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Profile 19.png|Disability type for some T42 classified competitors
Profile 19.png|Disability type for some T42 classified competitors
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== Disability groups ==

=== Amputees ===
{{See also|Amputee sports classification|}}People who are amputees compete in this class, including ISOD A9.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://queenslandschoolsport.eq.edu.au/Supportandresources/Formsanddocuments/Documents/Officials%20and%20executives/classification-system-for-students-with-a-disability.docx|title=CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY|last=|first=|date=|website=Queensland Sport|publisher=Queensland Sport|access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.blazesports.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Paralympic_Sport_Classification.ppt|title=Classification 101|last=|first=|date=June 2012|website=Blaze Sports|publisher=Blaze Sports|access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> In general, track athletes with amputations in should be considerate of the surface they are running on, and avoid asphalt and cinder tracks.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.blazesports.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Paralympic_Sport_Classification.ppt|title=Classification 101|last=|first=|date=June 2012|website=Blaze Sports|publisher=Blaze Sports|access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref>

==== Upper and lower limb amputees ====
{{See also|A9 (classification)|}}
[[File:ISOD_A9_amputee_sportperson_profile.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ISOD_A9_amputee_sportperson_profile.png|thumb|221x221px|Type of amputation for an A9 classified sportsperson.]]
Members of the ISOD A9 class compete in T42, T43, T44, F42, F43, F44, F56, F57, and F58.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02" /> The shank length of people in this class can differ dramatically, and is not uniform across the class.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nolan|first=Lee|last2=Patritti|first2=Benjamin L.|last3=Stana|first3=Laura|last4=Tweedy|first4=Sean M.|date=2011|title=Is Increased Residual Shank Length a Competitive Advantage for Elite Transtibial Amputee Long Jumpers?|url=http://journals.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/05_Nolen%20etal%20267-276.pdf|journal=Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly|volume=28|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics.  It found there was no significant difference in performance in times between men in the A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the discus, men in A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the javelin, and men in A8 and A9 in the shot put.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Eijsden-Besseling|first=M. D. F.|date=1985|title=The (Non)sense of the Present-Day Classification System of Sports for the Disabled, Regarding Paralysed and Amputee Athletes|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Van_Eijsden-Besseling/publication/20221887_The_(non)sense_of_the_present-day_classification_system_of_sports_for_the_disabled_regarding_paralysed_and_amputee_athletes/links/55084ca60cf27e990e0a0290.pdf|journal=Paraplegia|publisher=International Medical Society of Paraplegia|volume=23|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=July 25, 2016|via=}}</ref>

The nature of an A9 athletes's amputations can effect their physiology and sports performance.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.blazesports.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Paralympic_Sport_Classification.ppt|title=Classification 101|last=|first=|date=June 2012|website=Blaze Sports|publisher=Blaze Sports|access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZRtAwAAQBAJ|title=DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine|last=Miller|first=Mark D.|last2=Thompson|first2=Stephen R.|date=2014-04-04|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455742219|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZRtAwAAQBAJ|title=DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine|last=Miller|first=Mark D.|last2=Thompson|first2=Stephen R.|date=2014-04-04|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455742219|language=en}}</ref> Because of the potential for balance issues related to having an amputation, during weight training, amputees are encouraged to use a spotter when lifting more than {{Convert|15|lb|kg}}.<ref name=":12" /> Lower limb amputations effect a person's energy cost for being mobile.  To keep their oxygen consumption rate similar to people without lower limb amputations, they need to walk slower.<ref name=":6" /> Because they are missing a limb, amputees are more prone to overuse injuries in their remaining limbs. Common problems with intact upper limbs for people in this class include include [[Rotator cuff tear|rotator cuffs]] tearing, [[Impingement syndrome|shoulder impingement]], [[epicondylitis]] and peripheral nerve entrapment.<ref name=":7" />


==History==
==History==
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==Becoming classified==
==Becoming classified==
Competitors seeking to compete in para-athletics first need to be classified. Athletes undergo a medical examination and are asked to demonstrate their skills in athletics, such as running, jumping or throwing. A determination is then made as to what classification an athlete should compete in. Classifications may be Confirmed or Review status. For athletes who do not have access to a full classification panel, Provisional classification is available; this is a temporary Review classification, considered an indication of class only, and generally used only in lower levels of competition.<ref name=getting-classified>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/Classification%20Information%20for%20Athletes.pdf|publisher=Australian Paralympic Committee|accessdate=19 November 2011|title=CLASSIFICATION Information for Athletes|date=2 July 2010|location=Sydney Australia}}</ref>


==Competitors==
==Competitors==
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{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


{{Para-athletics classifications}}
{{Para-athletics classifications}}{{Amputee sport classification}}

[[Category:Disability sport classifications]]
[[Category:Disability sport classifications]]
[[Category:Articles with images not understandable by color blind users]]
[[Category:Articles with images not understandable by color blind users]]

Revision as of 17:33, 26 July 2016

T42 is disability sport classification for disability athletics, applying to athletes with "Single above knee amputation (or combined arm/leg amputation) or similar disability."

Sport

This classification is for disability athletics.[1] This classification is one of several classifications for athletes with ambulant related disabilities. Similar classifications are T40, T42, T43, T44, T45 and T46.[2] Jane Buckley, writing for the Sporting Wheelies, describes the athletes in this classification as: "Single above knee amputation (or combined arm/leg amputation) or similar disability."[1] The International Paralympic Committee defined this class in 2011 as: "Single above knee amputees and athletes with other impairments that are comparable to a single above knee amputation. This includes athletes with loss of muscle power in the lower limbs consistent with Class F57 or F58 class."[3] The International Paralympic Committee defined this classification on their website in July 2016 as, "(Lower limb affected by limb deficiency, leg length difference, impaired muscle power or impaired range of movement)".[4]

  • Colour guide for understanding fully body diagrams
    Colour guide for understanding fully body diagrams
  • Disability type for some T42 classified competitors
    Disability type for some T42 classified competitors

Disability groups

Amputees

See also: Amputee sports classification

People who are amputees compete in this class, including ISOD A9.[5][6][5] In general, track athletes with amputations in should be considerate of the surface they are running on, and avoid asphalt and cinder tracks.[7]

Upper and lower limb amputees

See also: A9 (classification)
Type of amputation for an A9 classified sportsperson.

Members of the ISOD A9 class compete in T42, T43, T44, F42, F43, F44, F56, F57, and F58.[5][6][5] The shank length of people in this class can differ dramatically, and is not uniform across the class.[8] A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics.  It found there was no significant difference in performance in times between men in the A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the discus, men in A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the javelin, and men in A8 and A9 in the shot put.[9]

The nature of an A9 athletes's amputations can effect their physiology and sports performance.[10][11][12] Because of the potential for balance issues related to having an amputation, during weight training, amputees are encouraged to use a spotter when lifting more than 15 pounds (6.8 kg).[10] Lower limb amputations effect a person's energy cost for being mobile.  To keep their oxygen consumption rate similar to people without lower limb amputations, they need to walk slower.[11] Because they are missing a limb, amputees are more prone to overuse injuries in their remaining limbs. Common problems with intact upper limbs for people in this class include include rotator cuffs tearing, shoulder impingement, epicondylitis and peripheral nerve entrapment.[12]

History

The classification was created by the International Paralympic Committee and has roots in a 2003 attempt to address "the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation."[13]

For the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case by case basis.[14] In case there was a need for classification or reclassification at the Games despite best efforts otherwise, athletics classification was scheduled for September 4 and September 5 at Olympic Stadium. For sportspeople with physical or intellectual disabilities going through classification or reclassification in Rio, their in competition observation event is their first appearance in competition at the Games.[14]

Becoming classified

Competitors

T42 competitor Scott Reardon turns around on the track at AIS

Notable current competitors in this class include Kelly Cartwright, Scott Reardon, Heinrich Popow, Earle Connor, Wojtek Czyz and Martina Caironi.

Double above knee amputee Richard Whitehead also runs in the T42 classification. At the London Paralympics he won the 200 metre event in T42 world record time.[15] He also holds T42 world records in the 400 metre,[16] half marathon and marathon distances.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Buckley, Jane (2011). "Understanding Classification: A Guide to the Classification Systems used in Paralympic Sports". Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  2. ^ "Summer Sports » Athletics". Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  3. ^ Tweedy, Sean (16 July 2010). "Research Report - IPC Athletics Classification Project for Physical Impairments" (PDF). Queensland, Australiaa: International Paralympic Committee. p. 42. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  4. ^ "IPC Athletics Classification & Categories". www.paralympic.org. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  5. ^ a b c d "CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY". Queensland Sport. Queensland Sport. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
  6. ^ a b "Classification 101". Blaze Sports. Blaze Sports. June 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  7. ^ "Classification 101". Blaze Sports. Blaze Sports. June 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  8. ^ Nolan, Lee; Patritti, Benjamin L.; Stana, Laura; Tweedy, Sean M. (2011). "Is Increased Residual Shank Length a Competitive Advantage for Elite Transtibial Amputee Long Jumpers?" (PDF). Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. 28.
  9. ^ van Eijsden-Besseling, M. D. F. (1985). "The (Non)sense of the Present-Day Classification System of Sports for the Disabled, Regarding Paralysed and Amputee Athletes" (PDF). Paraplegia. 23. International Medical Society of Paraplegia. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  10. ^ a b "Classification 101". Blaze Sports. Blaze Sports. June 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
  11. ^ a b Miller, Mark D.; Thompson, Stephen R. (2014-04-04). DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9781455742219.
  12. ^ a b Miller, Mark D.; Thompson, Stephen R. (2014-04-04). DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9781455742219.
  13. ^ "Paralympic Classification Today". International Paralympic Committee. 22 April 2010. p. 3. {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  14. ^ a b "Rio 2016 Classification Guide" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. International Paralympic Committee. March 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
  15. ^ "London 2012 Paralympic Games - Athletics - Men's 200 m T42". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  16. ^ "World records confirmed from BT Paralympic World Cup". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  17. ^ "Team Ossur: Richard Whitehead". Ossur. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
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