Paralegal

Paralegal is used in many jurisdictions, particularly the United States, to describe a paraprofessional who assists qualified lawyers in their legal work. However in some other jurisdictions, such as Ontario, Canada, paralegals are licensed by the Law Society of Upper Canada, giving paralegals an independent status in this jurisdiction.

The definition of "Paralegal" varies by country. In the United States, they are not authorized by the government or other agency to offer legal services in the same way, nor are they officers of the court, nor are they usually subject to government-/court-sanctioned rules of conduct. In contrast, in Ontario, Canada, paralegals are licensed and regulated the same way that lawyers are. In Ontario a paralegal license allows for the paralegal to provide permitted legal services to the public and appear before certain lower level courts and administrative tribunals.

In the United States, paralegals originated as assistants to lawyers at a time when only lawyers offered legal services. In those jurisdictions, such as the United States, where the local legal profession/judiciary is involved in paralegal recognition/accreditation, the profession of paralegal still basically refers to those people working under the direct supervision of a lawyer. In other jurisdictions however, such as the United Kingdom, the lack of local legal profession/judiciary oversight means that the definition of paralegal encompasses non-lawyers doing legal work, regardless of whom they do it for. Although most jurisdictions recognize paralegals to a greater or lesser extent, there is no international consistency as to definition, job-role, status, terms and conditions of employment, training, regulation or anything else and so each jurisdiction must be looked at individually.

Official definitions

Various legal organizations offer official definitions of a paralegal: these definitions typically have slight differences. Definitions offered by major organizations include:

• From the Paralegal Society of Ontario: "A paralegal is an individual qualified through education or experience licensed to provide legal services to the general public in areas authorized by the Law Society of Upper Canada
• From the United Kingdom's National Association of Licensed Paralegals: 'A person who is educated and trained to perform legal tasks but who is not a qualified solicitor or barrister'.
• From the American Bar Association: "A legal assistant or paralegal is a person qualified by education, training or work experience who is employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency or other entity who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work for which a lawyer is responsible." Under this definition, the legal responsibility for a paralegal's work rests directly and solely upon the lawyer.
• From the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (NFPA) [USA]: "A Paralegal is a person, qualified through education, training or work experience to perform substantive legal work that requires knowledge of legal concepts and is customarily, but not exclusively, performed by a lawyer. This person may be retained or employed by a lawyer, law office, governmental agency or other entity or may be authorized by administrative, statutory or court authority to perform this work. Substantive shall mean work requiring recognition, evaluation, organization, analysis, and communication of relevant facts and legal concepts."
• From the National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA) [USA]: "Legal assistants, also known as paralegals, are a distinguishable group of persons who assist attorneys in the delivery of legal services. Through formal education, training and experience, legal assistants have knowledge and expertise regarding the legal system and substantive and procedural law which qualify them to do work of a legal nature under the supervision of an attorney." In 2001, NALA adopted the ABA's definition of a paralegal or legal assistant as an addition to its definition.
• From the American Association for Paralegal Education (AAfPE): "Paralegals perform substantive and procedural legal work as authorized by law, which work, in the absence of the paralegal, would be performed by an attorney. Paralegals have knowledge of the law gained through education, or education and work experience, which qualifies them to perform legal work. Paralegals adhere to recognized ethical standards and rules of professional responsibility."
• From the United Kingdom's Institute of Paralegals: "A paralegal is a non-lawyer who does legal work that previously would have been done by a lawyer, or if done by a lawyer, would be charged for."
• From the International Paralegal Management Association (IPMA) "A legal assistant or paralegal is a person qualified by education, training or work experience who is employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency or other entity who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work for which a lawyer is responsible." Under this definition, the legal responsibility for a paralegal's work rests directly and solely upon the lawyer."
• From NALS...the association for legal professionals [USA]: "A legal assistant/paralegal is a person, qualified by education, training or work experience who is employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency or other entity and who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work for which a lawyer is responsible."

Difference between paralegals and lawyers in the United States

The greatest differences between lawyers and paralegals are that lawyers can set fees, give legal advice, appear as counsel of record in court, and sign pleadings (and other court documents) in a representative capacity. If a paralegal attempts to do any of these acts, they will be in violation of the unauthorized practice of law statutes that exist in most U.S. states. Paralegals are responsible for handling tasks such as legal writing, research and other forms of documentation for the lawyers that they work under.

Other traditional differences between a paralegal and a lawyer (i.e. attorney) is that:

1. paralegal expertise/training tends to be niche, whereas a lawyer has a much broader, longer, more formal and holistic training, and
2. that the lawyer's primary job is to consider, analyze and strategize, whereas a paralegal's primary responsibility is to carry out the tasks arising from that consideration, analysis and strategy.

Paralegals are found in all areas where United States lawyers work—in criminal trials, in real estate, in government, in estate planning. In the US, paralegals and legal document assistants (LDAs) are often mistaken for one another.

In some areas, such legal document assistants actually advertise themselves as paralegals. However, many states, including Florida, have enacted laws or bar rules which require any person referring to themself as a paralegal to be working under the supervision a licensed attorney. This would disqualify those individuals working as "independent paralegals" from using the title "paralegal".

Difference between paralegals and legal secretaries

In Ontario, Canada, a paralegal can apply to the Ministry of the Attorney General to be appointed as a Commissioner for Taking Affidavits (aka Commissioner of Oaths - the U.S. equivalent of a notary public). If a paralegal holds a valid licence, they are assumed to be a member in good standing with the Law Society of Upper Canada.

All applicants (regardless of background or standing) are subject to a criminal background check and dependant upon its outcome, a time-limited commission will be granted.

This link is not necessarily the norm in other jurisdictions. In the United Kingdom for example, notaries are a distinct group, and tend to be solicitors.

Paralegals in Canada

In Canada, paralegals are legal agents who have the ability to represent on many matters, including all Provincial Offences, work for Provincial Tribunals and Boards, as well as Summary Criminal Cases. They are not "law clerks" in the province of Ontario, Canada and are considered to be a formal part of the legal system. Paralegals may become Commissioners, Notary Publics and act as a Justice of the Peace.

In the Province of Ontario, a paralegal is an officer of the court (i.e. considered a formal part of the legal system). Paralegals in Ontario are licensed and regulated by the Law Society of Upper Canada, which also regulates and provides licenses for all lawyers in Ontario. The Law Society began issuing the first paralegal licences to grandparent applicants who fulfilled all the necessary licensing requirements (including insurance) in April 2008. Paralegals who provide legal services to the public must carry professional liability insurance in accordance with By-Law 6, Part II, section 12 (1). Licensees must provide written proof of their compliance with this requirement to carry mandatory insurance before they begin providing legal services, as well as on an annual basis. Paralegal services may be provided via a sole proprietorship, partnership or professional corporation. Licensees are strongly encouraged to seek professional advice on the best business structure for their particular situations. A paralegal license allows a paralegal to independently represent clients in provincial offences court, summary conviction criminal court, small claims court and administrative tribunals such as the Financial Services Commission of Ontario or the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board. The role that a paralegal has in the United States is similar to the role of a law clerk or legal assistant in Ontario. Many paralegals in Ontario work in the areas of permitted practice for paralegals and also work alongside lawyers in areas of practice that are only permitted to be practiced by lawyers. It is illegal for paralegals in Ontario to independently practice in an area of law that is permitted only for lawyers. An example of this is family law, or an indictable offence in criminal law.

Continuing Professional Development in Ontario

All Lawyers and paralegals who practise law and provide legal services in Ontario, are required to complete the CPD program.

Continuing professional development (CPD) is the maintenance and enhancement of a lawyer or paralegal's professional knowledge, skills, attitudes and professionalism throughout the individual's career. It is a positive tool that benefits lawyers and paralegals and is an essential component of the commitment they make to the public to practise law or provide legal services competently and ethically.

Education and Training

United States

In the United States, paralegals have taken many different paths to their careers. These paths comprise an array of varying levels of education, different certifications, and on-the-job-training. They work in government, for law firms, for corporations, for real estate firms, and for nonprofit organizations. Where they work and what they do often depends on what mixture of experience, skills, education, and certification they possess.

Some paralegals have only on-the-job experience, while some paralegals have completed a formal program. The US Bureau of Labor and Statistics states that the most common entry into the paralegal field is through a 2-year community college program in paralegal studies or paralegal certificate program. See Paralegal Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos114.htm

Others have completed a bachelor's or even a master's degree in another field. Many paralegals have completed all of their training before entering the profession, while others have completed their education while working their way up from the mailroom in a law firm. Many paralegals take Continuing Legal Education credits to fulfill the requirements of their firm, state, or association.

There is no regulation of legal assistants or paralegals in United States. California, however, is a major exception. Up until Bus & Prof. Code § 6450 was signed into law by Governor Gray Davis in 2000, there was little, if any regulation of paralegals in the state. The purpose of regulation under 6450 was to shut down the paralegals who were providing self-help legal services to consumers. Contrary to misconceptions, there were few consumer complaints against paralegals; instead most of the complaints were from lawyers who urged the California State Bar to police the unauthorized practice of law. In response, the State Bar appointed a Public Protection Committee to look at the L.A. bar's claim.

Then, "in 1988, the Public Protection Committee unanimously recommended that the California legislature completely abolish the state's UPL laws. It further concluded that independent paralegals should be allowed to provide all types of legal services as long as they are registered with a state agency and disclose their non-lawyer status to all customers." After many local bar associations reacted in dismay, "The California Bar then appointed a third group (The Commission on Legal Technicians) to restudy the issue. This commission largely agreed with the conclusions of its predecessors and recommended that nonlawyers be authorized by the California Supreme Court to deliver legal services in several major areas (bankruptcy, family, immigration, and landlord-tenant), under the terms of a licensing scheme that would be supervised by an independent state agency." See Ralph Warner, The Independent Paralegal’s Handbook, California: Nolo (2004), pages 278 & 279.

It would eventually culminate in paralegals being forced to give up the title paralegal for Legal Document Assistant (LDA) under Californiia Bus & Prof. Code § 6400. Yet, they were the ones who popularized the title paralegal, since the public associated paralegals as providers of affordable legal services. Since 2000, the term paralegal has been consolidated into a one size fits all. Paralegals now find themselves in subservient support roles working for lawyers who control them, along with the paralegal associations that ensure those control measures stay in place through their guidelines that paralegals must to work under the supervision of lawyers.

See NALA Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility” (Canon 2 "A paralegal may perform any task which is properly delegated and supervised by an attorney…"); the NFPA “Model Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility” (1.8: "A Paralegal Shall Not Engage In The Unauthorized Practice of Law"); and NALS “Code of Ethics & Professional Responsibility” (Canon 7: Members of this association, unless permitted by law, shall not perform paralegal functions except under the direct supervision of a lawyer").

Paralegals are restrained from exercising independence and prohibited from providing even basic legal advice. In her book, Access to Justice, Stanford law professor Deborah Rhode says: “Over four-fifths of surveyed attorneys have supported prosecution of lay practitioners, and the profession has repeatedly blocked licensing proposals that would enable independent paralegals to offer routine services. Many local, state and national bar associations have recently launched initiatives to broaden the definition, raise the penalties, and increase the enforcement of unauthorized practice prohibitions.” See Access to Justice, Oxford: University Press (2004), at 88.

United Kingdom

The paralegal profession is developing at a rapid rate in the UK.

The National Association of Licensed Paralegals(NALP) was established in 1987 and is the professional self-regulatory governing body for accredited paralegals. Access into the profession can either be with a law degree or without. Those who are already graduates can take The Post Graduate Diploma in Paralegal Practice (PPC) (similar to the LPC for solicitors). Those that have no previous qualification can do the Diploma in Paralegal Studies. The NALP is an awarding body regulated by OFQUAL and is also a member of the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (based in the US)

The Institute of Legal Executives (ILEX) has been established for almost 50 years, and was launched with the blessing of the Law Society. It regulates 15,000 trainee and 7,000 practising Legal Executive lawyers through an MOJ approved regulator, ILEX Professional Standards. ILEX is open to those with or without law degrees, and allows paralegals to progress through to ultimately become fully qualified lawyers, advocates, partners and judges, subject to achieving the correct level of qualifications, skills, and experience.

Certification

United States

In the United States, there is no such thing as a licensed paralegal; rather, paralegals can be "registered," "certificated," or certified.

There are two major national organizations that offer designations to paralegals who meet voluntary regulation standards: the National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA) and the National Federation of Paralegal Associations (NFPA).

Both NALA and the NFPA offer certifications that are "non-accredited" and should not be confused with a paralegal certificate offered by an accredited college or university. Accreditation is the standard used in both the education sector and for organizations offering professional certification. Organizations that have achieved accreditation have met rigorous third party standards, which none of the paralegal associations offering certification have yet to achieve.

NALA offers its Certified Legal Assistant examination, a comprehensive 2-day examination that awards the paralegal the "CLA" or "Certified Legal Assistant" or "CP" Certified Paralegal" designation. Both the "CLA" and "CP" designations are proprietary trademarks owned by NALA, paralegals who have attained further education and received a paralegal certificate are referred to as "Certificated" unless they have passed the examination and been awarded the "Certified" designation. Additionally, those paralegals who receive the "Certified Paralegal" designation then have the opportunity to earn the "Advanced Certified Paralegal" designation.

The NFPA offers the Paralegal Advanced Competency Exam, which is a four-hour exam on a variety of legal topics; those who pass that exam can call themselves PACE-Registered Paralegals and display the "RP" designation. NFPA’s core purpose is to advance the paralegal profession and is committed to the profession’s Code of Ethics.

Graduation from a certificate or degree program does not, technically, certify a paralegal; in most states, passing an exam administered by a recognized entity is the only benchmark. However, none of the paralegals associations offering certifications are officially recognized by a third party accreditor, such as ANSI or the NCCA. Thus, the benchmark for paralegal education is a paralegal certificate or degree issued from an accredited school. Many states, such as Florida, have started to legislate licensing requirements for paralegals in an effort to maintain quality and to determine who can call themselves paralegals.

Some states have considered the licensure of paralegals. Whether paralegals should be licensed or certified is one of the most important issues for paralegals today.

United Kingdom

NALP (National Association of Licensed Paralegals) is the awarding body for paralegal qualifications, recognised as an awarding organisation by Ofqual, the regulator of qualifications in England and Wales. NALP offers self-regulation and Licensing for Paralegals in England & Wales. NALP works with the Legal Services Board & Skills for Justice. NALP's objective is to raise the profile of paralegals in the UK and has dedicated itself to the promoting the status of Paralegals and paralegal training in the United Kingdom and abroad. NALP offers affordable accessible training and qualifications at all levels.NALP is a not for profit company limited by guarantee.

There are various levels of certification and membership according to the level of training, qualification and experience. To become a Licensed Paralegal a person should have an acceptable qualification in law, e.g. the Association's Diploma in Paralegal Studies, ILEX, Law Degree or HND (plus a procedural law qualification) or any other qualification deemed suitable, and who can satisfy the other criteria laid down by the Association namely: knowledge, competence, dedication, character requirements and continuous professional development.

NALPs mission is to re-enforce and increase its position as the leading professional organisation catering for the Career Paralegal not only within the legal profession but also within commerce, industry and the private and public sectors and will strive to ensure the proper recognition of its Members as an integral part of the legal profession by the quality of its qualifications, professional development and the standards of behaviour and its regulatory powers laid down for its Members. It will encourage, promote and develop the role and practice of the Paralegal and represent the best interests of its Members.

ILEX Since 1994 City and Guilds, in association with ILEX, has offered the UK's leading range of nationally and internationally approved qualifications for Paralegals and Legal Secretaries, which have been taken by over 20,000 people. They offer a Level 2 Award/Certificate/Diploma in Legal Studies qualification. This provides the underpinning knowledge which will help in day-to-day work and will also allows progression onto the ILEX route to becoming a lawyer. The qualification is divided into units and is assessed by way of assignments and a multiple-choice test. A Level 3 Diploma in Vocational Paralegal Studies qualification is also available, and this is equivalent to A-level standard. The qualification is divided into units and again, is assessed by way of assignments. The qualifications are also recognised by the ILEX (Institute of Legal Executives) as a route into their membership grades.

The Institute of Paralegals is the UK body setting national standards for paralegals, legal secretaries and other non-lawyer legal professionals working in the legal profession. They offer self regulation and certification for paralegals in England and Wales. On behalf of paralegals they also liaise regularly with government, The Law Society, Bar Council and others on issues of concern to paralegals, such as rights of audience, diversity, recognition of paralegals, terms and conditions, education and direct access to the Bar.

The Institute is widely recognised by, amongst others, The Law Society, Bar Council, UK government, Solicitors Regulation Authority and Legal Services Ombudsman. They are headquartered in Berkeley Square, Mayfair, London.

A not-for-profit professional body incorporated by guarantee, they were formed in 2003. They were granted institute status by the UK government in 2005, with the support of, amongst others, The Law Society of England & Wales, the Bar Council, Citizens Advice and the Crown Prosecution Service, all of whom recognised the need for the developing paralegal profession to have a representative body.

Salary

United States

In the United States, the median annual salary for a paralegal in the private sector is US$67,600 (as of May 2007).

Paralegals working for çthe U.S. federal government average over $73,000 per year while state and local government paralegals earn around $54,000. Larger law firms may pay over $100,000 annually with benefits depending on experience with starting salaries over $50,000. Starting salaries in smaller metropolitan areas, however, are about $44,000 annually.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom paralegal salaries in law firms can start at as little as £12,000 in some rural or suburban areas but may reach as high as £60 - £80,000 for the most senior in the larger city firms. A paralegal can also work as a freelance offering their services to solicitors performing tasks such assisting Counsel at court and taking notes in court and presenting applications to District Judges in chambers. They can be paid on a daily or hourly rate earning up to £60 - £100 per day.

Economics

The paralegal phenomenon is a legal-economics argument in all jurisdictions - they exist precisely because they are not lawyers and thus can do the work much more cheaply. Other than expertise, the main constraint on what work a paralegal can or cannot do tends to be local rules that reserve (i.e. give a monopoly to) particular activities to lawyers. Each jurisdiction tends to have its own "reserved activities list".

United States

According to United States law, there are five specific acts which only a licensed attorney can perform:

1. Establish the attorney-client relationship
2. Give legal advice
3. Sign legal papers and pleadings on behalf of a party
4. Appear in court on behalf of another (i.e. the client)*
5. Set and collect fees for legal services

*Non-attorneys, including paralegals, can appear in a representative capacity in many types of administrative hearings (that is, hearings held by administrative agencies located within the executive branch, as opposed to courts formally organized as part of the judiciary).

Beyond the five acts above, the paralegal can perform practically any other task, including legal research, legal writing, factual investigation, preparation of exhibits, and the day-to-day tasks of case management. The key is that attorneys are entirely responsible for the actions of their paralegals, and, by signing and filing court documents drafted by paralegals (or law clerks), attorneys make those documents their own.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the Solicitors Act 1974 reserves certain activities for solicitors. Broadly, these include:

• Preparing and lodging documents concerning the conveying or charging of land.
• Undertaking probate law.
• Undertaking litigation (except in the small claims court).

Trends in usage of paralegals

In the United States, the need for accredited qualifications and bar licensure limits the number of licensed attorneys. At the same time, there are many legal tasks for which a bar license is unnecessary but some amount of legal training is helpful. In order to lower costs, businesses may choose to employ paralegals to undertake such tasks instead of a more expensive lawyer. Paralegal time is typically billed at only a fraction of what a lawyer charges, and thus to the paralegal has fallen those substantive and procedural tasks which are too complex for legal secretaries (whose time is not billed) but for which lawyers can no longer bill. This in turn makes lawyers more efficient by allowing them to concentrate solely on the substantive legal issues of the case, while paralegals have become the "case managers."

The growing demand of paralegal professionals at a very rapid rate has resulted in schools and colleges catering to such education popping up everywhere. It has been found through a survey that currently 50,000 students are enrolled in paralegal education courses. The American Association for Paralegal Education (AAPE) itself has more than 450 members; 260 of them are ABA-approved. Seminars and events are being held by various institutes to help broaden the knowledge base of the paralegal service providers and the importance associated with it. Although the nation is experiencing a recession, the paralegal profession continues to grow. Law firms and legal departments are cutting costs and increasing access to legal services by hiring paralegals.

The United Kingdom has gone one step further. Much legal work by lawyers for the poorer elements of society is legally aided, or paid for by the state. As overall costs have risen due to more people than ever engaging with the law, the government has reduced such legal aid. As a result the work has become uneconomic for many and they have ceased doing it. Paralegal advisory firms are stepping in to fill the gap.

The increased use of paralegals has slowed the rising cost of legal services and serves in some small measure (in combination with contingency fees and insurance) to keep the cost of legal services within the reach of the regular population. However, one commentator has warned that "our profession makes a serious error if it uses legal assistants only as economic tools."

Paralegal Nurse Consultants

Some attorneys who practice in fields involving medical care have only a limited knowledge of healthcare and medical concepts and terminology. Therefore, in addition to Legal Nurse Consultants, a certain number of registered nurses have become fully trained as paralegals in the manner described above and assist behind the scenes on these cases, in addition to serving as expert witnesses from time to time. There is an extremely high demand for nurses to begin with, so the demand for nurses with paralegal skills is expected to remain very high in the near future.

Paralegal Day

Several state governments have designated a "Paralegal Day", which is not the same day everywhere, in particular New York's governor David Paterson, Michigan's governor Jennifer M. Granholm, South Carolina, Idaho's governor James E. Risch and the Texas Assembly. California, Connecticut, Ohio, see, and Utah also have a Paralegal Day. American paralegals are also traditionally honored on St. Patrick's Day.

Paralegal Service or Document Preparers

There are a variety of services available to the general public depending on our State of residence. These companies have been known as Paralegal Services until they were required to change their names. These companies are now typically known to the general public as Court Document Preparers or Court Forms Providers. The State of Florida has numerous companies that prepare court documents for a variety of issues, such as Divorce, Bankruptcy, Paternity, Custody, Modification of Child Support, Name Change, Wills, Power of Attorney, Quit Claim Deeds, etc. If you do not have the ability to remedy your situation because of the high cost fees of any attorney a Court Document Preparer can save thousands of dollars. Such document preparers, however, frequently come under the scrutiny of various state bar organizations by over-stepping the basic document preparation and engaging in what could be considered "unauthorized practice of law." Such document preparation is indeed cost-saving for those who truly want to represent themselves in a legal matter, but want to pay someone to create the required documents. If problems arise in the legal case, however, the person who hired the paralegal service needs to understand that there is typically no legal liability on the part of the paralegal service and that such institutions cannot be sued for legal malpractice. Again, the philosophy is that the person utilizing such service is representing himself or herself in all legal matters and merely hiring a document preparer.

Paralegals outside of the United States

United Kingdom

The original concept of paralegals started with the Paralegal Association in the mid 1980s (now the National Association of Licensed Paralegals).

However, it is only recently that paralegals have begun to be seen as more than merely assistants to lawyers. They are now a newly emergent, and increasingly distinct, group of legal professionals.

Research shows there to be over 200,000 non-lawyers doing legal work in the United Kingdom. There are now almost 4,000 government registered/regulated paralegal advisory firms offering services that would previously have been offered by lawyers.

The United Kingdom actually comprises three separate jurisdictions: England and Wales; Scotland; and Northern Ireland (the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are distinct political entities as well as different jurisdictions). In the United Kingdom anyone may call himself/herself a paralegal without any qualifications whatsoever. Professional bodies such as the National Association of Licensed Paralegals are lobbying for this to change, but for the present 'paralegal' is not a protected title.

Paralegals in England and Wales may offer legal advice, as may any person, as there is no offence such as the unauthorized practice of law - with three exceptions:

1. Undertaking the activities reserved to solicitors under the Solicitors Act 1974;
2. Undertaking immigration work if not registered with the Office of the Immigrations Services Commissioner;
3. Undertaking certain types of claims/compensation related work if not registered with the Ministry of Justice.

Paralegals technically have very limited rights to conduct litigation/rights of audience before courts/tribunals. In practice many appear in courts and tribunals at all levels.

Paralegals also act as Police Station Representatives if they are accredited, giving advice to clients held in police custody.

The National Association of Licensed Paralegals is working to improve recognition for paralegals and has done so for nearly 24 years, having introduced qualifications and standards and self-regulation to the profession and is recognised by The Law Society of England as the professional body for paralegals in England & Wales.

In Scotland, the Scottish Paralegals Association has been recognised by the Law Society of Scotland as the independent professional body for paralegals in Scotland.

Canada

The Province of Ontario, Canada, recently became the first jurisdiction in North America to provide for the licensing of independent paralegals. This task will be the responsibility of the Law Society of Upper Canada (founded in 1797), which already regulates Ontario's 40,000 or so lawyers. Aspiring paralegals must complete an accredited educational program and complete a licensing exam. The Society will also be responsible for disciplining paralegals who do not conform to rules of professional conduct, known as the Paralegal Rules of Conduct.

The Province of Alberta, Canada, has no legislation in place currently that regulates paralegals. The majority of legal assistants and paralegals work under the supervision of a lawyer.

Australia

Australia has a distinct regime for the utiliziation of paralegals. According to one paralegal studies scholar:

The legal profession’s monopoly in Australia is, however, confined to the right of appearance in a court of law and to the preparation of certain documents for reward, which leaves a vast field of legal tasks open to performance by other workers, including paralegals.

— Jill Irene Cowley

Furthermore, Australian paralegals have "little formal recognition of, or status accorded" them, yet they "require specialist education."

Paralegals in films, television, literature, and politics

Unlike nurses and physician assistants, paralegals have not caught the popular imagination and rarely are seen or mentioned in fictional or non-fiction legal television programs, or in legal fiction in print. There are however exceptions.

The most famous is probably Erin Brockovich, a real legal clerk whose participation in a toxic tort case became a major motion picture. In the movie Eagle Eye (2008) starring Shia LaBeouf and Michelle Monaghan, Monaghan plays a single mom who works as a paralegal.

Another notable exception is the character Della Street, from the Perry Mason novel, television and movie series. Although Mason identifies Della as "my confidential secretary", the projects he assigns her are entirely consistent with the law office work performed by experienced paralegals.

John Grisham includes many paralegals in his novels; for example, Rudy Baylor (the main character in Rainmaker) works briefly as a paralegal - and his associate Deck subsequently becomes Rudy's paralegal when he starts his own firm.

Harvey Birdman: Attorney at Law, an esoteric cartoon comedy, features a paralegal in the form of Avenger, Harvey Birdman's eagle, who is usually seen managing files, preparing and presenting documents to the attorneys, and drafting letters to clients. Avenger will usually accompany the charismatic, yet often under-prepared, Birdman into court, and whisper case information and advice into his ear. Despite not knowing English, he is by far the most competent employee of Sebben & Sebben.

The most current example is likely contained in FX's The Riches in which Doug Rich, a con-artist played by Eddie Izzard, impersonates a lawyer at a cutthroat real estate development company. Rich's apparent lack of legal knowledge is often compensated by Aubrey McDonald, a highly-skilled paralegal who manages to help guide the under-educated anti-hero through more than a few sticky situations.

In American television, USA's "Suits" features a young paralegal named Rachel who greatly assists a young aspiring lawyer with various research and otherwise.

In Eoin Colfer's book, 'The Supernaturalists', paralegals are lawyers that double as mercenaries to apprehend and then prosecute offenders for the person, or more common, company who hired them.

A few current and former paralegals have also ventured into politics, including Amanda Reeve (Arizona State Legislature) and Michael Strautmanis (Obama friend and White House Staff).

See also

• Community college
• Contract attorney
• Individual rights advocate
• Proprietary colleges

External links

• Current ABA Definition of Legal Assistant/Paralegal
• United States Bureau of Labor Statistics government web site Occupational Outlook for Paralegals and Legal Assistants