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* Brookes, Ian (ed.) (2006): ''[[The Chambers Dictionary]]'' (9th ed.). Chambers, Edinburgh. ISBN 0-550-10185-3
* Brookes, Ian (ed.) (2006): ''[[The Chambers Dictionary]]'' (9th ed.). Chambers, Edinburgh. ISBN 0-550-10185-3
* |del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.) (1992): ''[[Handbook of Birds of the World]]'' (Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-10-5
* |del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.) (1992): ''[[Handbook of Birds of the World]]'' (Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-10-5
* Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): ''Cenozoic Birds of the World'' (Part 1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (8) does not correspond to calculated figure.}} [http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf PDF fulltext]<!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623-627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 -->
* Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): ''Cenozoic Birds of the World'' (Part 1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague. {{Listed Invalid ISBN|80-901105-3-8}} [http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf PDF fulltext]<!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623-627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 -->
* Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil & Tarboton, Warwick R. (2002): ''SASOL Birds of Southern Africa''. Struik, Cape Town ISBN 1-86872-721-1
* Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil & Tarboton, Warwick R. (2002): ''SASOL Birds of Southern Africa''. Struik, Cape Town ISBN 1-86872-721-1
* Snow, David W. & Perrins, Christopher M. (eds.) (1998): ''The Birds of the Western Palearctic'' (concise ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854099-X
* Snow, David W. & Perrins, Christopher M. (eds.) (1998): ''The Birds of the Western Palearctic'' (concise ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854099-X

Revision as of 04:25, 8 June 2012

Geronticus
Temporal range: Middle Miocene to Recent
13–0 Ma
Nesting Southern Bald Ibis (G. calvus) with young.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Pelecaniformes
Family:
Threskiornithidae
Subfamily:
Threskionithinae
Genus:
Geronticus

Wagler, 1832
Species

Geronticus calvus
Geronticus eremita
For fossil species, see text

The small bird genus Geronticus belongs to the ibis subfamily (Threskiornithinae). Its name is derived from the Greek gérontos (γέρωντος, "old man")[1] in reference to the bald head of these dark-plumaged birds; in English they are called bald ibises.

Geronticus contains two living species. The Northern Bald Ibis (G. eremita) has a neck crest of elongated feathers. It is a Critically Endangered species found around the Mediterranean. Its range had expanded after the last glacial to Alps of Germany and even a bit further north, but it was rendered extinct there mainly due to habitat destruction and unsustainable hunting. The Southern Bald Ibis (G. calvus) with a red crown patch but no crest is classified as Vulnerable and found in subtropical southern Africa.

Wild Northern Bald Ibis (G. eremita) foraging in Morocco

Like most ibises, they gregarious long-legged wading birds with long down-curved bills; they form one subfamily of the Threskiornithidae, the other subfamily being the spoonbills. The two Geronticus species differ from other ibises in that they have unfeathered faces and heads, breed on cliffs rather than in trees, and prefer arid habitats to the wetlands used by their relatives. Their food contains fewer aquatic animals and more terrestrial ones; they are known to gather together and feed on locust swarms, killing many of these notorious pests. This has also contributed to their decline however, as they were much affected by indiscriminate pesticide spraying in the mid-late 20th century, leading to their disappearance from many regions they used to inhabit.[2]

Fossil record

Geronticus perplexus is by far the oldest fossil assigned to the present genus. It is known only from a piece of distal right humerus, found at Sansan (France) in Middle Miocene rocks of the Serravallian faunal stage MN 6 (about 12-14 mya). It was initially considered to be a heron and placed in the genera Ardea and Proardea. More plesiomorphic than the living species, it seems to represent an ancient member of the Geronticus lineage, in line with the theory that most living ibis genera seem to have evolved before 15 mya.[3]

Geronticus apelex is apparently the direct ancestor of the Southern Bald Ibis. Its remains were found in Early Pliocene deposits near Langebaanweg (South Africa) which date back about 5 million years.

What may be an ancestral European form, Geronticus balcanicus, was found in a Late Pliocene deposit near Slivnitsa (Bulgaria). It is hitherto only known from one left and one right carpometacarpus piece (NMNHS 14 and NMNHS 453, respectively) which are almost alike those of living bald ibises. Contemporaneous with these during the early MN18 faunal stage – about 2 million years ago (mya) – birds entirely indistinguishable from the modern Northern Bald Ibis inhabited at least Spain, if not the whole western Mediterranean region already. Thus, the extinct species may be the immediate ancestor of G. eremita, which would have originated at the western extent of its range. Some authors even include the Bulgarian population in G. eremita, but most are more cautious. G. balcanicus may also represent a lineage related but not ancestral to the Northern Bald Ibis, which inhabited the inland regions northeastwards of the European Alpides and – like the immediate ancestor of G. eremita in this scenario – was isolated from the ancestors of G. calvus when gene flow across tropical Africa ceased.[4]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Brookes (2006) p.507
  2. ^ del Hoyo et al. (1992): p.472, Snow (1998): pp.146-147, Sinclair (2002) p.74
  3. ^ Mlíkovský (2002)
  4. ^ del Hoyo et al. (1992), Boev (1998, 2002), Mlíkovský (2002)

References

  • Boev, Zlatozar (1998): Presence of Bald Ibises (Geronticus Wagler, 1832) (Threskiornithidae - Aves) in the Late Pliocene of Bulgaria. Geologica Balcanica 28 (1–2): 45–52.
  • Boev, Zlatozar (2002):Additional Material of Geronticus balcanicus Boev, 1998, and Precision of the Age of the Type Locality. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 52 (2): 53–58 [English with Bulgarian abstract]. full text
  • Brookes, Ian (ed.) (2006): The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers, Edinburgh. ISBN 0-550-10185-3
  • |del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.) (1992): Handbook of Birds of the World (Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-10-5
  • Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): Cenozoic Birds of the World (Part 1: Europe). Ninox Press, Prague. ISBN 80-901105-3-8 PDF fulltext
  • Sinclair, Ian; Hockey, Phil & Tarboton, Warwick R. (2002): SASOL Birds of Southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town ISBN 1-86872-721-1
  • Snow, David W. & Perrins, Christopher M. (eds.) (1998): The Birds of the Western Palearctic (concise ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854099-X
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