Glenroe

Glenroe
1983-2001
Genre	Drama
Created by	Wesley Burrowes
Written by	Wesley Burrowes,Tommy McArdle
Directed by	Alan Robinson (Director & Producer),David McKenna (Current Head of Broadcasting Compliance, RTÉRTÉ)
Starring	Mick Lally, Joe Lynch, Mary McEvoy, Emmet Bergin, Geraldine Plunkett, Robert Carrickford, Maureen Toal, Alan Stanford
Theme music composer	Jim Lockhart
Opening theme	"Cuaichín Ghleann Néifinn"
Country of origin	Ireland
Original language	English
No. of seasons	18
Production
Running time	30 minutes
Original release
Network	RTÉ One
Release	11 September 1983 – 6 May 2001

A sign on the road approaching Kilcoole

Glenroe was a television drama series broadcast on RTÉ One in Ireland between September 1983, when the first episode was aired, and May 2001, when the last episode went out on Sunday evening television in Ireland. A spin-off from Bracken — a short-lived RTÉ drama itself spun off from The Riordans — Glenroe was broadcast, generally from September to May, each Sunday night at 8:30 p m. Created, and written for much of its run, by Wesley Burrowes, and later by various other directors and producers including Paul Cusack. Alan Robinson and Tommy McCardle. Glenroe was the first show to be subtitled by RTÉ, with a broadcast in 1991 starting the station's subtitling policy.

Glenroe centred on the lives of the people living in the fictional rural village of the same name in County Wicklow. The real-life village of Kilcoole was used to film the series. The series was also filmed in studio at RTÉ and in various other locations when directors saw fit. The main protagonists were the Byrne and McDermott/Moran families, related by the marriage of Miley Byrne to Biddy McDermott, Colloquially known as Biddy & Miley. Other important characters included Teasy McDaid, the proprietor of the local pub; Tim Devereux and George Black (the Roman Catholic priest and the Church of Ireland Rector of the village respectively); Fidelma Kelly, a cousin of Biddy; Blackie Connors; George Manning; Stephen Brennan; et al. (see character listing below)

Nostalgia

Glenroe is remembered by Irish people with fondness, nostalgia, and sometimes strangely even dread. The Feeling of dread is explained as for a generation who grew up with television as a central focal point of entertainment - now replaced by the laptop/pc/tablet/smartphone - Glenroe, the theme tune signified the end of the weekend and the return to the school/workweek.

Indeed,

“for many Irish families the Sunday night ritual of where in the world followed by Glenroe was almost as sacred as mass.”''

Dr Helena Sheehan has written about Glenroe in several papers and in 1993 wrote that Glenroe was ‘'“…curiously cut off from anything outside itself, caught up in its own cosiness and cuteness“

Title sequence

Imagery

Glenroe was noted for its original title sequence, which featured the words "Gleann Rua" in Gaelic script morphing into "Glenroe" over a series of rural images. The original title sequence was used for the 1983/84 series to the end of the 1992/93 series, and was replaced with a more up-to-date title sequence at the start of the 1993/94 series.

Jarlath Hayes (1924-2001), Master Irish Typographer and Designer

“…who gave his best years as a man of letters working within Irish publishing …drew his own type, Tuam Uncial…it became familiar to a generation of Glenroe viewers on RTÉ television where it featured in the credits”

Theme tune

Glenroe's theme tune was that of a traditional Irish song called "Cuaichín Ghleann Néifinn" and was arranged by Jim Lockhart of Horslips. The original version was used from the 1983/84 to the end of the 1992/93 series. A newly recorded version, arranged by Máire Ní Bhraonáin of Clannad, was introduced with the start of the 1993/94 series, and the changes to the title sequence.

Setting and characters

The central focus of Glenroe is the fictional rural area of the programme's title, located south of Dublin in County Wicklow. The area is resplendent with rich and fertile farmland, used by the characters to sow their wild oats and make their living. A nearby pub, run by Teasy McDaid, is where the characters engage in alcohol-fuelled antics of a nocturnal nature. Mary McDermott-Moran lives in a posh house with Dick. Her daughter Biddy moves in with Miley Byrne, son of Dinny Byrne; these live in a less posh area. Miley and Biddy have two daughters who grow up throughout the series to be of school-going age but no more. They are not very old at all when their mother goes careering up into the air to her sudden death, flipping into the back of a tractor as she tries to release a stray teddy-bear, a gift for her children, from beneath the clutch of her soon-to-be destroyed little car. Before this, when her mother is still alive, one of the daughters survives a scary stay in hospital, where her life is threatened, but she recovers and in the end outlives her mother.

The programme focuses on a cast of characters living in a rural area near the village pub. The main characters are Miley Byrne and Biddy McDermott whose courtship and marriage form the centerpiece of the action during the early years. Their parents also feature heavily in the storylines. Miley's father Dinny Byrne is a chancer and Biddy's mother, who has been widowed early in the series, conducts a long-running relationship with Dick Moran, the local solicitor. Dick occasionally had other affairs such as that with Terry Kileen.

File:Glenroe Cast Members 1987.png	File:Cast members together at christmas.png	File:Glenroe Cast.png
Cast Members Together in 1987	Cast Members together at Christmas	Dinny & Co. 1988

Character	Actor	Character Duration	Character	Actor	Character Duration
Dinny Byrne	Joe Lynch	1983–2000	Miley Byrne	Mick Lally	1983–2001
Biddy Byrne	Mary McEvoy	1983–2000	Dick Moran	Emmet Bergin	1983–2001
Mary McDermott-Moran	Geraldine Plunkett	1983–2001	Stephen Brennan	Robert Carrickford
Father Tim Devereux	Donal Farmer	1992–2000	Teasy McDaid	Maureen Toal
Mary-Ann Byrne	Grace Barry	1990–2001	George Manning	Alan Stanford	1992
Michelle Haughey	Isobel Mahon	-	Fr. Tracey	Philip O’Sullivan	1999
Fr. Tracey	Philip O’Sullivan	1999	Blackie Connors	Liam Heffernan
Sergeant Roche	Paul Bennett	-	Fidelma Kelly	Eunice MacMenamin	1995
Aileen Synnot	Laura Ellen Howard	1997–2000	Ann Synnot	Noelle Brown	2000
Nuala Brennan née Maher	Carmel Callan	-	Kevin Haughey	Liam Carney
Sylvie Dolan	David Kelly	-	Uncle Peter	Cyril Cusack
Dr. David Hanlon	Mario Rosenstock	-	Terry Kileen	Kate Thompson
Rev. George Black	Enda Oates	-	Paudie Doyle	David Boyd	1999
Dan Reilly	Joe McKinney	1998–2001	Catherine Daly	Louise Kerr
Conor Sheehy	Timothy Murphy	-	Fiona March Black	Lucy Vigne-Welch
Bernadette Timlin	Barbara Griffin	-	Mynah Timlin	Eileen Colgan
Joseph Timlin	John-Paul McGarry	-	Jennifer Crosby	Rachel Pilkington
Hoppy Crosby	Glenn Mulhern	1999-2000	Deirdre Cooney	Sinéad Flynn	1999
Nessa McIntyre	Síle Nic Chonaonaigh	1999	Conor Sheehy	Timothy V. Murphy	1995
German Photograpther	Peter Jankowsky	-	Madge O’Regan	Ronnie Masterson	1983
Bonfire Attendee	Elaine Cassidy	1998	Tommy Murphy	John Finnegan	1997-1998
Lizzie O’Driscoll	Maire Hastings	1999-2000	Maurice Nolan	Frank Kelly	1999-2001
Lucy Reilly	Cathy Belton	1999	Collette Daly	Honor Heffernan	1999
Johnny Connors	Michael Collins	1995-1999	Peggy Connors	Linda McDonnell	1999
Francie Donnelly	Frank O’Sullivan	1999	Mike O’Shea	Bryan Murray	1999

Origins of the Soap Opera

The soap opera originated in America as radio serials “They were dramas broadcast in instalments, aimed mainly at women working in the home. The makers of soap powders and other household products found them a good advertising medium for building up a loyal audience of consumers” Glenroe, as a story, had origins in two previous shows, The Riordans and Bracken. The three productions were the brain children of Wesley Burrowes.

Reality vs Fiction

Gerry Jeffers, an Irish tutor who taught media literacy wrote in an Irish Times article in 1995 about the Soap Opera and “…the lasting appeal of a television genre that tops the ratings and provides fuel for chat in homes, workplaces and schools” The idea that audiences of Soap Operas have difficulty separating reality from fiction is commented on in his article. He recounts how one soap actor had been negatively accosted by a stranger in an airport. Anna Friel who played Beth Jordache in Brookside was accosted in an airport by a passenger mistaking actor for the character she played. He asked “…What is so special about soaps? What attracts viewers in such large numbers? What effect does watching TV serials have on people? Does the popularity of soap operas tell us anything about ourselves? ”

Jeffers wrote;

“Soap operas are characterised by realism. They often feature topical social problems…Biddy and Miley’s marriage has come under stress in Glenroe. They also mostly take place in real time, with Christmas, Easter ect being marked. However, many soaps have a few characters who are exaggerated figures of fun, sources of “comic relief.' '”

The article discussed briefly the original characteristics of the Soap Opera as opposed to Film. “Soap operas concentrate mainly on dialogue and characters’ responses to happenings rather than on action.”

Niall Mathews, managing editor of entertainment TV in RTE, is quoted: “All truly successful soap characters, while possessing traits that are positive and good, invariably portray or embody character weaknesses and flaws, failings with which an audience can readily identify. It is this dark side of people’s characters that makes them multi-layered and interesting”

Deirdre Falvey, The Irish Times, wrote about ”'…that spooky area where fictional characters become confused with the actors who play them'” What is that “Spooky area”? Does it exist in other drama mediums? Should it exist at all? Why does it exist?

Emmanuel Kehoe, in his piece for the Sunday Business Post in 2010;

“…the association of soap actor and television character is somewhat more benign in Ireland than in England, where it is the stock-in-trade of tabloid journalism, and an actor’s make-believe character can bedevil them as tabloids seek to find parallels in their real lives.”

The Evening press, a tabloid which competed with the Evening Herald in the 1980’s ran a story about the actor Joe Lynch which was then the cause of controversy. Joe Lynch, who in 1986 was booked through his agent for his presence at a PR event, successfully sued Michael O’Toole in the wake of a piece in the Evening Press which implied that Mr Lynch, the Actor, simply failed to turn up for the event. Lynch successfully and actively defended himself and the negative implications of the piece. Paul Muldowney in The Irish Press, 1989 wrote that Mr Lynch was “…libelled in the Evening Press on March 22, 1986, when it was alleged he left “60 disappointed punters in the lurch”, when he failed to turn up for a Cabaret booking in the Ashling hotel , on March 19, 1986, organised by the guild of Agricultural Journalists.”, by the now deceased columnist Michael O’Toole.

Paul Maddock in the Irish Independent 1989, relayed how the actor had won “…damages of £25,000. in the High Court” which ruled in his favour. The actor was happy his name had been cleared after what he deemed to be a smear campaign.

Narratives

Affairs of the Heart

Michael Judge Irish Playwright, who wrote scripts for Glenroe published ‘Glenroe: Stories from the RTÉ series created by Wesley Burrowes’ through Gill & MacMillan in 1990. The book relays the intricate relational beginnings of what would become the soaps linear storyline to last 18 years. In the beginning two contrasting story lines of the amorous kind were present. That of the wholesome Biddy & Miley contrasted with the risqué Mary & Dick.

The blow-ins as they are referred to by the chapter title in the book, are the Byrnes, who arrive in from the mountains to the village of Glenroe. The character Biddy is central to the story. Biddy’s parents Mary and Michael MacDermott are married and dissimilar in age bracket. Biddy becomes interested in one of the blow ins. Biddy’s first comment on Miley being “…he looked a bit of a gom”. The relationship between Dick & Mary emerges as they have a secret love affair, Mary being frustrated in her relationship with Michael MacDermott who she married out of obligation. The love affair would blossom through secret getaways, once the couple trying to arrange to be together under the guises of getting away to a Bridge Congress. In the book, when Michael MacDermott discovers his wife is having an affair he resorts to fisticuffs, and strikes a blow at his wife.

Religion

The subject of religion featured in the programme throughout the series. One storyline showed how Miley, a devout Roman Catholic, believed his daughter, who had been critically ill with meningitis, was saved by prayer and divine intervention while Biddy, who rarely went to Mass credited their doctor with her recovery. The parish priest, Father Tim Devereaux, was upset that nobody was listening to his pastoral advice and retired to embark on a round-the-world cruise with Shirley Manning, a widow of Protestant and Jewish ancestry.

Another storyline evoked the question: How much money should be spent on a First Communion dress?

Travelling Community

In the fourteenth season, Tommy McArdle, the show's producer, began to explore the topic of Irish Travellers more in-depthly, however the topic had not been absent from the program previous to the fourteenth season. The character played by Liam Heffernan - Blackie Conors, was depicted as a member of the Irish travelling community, in earlier episodes.

Blackie & Dinny

Another narrative which revolved around the topic of the Irish TravellersTravelling Community is Miley and Biddy trying to evict a family of travellers who parked their Caravan on the edge of the farm. When two pet rabbits disappear, the community suspects the travellers must have eaten them in a stew.

In an episode in later seasons of the soap Anne Synnot reveals to her daughter Aileen that she was the product of her mothers affair with a Traveller. Previous to the revelation Aileen was depicted in conversation with Joseph Timlin at the bar in the Molly Malone, using the derogatory term ‘knacker’ referring to the character Francie Donnelly.

Cancellation

In 2000 it seemed the soap was going into inevitable decline. If the actors who played the main characters and whose appearance and likeness were so intrinsic to the beginnings and the storyline of the soap, were leaving, it would cease to be Glenroe.

Through a press release the public learned in May 2000 that Joe Lynch, who played Dinny, was to leave. Kevin O’Sullivan wrote;

“RTÉ last night confirmed his departure after 20 years, taking into account Glenroe from its beginning and its precursor Bracken. 'No reason was given.' A statement said the 75-year-old actor had made the decision.”

On 19 January 2001, despite claims four years previously that it could run for another ten years RTÉ announced that Glenroe was to end after eighteen series.

The final episode of the Irish soap was to be broadcast the following May. The then RTÉ Director of Television Cathal Goan said it had been clear for some time that Glenroe was “coming to the end of its natural life” On August 1, 2001 Joe Lynch, who played Dinny passed away at the age of 76.

Accidental

So the character, Biddy, had been killed off in a car accident and the actor Joe Lynch had passed away, and The Irish Times published irreverant tongue in cheek headlines about the ending of a soap and characters that were fair game for mockery and satire, even within the Island, Glenroe was a self reflexive soap set in Ireland based supposedly on fiction, — such as the one which announced a meeting which was called to announce to the actors the official ending of the show.

John Boland, in the Irish Independent in 2001, criticised the RTÉ Guide’s coverage and lack of critique or analysis about the end of Glenroe;

“…a supposedly loved friend was expiring after 18 years and you're supposed to feel something about that, aren't you? Then you realised that the programme had been expiring for years and years, and that this final death throe was merely embarrassing in its lateness.”

Wesley Burrowes in is article for The Irish Times Arts section, Jan 27 2001, discussed the beginnings of Glenroe as a story. Starting with The Riordans after which RTÉ asked Burrowes to write a spin off which became Bracken and then on to Glenroe where the characters Miley and Dinny Byrne were carried forward to the slightly more urban setting of Glenroe (set in Kilkoole, WIcklow). In Glenroe the new series evolved around Miley and Biddy’s love affair, Miley admiring Biddy for her farming expertise. Burrowes articulated the problems around the decline of the series explaining how both ratings and frequency were both guiding factors in the shows ascent and then demise. He drew correlations between Coronation street and Eastenders which both competed for frequency and ratings at the BBC, and then explained ”…the more often a programme appears in a week. the higher its rating goes…Glenroe has been left as the only soap in the archipelago struggling along on one slot a week”

After Burrowes left the crew of Glenroe, he returned to write one New Years episode having been asked to do so by Paul Cusack the shows successive producer. He concluded his piece in the Irish Times Arts section;

“…let there be no whinging or moaning at the bar for Glenroe, which, for 18 years, gave good neighbours to a generation. All who were part of that have cause for pride!”

The last episode of Glenroe was transmitted on 6 May 2001, attracting an audience of 591,000 viewers. Its place in the Sunday evening schedule was taken by On Home Ground, a drama series set at a fictional rural GAA club, which ran for two seasons from September 2001 until May 2003. Geraldine Plunkett also starred in the first 2 seasons of The Clinic, which ran for 7 seasons also on Sunday nights. Actor Mick Lally went on to join the cast of the TG4 drama series Ros na Rún in 2008.

Mary McEvoy continues to be a proactive campaigner and actor.

Music/Cheol

In Glenroe, the book, When Miley gets a delivery of a parcel, and is asked about the contents, the following exchange takes place;

”‘…it’s me jingle,’ he said. ‘your what?’ ‘me diddle-eye-do,’ said Miley.‘it’s either Dr Zhivago or the Blue Danube’

A song from the series, "The By-road to Glenroe", performed in-character by Mick Lally, was released as a single in Ireland in 1990, featuring the Jim Lockhart version of the theme tune as its B-side, and reached number 1 in the Irish Singles Chart. 5 April 1990.

During the late 90’s New characters were introduced including a character called Paudie, who started a band. The band practiced in the local parish hall, and were visited by Fr. Tracey on occasion. The band made up of the characters, Paudie Doyle, Aileen Synnot, Joseph Timlin, Catherine Daly, & Deirdre Cooney, performed in The Molly Malone bar, shot on location in RTÉ, in a Christmas episode in the late 90’s. Singer, Honor Heffernan sang in the same episode. The song performed by the band of youths was written by David Boyd, who played Paudie Doyle, and contained the lyrics: “When the love is real, that’s the way it feels | You know the Music’s louder, you know the air is sweet, and you can’t stop from dancing every time you move your feet, cos when the love is real, that’s the way it feels…you can smile on the inside.” The character Paudie, played the keyboard in the band & the character Aileen Synnot played the guitar surrounded by singing bandmates in one episode, which showed band practice being interrupted by Fr. Tracey.

Political Quotes/Sleachta polaitiúla

The last decade of the 20th Century, and the first two decades of the 21st Century is not an insignificant time in Ireland. Glenroe has cropped up in Dáil debates over these years, as politicians have seen it as an Irish cultural icon which was broadcast through the influential medium of television.

In 1993 Proinsias De Rossa and John Deasy mentioned Glenroe in a discussion about the quality and content of Irish made TV Drama.

In 1998 Michael Ring, speaking about the influence of television on young people said;

“…it is important that we keep control of Irish airwaves. It is fine to see Sky television available, but it must be controlled.”

In January 2003, almost two years after the cessation of Glenroe, Irish Actors Equity made a presentation in the Joint Committee on Social and Family Affairs Debate. Robert Carrickford, executive committee of Irish Actors Equity and actor was present. Meeting attendees discussed the precarious nature of the Acting Profession. Willie Penrose who chaired the meeting said;

The first thing I wish to do is dispel the myth surrounding the profession. There is a perception that everybody is doing well. I also come from a profession that suffers from the same syndrome. The top 10% in my profession might be doing extremely well, 40% just about survive and the other 50% are struggling. Perhaps the percentages are different in our guests’ profession, but it is easy for it to become a media-led view that everybody is very well off and it is all glamour and glitz.

Michael Ring, at the same meeting said;

“Politicians are like actors…We cannot have just anybody telling social welfare services that they are an actor. There are many good actors out there that we have to deal with and judge every single day. Some of them would do well if they were on “Glenroe” and they would be well able to convince people they were in the profession.”

Later that year Paul Kehoe lamented the lack of choice for Irish Viewers since the demise of Glenroe;

Not enough programmes such as “Fair City” are being made in Ireland. Since “Glenroe” was cancelled, people are obliged to watch “Eastenders”, “Neighbours”, “Coronation Street” or whatever.

Advertising

Glenroe was intersected halfway through by advertisements and was very much an advertisers medium, cushioning big brand advertisements at a peak time in the week, Sunday evening. Glenroe reached an even wider audience since the soap was picked up and shown further afield on Cable TV. Glenroe in its totality, as it has now ceased to iterate and has concluded, and is an advertisement in itself, for Ireland, for “Irishness” or perhaps for an Ireland that once was. Michael Ring, politician, recently talked about an Internet TV Channel - Irish TV - which sells/promotes/advertises Ireland.

Glenroe was the subject of controversy with regard to Actors rights to avail of other commercial work during their contracted periods with the broadcaster - RTÉ

In 1990 RTÉ prohibited Soap Actors from ‘portraying’ their characters for advertising purposes. The Irish Times ran an article titled “RTÉ forbids ‘soap star’ ads.” It read;

“Actors in RTÉ soap operas such as Glenroe and Fair City will be prevented from portraying well-known characters…for advertising purposes this year…In effect the ban will mean that actors such as Mick Lally and Joe Lynch will be free to earn money from advertisements and from supermarket openings as longs as they do not portray the characters they play in the “Glenroe” series.”

Three days previous another article published read

“…the matter was resolved…The Characters are the property of RTÉ”

Cable Television — The Digital Dawn

In 1995 RTÉ made a ten year deal with a company called Celtic Vision, which according to its Dundalk born founder Robert Mathews;

“should be seen as “a 24-hour ‘infomercial’ for all things Irish” which can boost Irish-American trade, increase the numbers of American tourists visiting Ireland and move the US vision of Ireland away from shamrocks and leprachauns towards a more realistic representation of the modern Ireland…The Late Late, which the company has secured as part of a 10 year deal with RTÉ, is now a highlight of the CelticVision schedule and runs alongside Glenroe, Fair City, and a range of Gaelic sports.…Mr Mathews raised $1.5 million…mainly through a number of private placings with private investors in Ireland and the United States.”

Through challenges garnering funding in the early days, The company was still in operation in 2000 seemingly dissolving in 2003.

In The European, 1995, David Short, Journalist, wrote “Soap operas, first devised by companies such as Proctor & Gamble to sell their products, are now seen everywhere in the world…people…watching everyday people living unnaturally eventful lives--Glenroe in Ireland, Country GP in New Zealand, The Awakening in Singapore, House of Christianshavn in Denmark, Buniyaad in India and Kampos in Cyprus are other examples of the phenomenon.”

And in the same publication, The European in 1996, about Nova TV which had a wide European reach.

“Europe’s most watched channel proportionate to population is Nova TV, controlled by Central European Media Enterprises of the US. Launched two years ago it attracts half of all adult viewers in prime time, and gains a 70 percent share of the goal viewing audience compared with only 23 percent for the state rival ČT1. Nova TV may be Europe’s most watched channel, but the most popular program in Europe - again taking population into account - is the Irish soap Glenroe.”

And in 1998 Raymond Snoddy, once senior editor of the The Times, wrote about Tara TV (1996-2002) in Marketing Magazine. Tara TV, which reached a UK audience aired both Glenroe and Fair City.

Residuals

Glenroe, the soap, is still the topic of much subjective public opinion and still crops up in popular culture discourse both online and in the mainstream media. The topic of Residuals has cropped up in forums online. There seems to be some confusion with regard how far and wide Glenroe the soap was shown in other countries and whether it continues to be available in the digital sphere. See table at bottom of talk page. and the following conversation @ Gaire

References

Further reading

Down Down Deeper and Down, Eamonn Sweeney, 2010

Soap Opera and Social Order: Glenroe, Fair City and Contemporary Ireland, Dr. Helena Sheehan, Dublin, 31 October 1993

The Continuing Story of Irish Television Drama: Tracking the Tiger, Dr. Helena Sheehan, Dublin, Four Courts Press, 2004

The Fair City Production Line: An Examination of Soap Operas potential contribution to the Public Sphere, Edward R. Brennan 01 01 2004

Lentz, Harris M. Obituaries In The Performing Arts, 2010. [Jefferson, N.C.]: McFarland & Co Inc. Pub, 2011. Print.

Judge, Michael. Glenroe: stories from the RTÉ series created by Wesley Burrowes Gill & MacMillan, 1990

Smith, Anthony, Television: An International History Oxford University Press, 1998

Irish Film and Television Network List of Books on Irish Film

Petitt, Lance, Screening Ireland: Film and Television Representation Manchester University Press, 2000

Petitt, Lance, Screening Ireland Google Books Preview

Allen, Robert C. To Be Continued : Soap Operas and Global Media Cultures Routledge, 1995

Geraghty, Christine The Study of Soap Opera Accessed 13 June 2005

Turner, Graeme Cultural Identity, Soap Narrative, and Reality TV 2005, Sage Publications, accessed 13 June 2005

Turner, Graeme Understanding Celebrity Sage Publications, accessed 14 June 2015

--Laura howard ie (talk) 16:48, 15 June 2015 (UTC) Glenroe: Soap Opera or Drama Series? accessed 14 June 2015

Viewing

Beedles, Kathleen Shyness Soap Opera & Story TED x Liverpool Youtube Video, Aug 20 2014

Political discussions

Paul Kehoe, Broadcasting Bill 2003 Wed, 26 Nov 2003

Michael Ring, Irish Actors’ Equity Group: Presentation Tuesday, 28 January 2003

Michael Ring, Broadcasting and Other Media Bill 01 07 1998

John Deasy & Proinsias De Rossa Broadcasting Authority Bill 1993 Thursday, 6 May 1993