and clothing. Hand sanitizers containing alcohol are often helpful. Silly Putty will dissolve when in contact with an alcohol; after the alcohol evaporates, the material will not exhibit its original properties.[7] The maker, Crayola, suggests WD-40.[8]
If Silly Putty is submerged in warm or hot water, it will become softer and thus "melt" much faster. It also becomes harder to remove small amounts of it from surfaces. After a long period of time, it will return to its original viscosity.[4]
Silly Putty is sold as a 13 g (0.46 oz) piece of clay inside an egg-shaped plastic container. The Silly Putty brand is owned by Crayola LLC (formerly the Binney & Smith company), which also owns Crayola crayons. As of July 2009[update], twenty thousand eggs of Silly Putty are sold daily. Since 1950, more than 300 million eggs of Silly Putty (approximately 4,500 short tons or 4,100 tonnes) have been sold.[9] It is available in various colors, including glow-in-the-dark and metallic. Other brands offer similar materials, sometimes in larger-sized containers, and in a similarly wide variety of colors and/or with different properties, such as magnetism and iridescence.
History
During World War II, Japan invaded rubber-producing countries as they expanded their sphere of influence in the Pacific Rim. Rubber was vital for the production of rafts, tires, vehicle and aircraft parts, gas masks, and boots. In the U.S., all rubber products were rationed; citizens were encouraged to make their rubber products last until the end of the war and to donate spare tires, boots, and coats. Meanwhile, the government funded research into synthetic rubber compounds to attempt to solve this shortage.[10]
Credit for the invention of Silly Putty is disputed[11] and has been attributed variously to Earl Warrick,[12] of the then newly formed Dow Corning; Harvey Chin; and James Wright, a Scottish-born inventor working for General Electric in New Haven, Connecticut.[13] Throughout his life, Warrick insisted that he and his colleague, Rob Roy McGregor, received the patent for Silly Putty before Wright did; but Crayola's history of Silly Putty states that Wright first invented it in 1943.[10][14][15] Both researchers independently discovered that reacting boric acid with silicone oil would produce a gooey, bouncy material with several unique properties. The non-toxic putty would bounce when dropped, could stretch farther than regular rubber, would not go moldy, and had a very high melting temperature. However, the substance did not have all the properties needed to replace rubber.[1]
In 1949 toy store owner Ruth Fallgatter came across the putty. She contacted marketing consultant Peter C.L. Hodgson (1912-1976).[16] The two decided to market the bouncing putty by selling it in a clear case. Although it sold well, Fallgatter did not pursue it further. However, Hodgson saw its potential.[1][3]
Already US$12,000 in debt, Hodgson borrowed US$147 to buy a batch of the putty to pack 1 oz (28 g) portions into plastic eggs for US$1, calling it Silly Putty. Initially, sales were poor, but after a New Yorker article mentioned it, Hodgson sold over 250,000 eggs of silly putty in three days.[3] However, Hodgson was almost put out of business in 1951 by the Korean War. Silicone, the main ingredient in silly putty, was put on ration, harming his business. A year later the restriction on silicone was lifted and the production of Silly Putty resumed.[17][9] Initially, it was primarily targeted towards adults. However, by 1955 the majority of its customers were aged 6 to 12. In 1957, Hodgson produced the first televised commercial for Silly Putty, which aired during the Howdy Doody Show.[18]
In 1961 Silly Putty went worldwide, becoming a hit in the Soviet Union and Europe. In 1968 it was taken into lunar orbit by the Apollo 8 astronauts.[17]
Peter Hodgson died in 1976. A year later, Binney & Smith, the makers of Crayola products, acquired the rights to Silly Putty. As of 2005[update], annual Silly Putty sales exceeded six million eggs.[19]
Silly Putty was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame on May 28, 2001. [20]
Other uses
In addition to its success as a toy, other uses for the putty have been found. In the home, it can be used to remove substances such as dirt, lint, pet hair, or ink from various surfaces. The material's unique properties have found niche use in medical and scientific applications. Physical therapists use it for rehabilitative therapy of hand injuries.[21] A number of other brands (such as Power Putty and TheraPutty) alter the material's properties, offering different levels of resistance. The material is also used as a tool to help reduce stress, and exists in various viscosities based on the user's preference. Because of its adhesive characteristics, it was used by Apollo astronauts to secure their tools in zero-gravity.[22] Scale model building hobbyists use the putty as a masking medium when spray painting model assemblies.[23][24] The Steward Observatory uses a Silly-Putty backed lap to grind astronomical telescope mirrors.[25][26] Researchers from Trinity College Dublin Ireland School of Physics (Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Research Centers) have discovered nano composite mixtures of graphene and Silly Putty behave as surprisingly sensitive pressure sensors, claiming the ability to measure the footsteps of a spider crawling on it.[27]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Roberts, Jacob (2015). "A Successful Failure". Distillations Magazine. 1 (2). Chemical Heritage Foundation: 8–9. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
- ^ "SILLY PUTTY - Trademark Details". Justia Trademarks. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ a b c d Thayer, Ann (November 27, 2000). "What's That Stuff? Silly Putty". Chemical & Engineering News. 78 (48). Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ a b "The Synthesis of Bouncing Putty". Western Oregon University. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
See patent pages
- ^ Clegg, Brian (22 July 2015). "Polydimethylsiloxane". Chemistry World. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ Holmes, Owen (August 1, 2006). "Silly Putty Doesn't Work Anymore". Folio Weekly. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ "How to Get Silly Putty Out Of Clothes". HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ "Do you have stain removal information for Silly Putty on fabric?". Crayola. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ a b "Silly Putty History". Crayola LLC. Retrieved March 28, 2013.[dead link]
- ^ a b "Silly Putty Timeline". Binney & Smith. Archived from the original on 2009-04-22. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
- ^ Glater, Jonathan D. (November 22, 2002). "Earl L. Warrick, 91, a Dow Corning Creator of Silly Putty". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ Bohning, James J. (January 16, 1986). "Interview with Earl L. Warrick". chemheritage.org. Chemical Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 2016-07-12. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ The Big Book of Boy Stuff, page 88. ISBN 1-58685-333-3
- ^ U.S. patent 2,431,878 - Treating dimethyl silicon polymer with boric acid
- ^ U.S. patent 2,541,851 - Process for making puttylike elastic plastic, siloxane derivative composition containing zinc hydroxide
- ^ sillyputtyhistory.blogspot.com
- ^ a b Nowak, Peter (2011). Sex, bombs, and burgers : how war, pornography, and fast food have shaped modern technology. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 9780762772742. Retrieved 30 September 2015.[dead link]
- ^ Sunshine, Linda (1990). 101 uses for Silly Putty. Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel. ISBN 9780836218633.
- ^ Sterngass, Jon; Kachur, Matthew (2005). Plastics. Milwaukee, WI: World Almanac Library. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0836858785.
- ^ Scott, Sharon M. (2010). Toys and American culture : an encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood. p. 288. ISBN 978-0313347986.
- ^ "17 Surprisingly Practical Uses for Silly Putty". Escape Adulthood. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ Walsh, Tim (2005). Timeless toys : classic toys and the playmakers who created them. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Pub. p. 92. ISBN 978-0740755712.
- ^ "Silly Putty masking". The Butterfingered Modelbuilder's Adventures. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ Scale Auto Magazine, various issues
- ^ Martin, Buddy; Kim, Dae Wook (January 15, 2016). "How do you build a mirror for one of the world's biggest telescopes?". The Conversation US.
- ^ Kim, Dae Wook; Burge, James H. (1 February 2010). "Rigid conformal polishing tool using non-linear visco-elastic effect". Optics Express. 18 (3): 2242–2257. Bibcode:2010OExpr..18.2242K. doi:10.1364/OE.18.002242.
- ^ Coleman, Jonathan N. (09 Dec 2016). "Sensitive electromechanical sensors using viscoelastic graphene-polymer nanocomposites". Science Magazine. AAAS.org. pp. Vol. 354, Issue 6317, pp. 1257-1260. doi:10.1126/science.aag2879. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
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External links
