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In August 1960, in Prague, [[Robert K. Crane]] presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose [[Co-transport|cotransport]] as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption.<ref>{{cite book|title=Membrane Transport and Metabolism. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Prague, August 22–27, 1960|editor=Kleinzeller A. Kotyk A|publisher=[[Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic|Czech Academy of Sciences]] & Academic Press|chapter = The restrictions on possible mechanisms of intestinal transport of sugars| author = Miller D, Bihler I | pages = 439–449 | year = 1961 }}</ref>
In August 1960, in Prague, [[Robert K. Crane]] presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose [[Co-transport|cotransport]] as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption.<ref>{{cite book|title=Membrane Transport and Metabolism. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Prague, August 22–27, 1960|editor=Kleinzeller A. Kotyk A|publisher=[[Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic|Czech Academy of Sciences]] & Academic Press|chapter = The restrictions on possible mechanisms of intestinal transport of sugars| author = Miller D, Bihler I | pages = 439–449 | year = 1961 }}</ref>


[[Robert K. Crane|Crane]]'s discovery of [[Co-transport|cotransport]] was the first-ever proposal of flux coupling in biology.<ref name="pmid12748858">{{cite journal | author = Wright EM, Turk E | title = The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5 | journal = Pflugers Arch. | volume = 447 | issue = 5 | pages = 510–8 |date=February 2004 | pmid = 12748858 | doi = 10.1007/s00424-003-1063-6 | url = | issn = | quote = [[Robert K. Crane|Crane]] in 1961 was the first to formulate the cotransport concept to explain active transport [7]. Specifically, he proposed that the accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelium across the brush border membrane was [is] coupled to downhill Na+ transport cross the brush border. This hypothesis was rapidly tested, refined, and extended [to] encompass the active transport of a diverse range of molecules and ions into virtually every cell type.}}</ref><ref name="pmid18192340">{{cite journal | author = Boyd CA | title = Facts, fantasies and fun in epithelial physiology | journal = Exp. Physiol. | volume = 93 | issue = 3 | pages = 303–14 |date=March 2008 | pmid = 18192340 | doi = 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.037523 | url = | issn = | quote = p. 304. “the insight from this time that remains in all current text books is the notion of [[Robert K. Crane|Robert Crane]] published originally as an appendix to a symposium paper published in 1960 ([[Robert K. Crane|Crane]] et al. 1960). The key point here was 'flux coupling', the [[Co-transport|cotransport]] of sodium and glucose in the apical membrane of the small intestinal epithelial cell. Half a century later this idea has turned into one of the most studied of all transporter proteins (SGLT1), the sodium–glucose cotransporter. }}</ref>
[[Robert K. Crane|Crane]]'s discovery of cotransport was the first-ever proposal of flux coupling in biology.<ref name="pmid12748858">{{cite journal | author = Wright EM, Turk E | title = The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5 | journal = Pflugers Arch. | volume = 447 | issue = 5 | pages = 510–8 |date=February 2004 | pmid = 12748858 | doi = 10.1007/s00424-003-1063-6 | url = | issn = | quote = [[Robert K. Crane|Crane]] in 1961 was the first to formulate the cotransport concept to explain active transport [7]. Specifically, he proposed that the accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelium across the brush border membrane was [is] coupled to downhill Na+ transport cross the brush border. This hypothesis was rapidly tested, refined, and extended [to] encompass the active transport of a diverse range of molecules and ions into virtually every cell type.}}</ref><ref name="pmid18192340">{{cite journal | author = Boyd CA | title = Facts, fantasies and fun in epithelial physiology | journal = Exp. Physiol. | volume = 93 | issue = 3 | pages = 303–14 |date=March 2008 | pmid = 18192340 | doi = 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.037523 | url = | issn = | quote = p. 304. “the insight from this time that remains in all current text books is the notion of [[Robert K. Crane|Robert Crane]] published originally as an appendix to a symposium paper published in 1960 ([[Robert K. Crane|Crane]] et al. 1960). The key point here was 'flux coupling', the [[Co-transport|cotransport]] of sodium and glucose in the apical membrane of the small intestinal epithelial cell. Half a century later this idea has turned into one of the most studied of all transporter proteins (SGLT1), the sodium–glucose cotransporter. }}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 19:01, 15 April 2015

solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 1
Identifiers
SymbolSLC5A1
Alt. symbolsSGLT1
NCBI gene6523
HGNC11036
OMIM182380
RefSeqNM_000343
UniProtP13866
Other data
LocusChr. 22 q13.1
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
solute carrier family 5 (sodium/glucose cotransporter), member 2
Identifiers
SymbolSLC5A2
Alt. symbolsSGLT2
NCBI gene6524
HGNC11037
OMIM182381
RefSeqNM_003041
UniProtP31639
Other data
LocusChr. 16 p11.2
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
solute carrier family 5 (low affinity glucose cotransporter), member 4
Identifiers
SymbolSLC5A4
Alt. symbolsSGLT3, SAAT1, DJ90G24.4
NCBI gene6527
HGNC11039
RefSeqNM_014227
UniProtQ9NY91
Other data
LocusChr. 22 q12.1-12.3
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro

Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (or sodium-glucose linked transporter, SGLT) are a family of glucose transporter found in the intestinal mucosa (enterocytes) of the small intestine (SGLT1) and the proximal tubule of the nephron (SGLT2 in PCT and SGLT1 in PST). They contribute to renal glucose reabsorption. In the kidneys, 100% of the filtered glucose in the glomerulus has to be reabsorbed along the nephron (98% in PCT, via SGLT2). In case of too high plasma glucose concentration (hyperglycemia), glucose is excreted in urine (glucosuria); because SGLT are saturated with the filtered monosaccharide. Glucose is never secreted by a healthy nephron.

Types

The two most well known members of SGLT family are SGLT1 and SGLT2, which are members of the SLC5A gene family. In addition to SGLT1 and SGLT2, there are five other members in the human protein family SLC5A, several of which may also be sodium-glucose transporters.[1]

Gene Protein Acronym Tissue distribution
in proximal tubule[2]		 Na+:Glucose
Co-transport ratio		 Contribution to glucose
reabsorption (%)[3]
SLC5A1 Sodium/GLucose
coTransporter 1		 SGLT1 S3 segment 2:1 10
SLC5A2 Sodium/GLucose
coTransporter 2		 SGLT2 predominantly in the
S1 and S2 segments		 1:1 90

SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes

Inhibition of SGLT2 leads to a reduction in blood glucose levels. Therefore, SGLT2 inhibitors have potential use in the treatment of type II diabetes. Several drug candidates have been developed or are currently undergoing clinical trials, including:[4]

  • Dapagliflozin, approval rejected in 2012 by Food and Drug Administration due to safety concerns; however after resubmitting additional clinical data is under review with Dec 12, 2013 as PDUFA Date,[5] but is marketed in Europe and Australia. Dapagliflozin was the first SGLT2 approved anywhere in the world in 2011 by the EU. Dapagliflozin was approved under the brand name "Farxiga" by the FDA on Jan 8, 2014.[6]
  • Canagliflozin, approved in the United States and Canada under the brand name "Invokana"[7]
  • Ipragliflozin (ASP-1941), produced by the Japanese company Astellas Pharma Inc. under the brand name "Suglat"; approved in Japan January 17, 2014.[8][9]
  • Tofogliflozin, approved in Japan under the brand names "Apleway" and "Deberza" by Sanofi and Takeda Pharmaceutical[10]
  • Empagliflozin, approved in the United States under the brand name "Jardiance".[11]
  • Sergliflozin etabonate, discontinued after Phase II trials
  • Remogliflozin etabonate(BHV091009), in phase IIb trials by BHV Pharma. BHV (Brighthaven Ventures, LLC) is a private company acquired by Islet Sciences, Inc. in 2014.[12][13]

Function

Firstly, an Na+/K+ ATPase pump on the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule cell uses ATP molecules to move 3 sodium ions outward into the blood, while bringing in 2 potassium ions. This action creates a downhill sodium ion gradient from the inside of the proximal tubule cell towards the outside (that is, in comparison to both the blood and the tubule itself.

The SGLT proteins use the energy from this downhill sodium ion gradient created by the ATPase pump to transport glucose across the apical membrane, against an uphill glucose gradient. Therefore, these co-transporters are an example of secondary active transport. Members of the GLUT family of glucose uniporters then transport the glucose across the basolateral membrane, and into the peritubular capillaries. Because sodium and glucose are in the same direction across the membrane, SGLT1 and SGLT2 are known as symporters.

Discovery of sodium-glucose cotransport

In August 1960, in Prague, Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption.[14]

Crane's discovery of cotransport was the first-ever proposal of flux coupling in biology.[15][16]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ensembl release 48: Homo sapiens Ensembl protein family ENSF00000000509
  2. ^ Wright EM, Hirayama BA, Loo DF (January 2007). "Active sugar transport in health and disease". J. Intern. Med. 261 (1): 32–43. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01746.x. PMID 17222166.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Wright EM (January 2001). "Renal Na(+)-glucose cotransporters". Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 280 (1): F10–8. PMID 11133510.
  4. ^ InsightPharma (2010). "Diabetes Pipeline: Intense Activity to Meet Unmet Need" (PDF). p. vii.
  5. ^ Bristol, AstraZeneca Diabetes Drug Fails to Win FDA Backing, Business Week, January 19, 2012
  6. ^ Liscinsky, Morgan (Jan. 8, 2014). "http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm380829.htm". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 15 April 2015. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |title= (help)
  7. ^ Invokana, First in New Class of Diabetes Drugs, Approved, MPR, March 29, 2013
  8. ^ SGLT2 inhibitor approval race
  9. ^ "Approval of Suglat® Tablets, a Selective SGLT2 Inhibitor for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes, in Japan". January 17, 2014.
  10. ^ Poole, RM; Prossler, JE (2014 Jun). "Tofogliflozin: first global approval". Drugs. 74 (8): 939–44. doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0229-1. PMID 24848755. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ "FDA approves Jardiance® (empagliflozin) tablets for adults with type 2 diabetes". Boehringer Ingelheim / Eli Lilly and Company. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  12. ^ "Islet Sciences to Acquire BHV Pharma and Phase 2 SGLT2 Inhibitor Remogliflozin Etabonate Indicated for Type 2 Diabetes and NASH". MarketWatch. Mar 13, 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  13. ^ Kapur, A; et al. (2013 May 13). "First human dose-escalation study with remogliflozin etabonate, a selective inhibitor of the sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2), in healthy subjects and in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus". BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 14 (26). doi:10.1186/2050-6511-14-26. PMID 23668634. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first1= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Miller D, Bihler I (1961). "The restrictions on possible mechanisms of intestinal transport of sugars". In Kleinzeller A. Kotyk A (ed.). Membrane Transport and Metabolism. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Prague, August 22–27, 1960. Czech Academy of Sciences & Academic Press. pp. 439–449.
  15. ^ Wright EM, Turk E (February 2004). "The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5". Pflugers Arch. 447 (5): 510–8. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1063-6. PMID 12748858. Crane in 1961 was the first to formulate the cotransport concept to explain active transport [7]. Specifically, he proposed that the accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelium across the brush border membrane was [is] coupled to downhill Na+ transport cross the brush border. This hypothesis was rapidly tested, refined, and extended [to] encompass the active transport of a diverse range of molecules and ions into virtually every cell type.
  16. ^ Boyd CA (March 2008). "Facts, fantasies and fun in epithelial physiology". Exp. Physiol. 93 (3): 303–14. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.037523. PMID 18192340. p. 304. "the insight from this time that remains in all current text books is the notion of Robert Crane published originally as an appendix to a symposium paper published in 1960 (Crane et al. 1960). The key point here was 'flux coupling', the cotransport of sodium and glucose in the apical membrane of the small intestinal epithelial cell. Half a century later this idea has turned into one of the most studied of all transporter proteins (SGLT1), the sodium–glucose cotransporter.


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