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In javelin, F9 throwers throw the javelin from a standing position and use a javelin that weighs {{Convert|.8|kg|lbs}}.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Chow|first=John W.|last2=Kuenster|first2=Ann F.|last3=Lim|first3=Young-tae|date=2003-06-01|title=Kinematic Analysis of Javelin Throw Performed by Wheelchair Athletes of Different Functional Classes|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3938047/|journal=Journal of Sports Science & Medicine|volume=2|issue=2|pages=36–46|issn=1303-2968|pmc=3938047|pmid=24616609}}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=Mikayla|last2=Loveridge|first2=Kyle|last3=Turley|first3=Cami|date=2013|title=S P I N A L C ORD I N JURY|url=http://flavia-ctrs.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/7/7/50777459/spinal-cord-injury.pdf|journal=Therapeutic Recreation|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> A study of javelin throwers in 2003 found that F9 throwers have angular speeds of the shoulder girdle similar to that of F4, F5, F6, F7, F8 and F3 throwers.<ref name=":12"/> Throwers or all types in this class use a stopboard, making them the only wheelchair class that requires the use of one.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatf.org/about/rules/2007/2007USATFRules_SpecialSection.pdf|title=Special Section Adaptions to the USA Track & Field Rules of Competition for Individuals with Disabilities|last=USA Track & Field|first=|date=2007|website=USA Track & Field|publisher=USA Track & Field|access-date=}}</ref> In junior events in the United States, the F9 class does not participate in the pentathlon, while [[F3 (classification)|F3]] to [[F8 (classification)|F8]] do.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tswaa.com/Documents/WSUSA/JrNationalReg04v.2.pdf|title=National Junior Disabled Sports Championships 2004 Registration Packet|last=|first=|date=2004|website=Mesa Association of Sports for the Disabled|publisher=Mesa Association of Sports for the Disabled|access-date=}}</ref>
In javelin, F9 throwers throw the javelin from a standing position and use a javelin that weighs {{Convert|.8|kg|lbs}}.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Chow|first=John W.|last2=Kuenster|first2=Ann F.|last3=Lim|first3=Young-tae|date=2003-06-01|title=Kinematic Analysis of Javelin Throw Performed by Wheelchair Athletes of Different Functional Classes|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3938047/|journal=Journal of Sports Science & Medicine|volume=2|issue=2|pages=36–46|issn=1303-2968|pmc=3938047|pmid=24616609}}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=Mikayla|last2=Loveridge|first2=Kyle|last3=Turley|first3=Cami|date=2013|title=S P I N A L C ORD I N JURY|url=http://flavia-ctrs.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/7/7/50777459/spinal-cord-injury.pdf|journal=Therapeutic Recreation|volume=|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> A study of javelin throwers in 2003 found that F9 throwers have angular speeds of the shoulder girdle similar to that of F4, F5, F6, F7, F8 and F3 throwers.<ref name=":12"/> Throwers or all types in this class use a stopboard, making them the only wheelchair class that requires the use of one.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatf.org/about/rules/2007/2007USATFRules_SpecialSection.pdf|title=Special Section Adaptions to the USA Track & Field Rules of Competition for Individuals with Disabilities|last=USA Track & Field|first=|date=2007|website=USA Track & Field|publisher=USA Track & Field|access-date=}}</ref> In junior events in the United States, the F9 class does not participate in the pentathlon, while [[F3 (classification)|F3]] to [[F8 (classification)|F8]] do.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tswaa.com/Documents/WSUSA/JrNationalReg04v.2.pdf|title=National Junior Disabled Sports Championships 2004 Registration Packet|last=|first=|date=2004|website=Mesa Association of Sports for the Disabled|publisher=Mesa Association of Sports for the Disabled|access-date=}}</ref>

== Performance and rules ==
People in this class are not required to use a starting block.  They have an option to start from a standing position, a crouch or a 3 point stance. In relay events involving T40s classes, no baton is used.  Instead, a handoff takes place via touch in the exchange zone.<ref name=":123">{{Cite web|url=http://www.teamusa.org/~/media/USA_Paralympics/Documents/track/Officials-Training-Guide.pdf?la=en|title=PARALYMPIC TRACK & FIELD: Officials Training|last=|first=|date=December 11, 2013|website=USOC|publisher=United States Olympic Committee|access-date=August 6, 2016}}</ref> People in this class who are lower limb amputees are required to wear their leg prosthesis when they are on the track, and they must run.  They cannot hop.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|url=http://www.teamusa.org/~/media/USA_Paralympics/Documents/track/Officials-Training-Guide.pdf?la=en|title=PARALYMPIC TRACK & FIELD: Officials Training|last=|first=|date=December 11, 2013|website=USOC|publisher=United States Olympic Committee|access-date=August 6, 2016}}</ref>


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 20:38, 6 August 2016

T42 is disability sport classification for disability athletics, applying to athletes with single above the knee amputations or a disability that is comparable. This class includes ISOD classified A2 and A9 competitors. Notable current competitors in this class include Kelly Cartwright, Scott Reardon, Heinrich Popow, Earle Connor, Wojtek Czyz and Martina Caironi.

Definition

This classification is for disability athletics.[1] This classification is one of several classifications for athletes with ambulant related disabilities. Similar classifications are T40, T42, T43, T44, T45 and T46.[2] Jane Buckley, writing for the Sporting Wheelies, describes the athletes in this classification as: "Single above knee amputation (or combined arm/leg amputation) or similar disability."[1] The International Paralympic Committee defined this class in 2011 as: "Single above knee amputees and athletes with other impairments that are comparable to a single above knee amputation. This includes athletes with loss of muscle power in the lower limbs consistent with Class F57 or F58 class."[3] The International Paralympic Committee defined this classification on their website in July 2016 as, "(Lower limb affected by limb deficiency, leg length difference, impaired muscle power or impaired range of movement)".[4]

  • Colour guide for understanding fully body diagrams
    Colour guide for understanding fully body diagrams
  • Disability type for some T42 classified competitors
    Disability type for some T42 classified competitors

Disability groups

Amputees

See also: Amputee sports classification

People who are amputees compete in this class, including ISOD A2 and A9.[5][5][6] In general, track athletes with amputations in should be considerate of the surface they are running on, and avoid asphalt and cinder tracks.[6]

Lower limb amputees

See also: A2 (classification)
Type of amputation for an A2 classified sportsperson.

This class includes ISOD A2 classified athletes.[5][5][6] People in this class use a prosthetic limb when competing in athletics. It has four parts: a socket, a knee, a shank and a foot.[6] In shot put, people in this class often plant their left leg against the toe board when they begin the glide stage of their throw.[6] Above the knee amputees have difficulty using standard able-bodied spint actions because of the differences in their functional muscle mass. As a result, they often use a specialized sprinting technique called “Leg-Over-Leg”. This technique involves using hip extensions to avoid deceleration caused by the prosthetic leg hitting the ground.[6] Use of a specially made carbon fibre running prosthetic leg assists runners in this class in lowering their heart rate compared to using a prosthetic not designed for running.[7] Runners in this class can have lower metabolic costs compared to elite runners over middle and long distances.[7] In general, track athletes with amputations should be considerate of the surface they are running on, and avoid asphalt and cinder tracks.[6]

A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. It found there was no significant difference in performance in times between women in A1, A2 and A3 in the discus, women in A2 and A3 in the discus, women in A1 and A2 in the javelin, women in A2 and A3 in the shot put, women in A2, A3 and A4 in the long jump, women in A1 and A2 in the 100 meter race, women in A2 and A3 in the 100 meter race, men in A1, A2 and A3 in the discus, men in A2, A3 and A4 in the discus, men in A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the javelin, men in A2, A3 and A4 in the javelin, men in A1, A2 and A3 in the shot put, men in A2, A3 and A4 in the shot put, men in A2, A3 and A4 in the high jump, men in A1 and A2 in the 100 meter race, men in A2 and A3 in the 100 meter race, men in A1, A2, A3 and A4 in the 400 meter race, and men in A2 and A3 in the 400 meter race.[8] From the 2004 Summer Paralympics to the 2012 Summer Paralympics, there was no significant changes in performance times put up by male sprinters in 100 meter, 200 meter and 400 meter events.[9]

Upper and lower limb amputees

See also: A9 (classification)
Type of amputation for an A9 classified sportsperson.

Members of the ISOD A9 class compete in T42, T43, T44, F42, F43, F44, F56, F57, and F58.[5][5][6] The shank length of people in this class can differ dramatically, and is not uniform across the class.[10] A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. It found there was no significant difference in performance in times between men in the A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the discus, men in A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the javelin, and men in A8 and A9 in the shot put.[11]

The nature of an A9 athletes's amputations can effect their physiology and sports performance.[6][12][12] Because of the potential for balance issues related to having an amputation, during weight training, amputees are encouraged to use a spotter when lifting more than 15 pounds (6.8 kg).[6] Lower limb amputations effect a person's energy cost for being mobile. To keep their oxygen consumption rate similar to people without lower limb amputations, they need to walk slower.[12] Because they are missing a limb, amputees are more prone to overuse injuries in their remaining limbs. Common problems with intact upper limbs for people in this class include rotator cuffs tearing, shoulder impingement, epicondylitis and peripheral nerve entrapment.[12]

Les Autres

See also: Les Autres sport classification

People who are Les Autres compete in this class. This includes LAF1 classified athletes.[5][13] In general, Les Autres classes cover sportspeople with locomotor disabilities regardless of their diagnosis.[14][15][16][17][18][19]

LAF5

See also: LAF5 (classification)

LAF5 competitors can be classified into several athletics classes including F42, F43, and F44.[5][20][21] People in this class have normal functionality in their throwing arm.[20] At the 1984 Summer Paralympics, LAF4, LAF5 and LAF6 track athletes had the 100 meters and 1,500 meters on their program. In field events, they had shot put, discus, javelin and club throws. No jumping events were on the program for these classes.[22] There was a large range of sportspeople with different disabilities in this class at the 1984 Summer Paralympics.[22] In 1997 in the United States, this class was ambulant for field events It was for people with reduced function in their lower limbs or who had balance problems. People in this class had normal function in their throwing arm.[23]

LAF5 is an Les Autres sports classification.[5][24] This is an ambulant class for people with normal upper limb functionality but who have balance issues or problems with their lower limbs.[24] Medically, this class includes people with contracture of the hip or knee, paresis of one arm, or kyphoscoliosis. In practice, this means they have limited function in at least one limb. In terms of functional classification, this means the sportsperson is ambulatory with good arm function. They have issues with balance or reduced function in their lower limbs.[25]

Spinal cord injuries

See also: Wheelchair sport classification

F8

See also: F8 (classification)
Functional profile of a wheelchair sportsperson in the F8 class.
A profile of disability type of an F8 sportsperson.

F8 is standing wheelchair sport class.[26][27] The level of spinal cord injury for this class involves people who have incomplete lesions at a slightly higher level. This means they can sometimes bear weight on their legs.[28] In 2002, USA Track & Field defined this class as, "These are standing athletes with dynamic standing balance. Able to recover in standing when balance is challenged. Not more than 70 points in legs."[29] In 2003, Disabled Sports USA defined this class as, "In a sitting class but not more than 70 points in the lower limbs. Are unable to recover balance in challenged standing position."[26] In Australia, this class means combined lower plus upper limb functional problems. "Minimal disability."[30] It can also mean in Australia that the athlete is "ambulant with moderately reduced function in one or both lower limbs."[30] In Australia, the corresponding class for based on disability type classes are A2, A3, A9,and LAF5.[30]

Field events open to this class have included shot put, discus and javelin.[26][27] In pentathlon, the events for this class have included Shot, Javelin, 200m, Discus, 1500m.[26] For F8 javelin throwers, they can throw the javelin from a standing position and they use a javelin that weights .8 kilograms (1.8 lb).[31]

Performance wise, a 1999 study of discus throwers found that for F5 to F8 discus throwers, the upper arm tends to be near horizontal at the moment of release of the discus. F5 and F8 discus throwers have less average angular forearm speed than F2 and F4 throwers. F2 and F4 speed is caused by use of the elbow flexion to compensate for the shoulder flexion advantage of F5 to F8 throwers.[32] A study of javelin throwers in 2003 found that F8 throwers have angular speeds of the shoulder girdle similar to that of F3, F4, F5, F6, F7 and F9 throwers.[31]

F9

See also: F9 (classification)

F9 is a standing wheelchair sport class used in the United States.[26][33][34] It is sometimes referred to as Standing F8.[26][34] This is a standing class for people with neurological disorders, the only one of the nine wheelchair sport classes for standing competitors.[26][33] The level of spinal cord injury for this class is largely confined to the sacral region, or involves people who have incomplete lesions at a slightly higher level. This means they can sometimes bear weight on their legs.[35] In 2003, Disabled Sports USA defined this class as, "Is a standing class but not more than 70 points in the lower limbs. Able to maintain Balance when in a challenged standing position. Internationally this class would compete in the 42,43,44 class with other ambulatory classes. Justification: Internationally there is no longer a wheelchair standing class."[26] In some competitions, F8 and F9 classes have been merged as F9, or they compete as F42, F43, or F44.[26][34]

In javelin, F9 throwers throw the javelin from a standing position and use a javelin that weighs .8 kilograms (1.8 lb).[31][36] A study of javelin throwers in 2003 found that F9 throwers have angular speeds of the shoulder girdle similar to that of F4, F5, F6, F7, F8 and F3 throwers.[31] Throwers or all types in this class use a stopboard, making them the only wheelchair class that requires the use of one.[37] In junior events in the United States, the F9 class does not participate in the pentathlon, while F3 to F8 do.[38]

Performance and rules

People in this class are not required to use a starting block.  They have an option to start from a standing position, a crouch or a 3 point stance. In relay events involving T40s classes, no baton is used.  Instead, a handoff takes place via touch in the exchange zone.[39] People in this class who are lower limb amputees are required to wear their leg prosthesis when they are on the track, and they must run.  They cannot hop.[40]

History

The classification was created by the International Paralympic Committee and has roots in a 2003 attempt to address "the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation."[41]

For the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case by case basis.[42] In case there was a need for classification or reclassification at the Games despite best efforts otherwise, athletics classification was scheduled for September 4 and September 5 at Olympic Stadium. For sportspeople with physical or intellectual disabilities going through classification or reclassification in Rio, their in competition observation event is their first appearance in competition at the Games.[42]

Becoming classified

T42 competitor Scott Reardon turns around on the track at AIS

For this class, classification generally has four phases. The first stage of classification is a health examination. For amputees in this class, this is often done on site at a sports training facility or competition. The second stage is observation in practice, the third stage is observation in competition and the last stage is assigning the sportsperson to a relevant class.[43] Sometimes the health examination may not be done on site because the nature of the amputation could cause not physically visible alterations to the body. This is especially true for lower limb amputees as it relates to how their limbs align with their hips and the impact this has on their spine and how their skull sits on their spine.[44] During the observation phase involving training or practice, all athletes in this class may be asked to demonstrate their skills in athletics, such as running, jumping or throwing. A determination is then made as to what classification an athlete should compete in. Classifications may be Confirmed or Review status. For athletes who do not have access to a full classification panel, Provisional classification is available; this is a temporary Review classification, considered an indication of class only, and generally used only in lower levels of competition.[45]

While some some people in this class may be ambulatory, they generally go through the classification process while using a wheelchair. This is because they often compete from a seated position.[46] Failure to do so could result in them being classified as an ambulatory class competitor.[46] For people in this class with amputations, classification is often based on the anatomical nature of the amputation.[47][48] The classification system takes several things into account when putting people into this class. These includes which limbs are effected, how many limbs are effected, and how much of a limb is missing.[49][50]

Competitors

Notable current competitors in this class include Kelly Cartwright, Scott Reardon, Heinrich Popow, Earle Connor,[51] Wojtek Czyz and Martina Caironi. Double above knee amputee Richard Whitehead also runs in the T42 classification. At the London Paralympics he won the 200 metre event in T42 world record time.[52] He also holds T42 world records in the 400 metre,[53] half marathon and marathon distances.[54]

References

  1. ^ a b Buckley, Jane (2011). "Understanding Classification: A Guide to the Classification Systems used in Paralympic Sports". Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  2. ^ "Summer Sports » Athletics". Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  3. ^ Tweedy, Sean (16 July 2010). "Research Report - IPC Athletics Classification Project for Physical Impairments" (PDF). Queensland, Australiaa: International Paralympic Committee. p. 42. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  4. ^ "IPC Athletics Classification & Categories". www.paralympic.org. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
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  9. ^ Hassani, Hossein; Ghodsi, Mansi; Shadi, Mehran; Noroozi, Siamak; Dyer, Bryce (2015-06-16). "An Overview of the Running Performance of Athletes with Lower-Limb Amputation at the Paralympic Games 2004–2012". Sports. 3 (2): 103–115. doi:10.3390/sports3020103.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Nolan, Lee; Patritti, Benjamin L.; Stana, Laura; Tweedy, Sean M. (2011). "Is Increased Residual Shank Length a Competitive Advantage for Elite Transtibial Amputee Long Jumpers?" (PDF). Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. 28.
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  19. ^ Hunter, Nick (2012-02-09). The Paralympics. Hachette Children's Group. ISBN 9780750270458.
  20. ^ a b Consejo Superior de Deportes (2011). Deportistas sin Adjectivos (PDF) (in European Spanish). Spain: Consejo Superior de Deportes.
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  22. ^ a b Broekhoff, Jan (1986-06-01). The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress proceedings: Eugene, Ore., 19-26 July 1984 : (also: OSC proceedings). Human Kinetics Publishers. ISBN 9780873220064.
  23. ^ "Men & Women 800 Meter Run - Results - 1997 National Summer Games". Disabled Sports US. Disabled Sports US. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
  24. ^ a b Consejo Superior de Deportes (2011). Deportistas sin Adjectivos (PDF) (in European Spanish). Spain: Consejo Superior de Deportes.
  25. ^ MD, Michael A. Alexander; MD, Dennis J. Matthews (2009-09-18). Pediatric Rehabilitation: Principles & Practices, Fourth Edition. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 9781935281658.
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  27. ^ a b Consejo Superior de Deportes (2011). Deportistas sin Adjectivos (PDF) (in European Spanish). Spain: Consejo Superior de Deportes.
  28. ^ Foster, Mikayla; Loveridge, Kyle; Turley, Cami (2013). "S P I N A L C ORD I N JURY" (PDF). Therapeutic Recreation.
  29. ^ "SPECIAL SECTION ADAPTATIONS TO USA TRACK & FIELD RULES OF COMPETITION FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES" (PDF). USA Track & Field. USA Track & Field. 2002.
  30. ^ a b c Sydney East PSSA (2016). "Para-Athlete (AWD) entry form – NSW PSSA Track & Field". New South Wales Department of Sports. New South Wales Department of Sports.
  31. ^ a b c d Chow, John W.; Kuenster, Ann F.; Lim, Young-tae (2003-06-01). "Kinematic Analysis of Javelin Throw Performed by Wheelchair Athletes of Different Functional Classes". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2 (2): 36–46. ISSN 1303-2968. PMC 3938047. PMID 24616609.
  32. ^ Chow, J. W., & Mindock, L. A. (1999). Discus throwing performances and medical classification of wheelchair athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,31(9), 1272-1279. doi:10.1097/00005768-199909000-00007
  33. ^ a b Consejo Superior de Deportes (2011). Deportistas sin Adjectivos (PDF) (in European Spanish). Spain: Consejo Superior de Deportes.
  34. ^ a b c "OFFICIAL GUIDE & RULES OF GAMES 2006" (PDF). GAELIC ATHLETICS & CYCLE ASSOCIATION. GAELIC ATHLETICS & CYCLE ASSOCIATION. 2006.
  35. ^ Foster, Mikayla; Loveridge, Kyle; Turley, Cami (2013). "S P I N A L C ORD I N JURY" (PDF). Therapeutic Recreation.
  36. ^ Foster, Mikayla; Loveridge, Kyle; Turley, Cami (2013). "S P I N A L C ORD I N JURY" (PDF). Therapeutic Recreation.
  37. ^ USA Track & Field (2007). "Special Section Adaptions to the USA Track & Field Rules of Competition for Individuals with Disabilities" (PDF). USA Track & Field. USA Track & Field.
  38. ^ "National Junior Disabled Sports Championships 2004 Registration Packet" (PDF). Mesa Association of Sports for the Disabled. Mesa Association of Sports for the Disabled. 2004.
  39. ^ "PARALYMPIC TRACK & FIELD: Officials Training" (PDF). USOC. United States Olympic Committee. December 11, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
  40. ^ "PARALYMPIC TRACK & FIELD: Officials Training" (PDF). USOC. United States Olympic Committee. December 11, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
  41. ^ "Paralympic Classification Today". International Paralympic Committee. 22 April 2010. p. 3. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  42. ^ a b "Rio 2016 Classification Guide" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. International Paralympic Committee. March 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  43. ^ Tweedy, Sean M.; Beckman, Emma M.; Connick, Mark J. (August 2014). "Paralympic Classification: Conceptual Basis, Current Methods, and Research Update" (PDF). Paralympic Sports Medicine and Science. 6 (85). Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  44. ^ Gilbert, Keith; Schantz, Otto J.; Schantz, Otto (2008-01-01). The Paralympic Games: Empowerment Or Side Show?. Meyer & Meyer Verlag. ISBN 9781841262659.
  45. ^ "CLASSIFICATION Information for Athletes" (PDF). Sydney Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  46. ^ a b Cashman, Richmard; Darcy, Simon (2008-01-01). Benchmark Games. Benchmark Games. ISBN 9781876718053.
  47. ^ Pasquina, Paul F.; Cooper, Rory A. (2009-01-01). Care of the Combat Amputee. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160840777.
  48. ^ DeLisa, Joel A.; Gans, Bruce M.; Walsh, Nicholas E. (2005-01-01). Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781741309.
  49. ^ Tweedy, Sean M. (2002). "Taxonomic Theory and the ICF: Foundations for a Unified Disability Athletics Classification" (PDF). ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUARTERLy. 19: 220–237. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  50. ^ International Sports Organization for the Disabled. (1993). Handbook. Newmarket, ON: Author. Available Federacion Espanola de Deportes de Minusvalidos Fisicos, c/- Ferraz, 16 Bajo, 28008 Madrid, Spain.
  51. ^ Howe, David (2008-02-19). The Cultural Politics of the Paralympic Movement: Through an Anthropological Lens. Routledge. ISBN 1134440820.
  52. ^ "London 2012 Paralympic Games - Athletics - Men's 200 m T42". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  53. ^ "World records confirmed from BT Paralympic World Cup". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  54. ^ "Team Ossur: Richard Whitehead". Ossur. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
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