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{{Main|White Brazilian|Immigration to Brazil}}
{{Main|White Brazilian|Immigration to Brazil}}
[[File:Helo Pinheiro.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Heloisa Pinheiro|Helô Pinheiro]], "[[The Girl from Ipanema]]"<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1437011.stm Girl from Ipanema fights for title]</ref>]]
[[File:Helo Pinheiro.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Heloisa Pinheiro|Helô Pinheiro]], "[[The Girl from Ipanema]]"<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1437011.stm Girl from Ipanema fights for title]</ref>]]

According to 2009 estimates, White Brazilians make up 49.7% of Brazil's population, or 95.3 million people.<ref name="PNAD 2005"/> Whites are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the main concentrations are in the South and Southeastern parts of the country.
Recent censuses in Brazil are conducted on the basis of self-identification. In the 2000 census, 53.7% of Brazilians (approximately 93 million people in 2000) identified themselves as White, and 39.1% as [[Pardo]] or [[multiracial]] Brazilians; but in 2008 a new National Survey of Household was conducted, and the percentage of Brazilians who self-identified as "Brancos" diminished to 48.4% (92 million people), while the Pardos increased up to 43.8%.<ref name="igbe 2008">[http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=262&i=P&nome=on&notarodape=on&tab=262&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&orc86=3&poc1=1&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&poc86=2&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=5&qtu2=5&sev=93&sev=1000093&opc86=1&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&sec86=0&sec86=2776&sec86=2777&sec86=2779&sec86=2778&sec86=2780&sec86=2781&ascendente=on&sep=43344&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc1=4&qtu1=1&cabec=on&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1&opn7=0&decm=99 IGBE: Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilio. Tabela 262 - População residente, por cor ou raça.]</ref> This significant percentage change is considered to be caused by people who used to identify themselves as White and now reappreciated their African ancestry, and so they changed their self-identification to "Pardo". Whites are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the main concentrations are in the South and Southeastern parts of the country.


By 1822, an estimated 500,000–700,000 Europeans had left for Brazil, most of them male colonial settlers from Portugal.<ref name="Imigrantes portugueses IBGE">[http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html Brasil 500 anos colonial]</ref><ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1234928 The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages]</ref> Rich immigrants, who established the first sugarcane plantations in [[Pernambuco]] and [[Bahia]], and, on the other hand, banished [[New Christian]]s and [[Romani people|Gypsies]] fleeing from religious persecution were among the early settlers. In the 18th century, an estimated 600,000 Portuguese arrived, including wealthier immigrants, as well as poor peasants attracted by the [[Brazil Gold Rush]] that was going on in [[Minas Gerais]].<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses/imigtransicao.html Século XVIII]</ref>
By 1822, an estimated 500,000–700,000 Europeans had left for Brazil, most of them male colonial settlers from Portugal.<ref name="Imigrantes portugueses IBGE">[http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses.html Brasil 500 anos colonial]</ref><ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1234928 The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages]</ref> Rich immigrants, who established the first sugarcane plantations in [[Pernambuco]] and [[Bahia]], and, on the other hand, banished [[New Christian]]s and [[Romani people|Gypsies]] fleeing from religious persecution were among the early settlers. In the 18th century, an estimated 600,000 Portuguese arrived, including wealthier immigrants, as well as poor peasants attracted by the [[Brazil Gold Rush]] that was going on in [[Minas Gerais]].<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/brasil500/portugueses/imigtransicao.html Século XVIII]</ref>

Revision as of 10:44, 8 April 2011

For the white Latino population of the United States, please see White Hispanic and Latino Americans
White Latin American
File:BlancoWhiteLatinoLatinAmericanoAmerican.jpg

1st row: Jose Marti[1] · Elena Poniatowska[2] · Don Francisco[3] · Sofía Mulánovich[4] · Oscar Cox[5]

2nd row: Juana de Ibarbourou[6] · Óscar Berger Perdomo[7] · Gisele Bundchen[8] · Jamil Mahuad Witt[9] · Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda[10]

3rd row: Hernán Büchi Buc · Shakira[11] · Francisco Morazán[12] · Eva Peron[13] · Mario Benedetti[14]

4th row: Dolores del Río[15] · Álvaro García Linera · Gabriela Sabatini[16] · Leon de Greiff[17] · Juana Inés de la Cruz[18]

5th row: Kaká[19] · Maria Montez[20] · Ángel Rivero Méndez[21] · Stefania Fernandez[22] · Manuel Belgrano[23]
Total population
White people
190 million – 203 million[24][25]
33% – 37% of Latin American population
Regions with significant populations
 Brazil93M[26] or 105M[27]
 Argentina34M[25]
 Mexico12.0M[28] or 17.0M[25] or 19M[29]
 Chile8.9M[25] or 10.7M[30]
 Colombia8.8M[27] or 11M[31]
 Cuba7.3M[32]
 Venezuela5.6M[33]
 Peru4.4M[27]
 Costa Rica3.5M[25]
 Puerto Rico3.2M[27]
 Uruguay3.1M[27]
 Dominican Republic1.5M[27]
 Bolivia1.4M[27]
 Ecuador1.4M[34]
 Paraguay1.3M[25]
 Nicaragua1M[27]
All other areas1.1M[27]
Languages
Portuguese, Spanish, and other languages[35]
Religion
Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestants); and other religions[36]

White Latin Americans[37] are the white population of Latin America. They are the descendants of 15th–19th century colonial-era settlers and of post-independence immigrants who came principally in the late decades of the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries.[38]

The original settlers were mostly Spanish and Portuguese. Post-independence, Italians have led numerically among the millions of immigrants. The Spaniards and Portuguese round out the top three. Notably large immigration occurred as well by Germans, Poles, Irish, British, French, Russians, Belgians, Dutch, Scandinavians, Ukrainians, Croats, Swiss, Greeks and other Europeans.[38][39][40] In at least some countries, the white population also includes Middle Easterners/Southwest Asians. The majority are Christian Arabs of Lebanese and Syrian origin, but there are Armenians, Maghrebi Jews (most Jewish Latin Americans are Ashkenazi), and others.[41]

Composing about 36% of the population as of 2010, White Latin Americans constitute the largest racial-ethnic group in the region.[24][25]

History

Latin America

More than one and a half million Portuguese and Spaniards settled in their American colonies during the colonial period.[42][43] The regions of Mexico and Peru became the principal destinations of Spanish migrants in the 16th century.[39]

For the region as a whole, the number of post-independence immigrants far surpassed that of settlers during the colonial period.[38] Argentina received more than half of the 11-12 million immigrants to South America in this time.[38] Brazil received 4.5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1960.[39]

Admixture

Since the European colonization, the evolution of Latin America's population is embedded in a long and widespread history of intermixing, so that many White Latin Americans have Native American and/or sub-Saharan African and/or, rarely, East Asian ancestry. Under the casta system of colonial Latin America, a person of mixed European/Native American ancestry, or Mestizo ancestry, would legally and automatically regain their limpieza de sangre (literally "purity of blood") and be classified as criollo with others in that category (a designation denoting "pure" Spaniards born in the Americas), if they were of one-eighth or less Native American ancestry. These would be the offspring of a castizo (1/4 Native American and 3/4 Spanish) with a Spaniard or a criollo (who may himself have been mixed).[44]

In practice, many castizos did themselves also subversively purchase their Whiteness all over Latin America, for a steep price,[45] with relevant "probanzas de limpieza de sangre" records altered, consolidating themselves within the lawfully white population. Additionally, at least in the parts of Latin America under the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Spanish territory in Mexico, Central America (except Panama), the Caribbean, Florida, and the present Southwestern United States; it later included the Louisiana region, to the Canadian border) officials in the late 16th century did actually decide "to grant limpieza certification to those who had no more than a fourth of native ancestry (called castizos)."[44]

Populations

In terms of absolute numbers, the largest White population in Latin America is found in Brazil, with 95.3 million whites out of 191.9 million total Brazilians, or 49.7% of the total population.[26] Argentina has the second largest white population, and Mexico has the third largest. In terms of percentage of the total population, Argentina has the largest white population, with up to 97% of the country self-identified as White. Depending on the definition of "Latin America", the smallest White population is either in Honduras, with only 1% White, approximately 75,000 people, or in Haiti. Guatemala's census groups both Whites and Mestizos (people of mixed White and Native American ancestry) in one category, so the exact percentage of White Guatemalans is undetermined.[24]

Country % local Population
(millions)
Brazil Brazil 49.7[26] or 53.7[24] 93 or 105
Argentina Argentina 85[25] or 97[46] 34
Mexico Mexico 9[47] or 15[25] or ~17[48] 12 or 17 or 19
Chile Chile 52.7[25] or 64[30] 8.9 or 10.7
Colombia Colombia 20[49] or 25[31] 8.8 or 11
Cuba Cuba 65.1[32] 7.3
Venezuela Venezuela 20[33] 5.6
Peru Peru 15[50] 4.4
Costa Rica Costa Rica 82[25] 3.8
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 76.2[51] 3.1
Uruguay Uruguay 88[52] 3
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 16[53] 1.6
Bolivia Bolivia 15[54] 1.4
Ecuador Ecuador 10.4[34] 1.4
Paraguay Paraguay 20[25] 1.3
Nicaragua Nicaragua 17[55] 1

Central America

Costa Rica

In Costa Rica the estimates of White people slightly vary between 77%[56] and 82%,[25] or about 3.1 - 3.5 million people. Other sources estimate that White Costa Ricans -who simply self identified as "Costa Ricans"- and other European groups comprise a 78.75%[57] of Costa Rica's population, or about 3,652,000 people. A combined ratio of 94% is given for the White and Mestizo populations by the CIA World Factbook.[58] Costa Rican European ancestry is mostly Spanish, though there are significant numbers of Costa Ricans descended from Italian, Greek, German, English, Dutch, French, Irish, Portuguese, Lebanese, and Polish families, as well as a sizable Jewish community.[citation needed]

El Salvador

Main article: Demographics of El Salvador

Of the total Salvadoran population, 12%, or 545,000, is white.[59] The composition of white European descendants are alike in all of Central America: They are mostly of Spanish descent, Dutch, Norwegian, Australian, Armenian, Georgian, Portuguese, Polish, Romanian, Hungarian, Albanian, Croatian, Greek, Russian, Swedish, Belgian, Austrian, English, French, Turkish, Swiss, German, Irish, Italian, Canadian, American, Palestinian ancestry, Sephardic French Jews and continuing with the arrival of World War II Ashkenazi Central European refugees.[citation needed] The majority of the white Salvadorans are in the national capital San Salvador, and in Chalatenango, Northern San Miguel, Northern La Union, and Santa Ana, Morazan, and Cabanas. El Salvador's Ex-President Tony Saca is of Palestinian descent, as was the leader of the left-wing opposition party (the FMLN) during his presidency - Schafik Handal. [citation needed]

Guatemala

The exact percentage of the white Guatemalan population is not known because the Guatemalan census combines mestizos and whites in one category, where they make up a combined total of 59.4%.[24] Whites are mostly of Spanish descent, but there are also those of German, English, French, Italian, Scandinavian, and American descent.[citation needed]

Some other sources place the percentage of whites at 5.1%, or about 649,000 people.[citation needed]

Honduras

Honduras contains perhaps the smallest percentage of whites in Latin America, with only 1% classified in this group, or up to 75,000 to 150,000 of the total population.[60] Of these, the majority are people of Spanish descent. A white population is found in the city of San Pedro Sula, especially descendants of Palestinians, and in the Bay Islands Department which descends from Caymanian settlers with English, Irish, Scottish, French, German, Italian and Greek descent.[citation needed]

Nicaragua

Main articles: Nicaraguan and Demographics of Nicaragua
File:Enrique Bolaños.jpg
Enrique Bolaños, 82nd President of Nicaragua. He is of Spanish and German heritage.[61]

White Nicaraguans make up 17%, just over 1 million, of the Nicaraguan population.[55] The majority of White Nicaraguans are of Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese, Belgian and French ancestry. In the 1800s Nicaragua experienced several waves of immigration, primarily from Europe. In particular, families from Germany, Italy, Spain, France and Belgium immigrated to Nicaragua, mostly to the departments in the Central and Pacific region. As a result, the Northern cities of Estelí, Jinotega and Matagalpa have significant fourth generation Germans. They established many agricultural businesses such as coffee and sugar cane plantations, and also newspapers, hotels and banks. The Jews of Nicaragua are descendants of Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe.

Also present is a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrians, Armenians, Palestinian Nicaraguans, and Lebanese Nicaraguans with a total population of about 30,000.

Panama

White Panamanians form 10%,[62] with the Spanish being the majority. Other ancestries includes Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, Greek, Italian, Lebanese, Portuguese, Polish and Russian. There is a sizable Panamanian Jewish community often of Eastern European origin have settled roots in Panama.

North America

Mexico

Main articles: Immigration to Mexico and Mexican people
Agustin de Iturbide was Mexican of Basque descent.[63]

White people in Mexico are an estimated 9%, 15%, or about 17% of Mexico's population, i.e. around 12, 17, or 19 million people.[25][28][48] The majority of them are of Spanish descent. However, many other non-Iberian immigrants (mostly French) also arrived during the Second Mexican Empire in the 1860s. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, immigrants from Italy, Germany, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Lebanon and Palestine also made Mexico their home.[64][65] In the 20th century, White Americans, Canadians, Greeks, Romanians, Portuguese, Armenians, Poles, Russians, Ashkenazi Jews, and immigrants from other Eastern European countries,[65] along with many Spanish refugees fleeing the Spanish Civil War, also settled in Mexico.[66]

The northern regions of Mexico, such as the states of Sonora, Chihuahua and Nuevo Leon, and particularly the city of Monterrey, hold the greatest European genetic admixture, with roughly 50-61% European admixture among the regional population.[67]

The only time that the Mexican Government has asked Mexicans about their perception of their own racial heritage was in the 1921 census.[68] 10% of the population answered that they were white. The Distrito Federal, in the Mexico City area, had the largest total of whites (206,514 of the 1.4 million nationwide), followed by Chihuahua (145,926), Sonora (115,151), Veracruz (114,150), and Mexico state (88,660), while in terms of percentage, the white population was most prominent in Sonora (41.85%), Chihuahua (36.33%), Baja California Sur (33.40%), Tabasco (27.56%), and Distrito Federal (22.79%).

Caribbean

Cuba

Main article: Cubans

White people in Cuba make up about 70%[32][69] of the total Cuban population, with the majority being of diverse Spanish descent. However, after the mass exodus resulting from Cuba becoming a Soviet satellite in 1959, the number of white Cubans actually residing in Cuba diminished. Today various records claiming the percentage of whites in Cuba are conflicting and uncertain; some reports (usually coming from Cuba) still report a less, but similar, pre-1959 number of 65% and others (usually from outside observers) report a 40-45%. Despite most white Cubans being of Spanish descent, many others are of French, Portuguese, German, Italian, and Russian descent.[70] During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of Canarians, Catalans, Andalusians, Castilians, and Galicians emigrated to Cuba. Also, one significant ethnic influx is derived from various Middle Eastern nations. Many Jews have also immigrated there, some of them Sephardic.[71] Given Cuba's thriving economic during its capitalistic era, between 1901 and 1958, more than a million Spaniards arrived to Cuba from Spain; many of these and their descendants left after Castro's communist regime took power.[citation needed]

Dominican Republic

Juan Pablo Duarte, Founding Father of the Dominican Republic, was born to a Spanish father and a mother of Spanish descent.[citation needed]

White people in Dominican Republic represent 16% of the total population,[53] with the vast majority being of Spanish descent. Notable other ancestries includes French, Italian, Lebanese, German, and Portuguese.[72][73][74] Most Dominicans have European Spanish ancestry along with African and Taino.

The government of Rafael Leónidas Trujillo made a point of increasing the white population, or "whitening" the racial composition of the country by rejecting black immigrants from Haiti and the local blacks as foreigners.[75] He also welcomed Jewish refugees in 1938 and Spanish farmers in the 1950s as part of this plan.[76][77] The country's German minority is the largest in the Caribbean.[78]

Some notable White Dominicans include Juan Luis Guerra, 2003 Miss Universe Amelia Vega, Miss Dominican Republic 2010 Eva Arias, world known fashion designer Oscar De La Renta, singer and television presenter Charytín Goyco, former Dominican president Hipólito Mejía, and painter Guillo Pérez.[citation needed]

Haiti

The Mulatto and the White population of Haiti make up about 5%.[79] Most of the white Haitians are descendants of French settlers, although most French left following the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, which resulted in Saint-Domingue's independence as the Republic of Haiti. The white community had numbered 32,000 in 1789.[80] There are also white Haitians that are descendants of Danes, Germans, Italians, Lebanese, Poles, Portuguese, Russians, and Syrians. The country has also small numbers of Haitians of Spanish descent, who are the descendants of the first settlers on the whole of Hispaniola before French rule came to Haiti.

Martinique

Note: Many definitions of Latin America do not include Martinique

White people in Martinique represent 5% of the population, as Martinique is an overseas French department, most whites are French.[81]

Puerto Rico

Ricky Martin is a pop singer.[82]
See also: Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico, Puerto Rican people, and Demographics of Puerto Rico

White Puerto Ricans of European, mostly Spanish descent, are said to comprise the majority. In the year 1899, one year after the U.S invaded and took control of the island, 61.8% of people identified as White. For the first time in fifty years, the 2000 United States Census asked people to define their race. One hundred years later, the total has risen to 80.5% (3,064,862), less than one percent more than reported in 1950.[83]

From the beginning of the twentieth century American observers remarked on the "surprising preponderance of the white race" on the island. One travel writer called Puerto Rico "the whitest of the Antilles". In a widely distributed piece, a geologist, wrote that the island was "notable among the West Indian group for the reason that its preponderant population is of the white race." In a more academic book he reiterated that "Porto Rico, at least, has not become Africanized.[84]

During the 19th century, hundreds of Corsican, French, Middle Eastern, and Portuguese families, along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain (mainly from Catalonia, Asturias, Galicia, the Balearic Islands, Andalusia, and the Canary Islands) and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain's former colonies in South America, arrived in Puerto Rico. Other settlers have included Irish, Scots, Germans, Italians, Greeks and thousands of others (such as Azoreans and Maltese) [citation needed] who were granted land from Spain during the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 (Royal Decree of Graces of 1815), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with a certain amount of free land. After the United States took possession of Puerto Rico after the Spanish-American War, an influx of Jews and White Americans began settling in Puerto Rico, continuing to the present day. Spanish refugees arrived in Puerto Rico during Francisco Franco’s rule in Spain.

The definition of whiteness in Puerto Rico is somehow different from the mainland US where the divisive measure of declaring someone "black" depending on any African ancestry, does not apply in Puerto Rican society. The majority of Puerto Ricans are of European descent, including a large minority of Afro-Puerto Ricans (20-25% of the island's population) can pass for being "white" or for having Caucasian appearance. The historical review of race relations in Puerto Rico with the entire Caribbean shown some progress of African slave families and European masters' children began to intermarry together slowly but profoundly over the island's 500-year history.

Saint Barthélemy

Note: Many definitions of Latin America do not include Saint Barthélemy

Most of the population are French-speaking descendants of the first settlers from Normandy and Brittany.[85]

South America

Argentina

* Guillermo Brown, an Irish-Argentine known as the father of the Argentine Navy.[86]
* Gabriel Batistuta is an ex-footballer of Italian descent.
Main articles: Argentine people, Immigration to Argentina, and Ethnography of Argentina

Although no official censuses based on ethnic classification have been carried out in Argentina, some international sources state that White people in Argentina make up somewhere between 89.7%[87] (around 36.7 million people). White people can be found in all areas of the country, but especially in the central-eastern region (Pampas), the central-western region (Cuyo), the southern region (Patagonia) and the north-eastern region (Litoral).

White Argentines are mainly descendants of immigrants who came from Europe and the Middle East in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[27][88] After the regimented Spanish colonists, waves of European settlers came to Argentina from the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. Major contributors included Italy (initially from Piedmont, Veneto and Lombardy, later from Campania, Calabria, and Sicily),[89] and Spain (most are Galicians and Basques, but there are Asturians, Cantabrians, Catalans, and Andalusians). Smaller but significant numbers of immigrants include Germans, primarily Volga Germans from Russia, but also Germans from Germany, Switzerland, and Austria; French which mainly came from the Occitania region of France; Slavic groups which most are Croats and Poles, but there are Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians, Bulgarians, Serbs and Montenegrins; British mainly from England and Wales: Irish who left from the Potato famine or British rule; Scandinavians from Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway; from the Ottoman Empire came mainly Armenians and Arabs (from what is now the countries of Lebanon and Syria). Smaller waves of settlers from Australia and South Africa, and the United States can be traced in Argentine immigration records.

The majority of Argentina's Jewish community derives from immigrants of north and eastern European origin (Ashkenazi Jews), and about 15–20% from Sephardic groups from Syria. Argentina is home to the fifth largest Ashkenazi Jewish community in the world. (See also History of the Jews in Argentina).

By the 1910s, after immigration rates peaked, over 30 percent of the country's population was from outside Argentina, and over half of Buenos Aires' population was foreign-born.[90][91] The 1914 national census, however, revealed that around 80 percent of the national population were either European immigrants, their children or grandchildren.[92] Among the remaining 20 percent (those descended from the population residing locally before this immigrant wave took shape in the 1870s), around a third were white.[93] European immigration continued to account for over half the nation's population growth during the 1920s, and was again significant (albeit in a smaller wave) following World War II.[92] It is estimated that Argentina received a total amount of 6.6 million European and Middle-Eastern immigrants during the period 1857-1940.[94]

White Argentines, therefore, likely peaked as a percentage of the national population at over 90% on or shortly after the 1947 census. Since the 1960s, increasing immigration from bordering countries to the north (especially from Bolivia and Paraguay, which have Amerindian and Mestizo majorities) has lessened that majority somewhat.[92]

Bolivia

Main article: Immigration to Bolivia

White people in Bolivia make up 15% of the nation's population, or up to 1.4 million.[54] The white population consists mostly of criollos, which consist of families of relatively unmixed Spanish ancestry from the Spanish colonists and also Spanish refugees fleeing the 1936–1939 Spanish Civil War. These have formed much of the aristocracy since independence. Other smaller groups within the white population are Germans, who founded the national airline Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano, as well as Italians, Americans, Basques, Lebanese, Croats, Russians, Polish, and other minorities, many of whose members descend from families that have lived in Bolivia for several generations.

Brazil

Main articles: White Brazilian and Immigration to Brazil
Helô Pinheiro, "The Girl from Ipanema"[95]

Recent censuses in Brazil are conducted on the basis of self-identification. In the 2000 census, 53.7% of Brazilians (approximately 93 million people in 2000) identified themselves as White, and 39.1% as Pardo or multiracial Brazilians; but in 2008 a new National Survey of Household was conducted, and the percentage of Brazilians who self-identified as "Brancos" diminished to 48.4% (92 million people), while the Pardos increased up to 43.8%.[96] This significant percentage change is considered to be caused by people who used to identify themselves as White and now reappreciated their African ancestry, and so they changed their self-identification to "Pardo". Whites are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the main concentrations are in the South and Southeastern parts of the country.

By 1822, an estimated 500,000–700,000 Europeans had left for Brazil, most of them male colonial settlers from Portugal.[97][98] Rich immigrants, who established the first sugarcane plantations in Pernambuco and Bahia, and, on the other hand, banished New Christians and Gypsies fleeing from religious persecution were among the early settlers. In the 18th century, an estimated 600,000 Portuguese arrived, including wealthier immigrants, as well as poor peasants attracted by the Brazil Gold Rush that was going on in Minas Gerais.[99]

After independence Brazil attracted larger numbers of European immigrants particularly after 1850, as a result of the end of the Atlantic slave trade and the expansion of coffee plantations in the region of São Paulo.[100][101] Between then and the mid–20th century nearly five million Europeans immigrated to Brazil, most of them Italians, Portuguese, Germans, Spaniards, Poles, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, and Ashkenazi Jews. Immigration peaked in 1891, when 215,239 Europeans arrived.[102] The period was characterized by an intense immigration of Italians (58.49%) and a decrease on the participation of the Portuguese (20%).[103]

After World War I, the Portuguese were once again the main group of immigrants, and Italians dropped to third place. Spanish immigrants rose to second place, as a result of the poverty that affected millions of rural Spanish workers.[104] Germans came in fourth, mainly during the Weimar Republic, due to the poverty and unemployment brought by World War I.[105] From 1914 to 1918, the entry of Poles, Romanians, Russians, and Jews increased. The other important group was composed of Syrian and Lebanese people.[103] After World War II, the European immigration reduced greatly, although from 1931 to 1963 1.1 million immigrants entered Brazil, mostly Portuguese.[102] In the mid-1970s, Portuguese refugees immigrated to Brazil after leaving their emancipating African colonies, and others arrived from Portuguese Macau because of strict dictatorial rule.[106][107]

Chile

Main articles: Demographics of Chile, Chilean people, and Immigration to Chile
Manuel Pellegrini, former Chilean footballer and ex-coach of Real Madrid[108]

In 2009, Chile had an estimated population of 16,970,000, of which approximately 8.8 million or 52.7% are white European, with mestizos estimated at 44%.[25] Other studies, found a white majority that would exceed 64% to 90% of the Chilean population.[109][110][111] Chile's various waves of immigrants consisted of Spanish, Italians, Irish, French, Greeks, Germans, English, Scots, Croats, and Palestinian arrivals.

The largest ethnic group in Chile arrived from Spain and the Basque regions in the south of France. Estimates of the number of descendants from Basques in Chile range from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 27% (4,500,000).[112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119]

In 1848 an important and substantial German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the German-Chilean community. Sponsored by the Chilean government for the colonization of the southern region, the Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, Silesians, Alsatians and Austrians), strongly influenced the cultural and racial composition of the southern provinces of Chile. The Chilean Embassy in Germany estimated 500,000 to 600,000 Chileans are of German origin.[120]

Note that Israelis, both Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of the nation of Israel may be included. Chile is home to a large population of immigrants, mostly Christian, from the Levant.[121] Roughly 500,000 Palestinian descendants are believed to reside in Chile.[122][123][124][125][126]

Other historically significant immigrant groups include: Croatia whose number of descendants today is estimated to be 380,000 persons, the equivalent of 2.4% of the population.[127][128] Other authors claim, on the other hand, that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population must have some Croatian ancestry.[129] Over 700,000 Chileans may have British (English, Scottish and Welsh) origin. 4.5% of Chile's population.[130] Chileans of Greek descent are estimated 90,000 to 120,000.[131] Most of them live either in the Santiago area or in the Antofagasta area, and Chile is one of the 5 countries with the most descendants of Greeks in the world.[132] The descendants of Swiss add 90,000[133] and it is estimated that about 5% of the Chilean population has some French ancestry.[134] 600,000 to 800,000 are descendants of Italians. Other groups of European descendants have followed, but are found in smaller numbers. They did transform the country culturally, economically and politically.

Colombia

Main articles: Colombian people and Immigration to Colombia
Jorge Isaacs Ferrer, Colombian writer, politician and soldier. Son of an English Jewish father and a Spanish mother.[135]

The white Colombian population is approximately 20% of the total population.[136] White Colombians are mostly descendants of Spaniards. Italian, German, British, French, Belgian, Irish, Portuguese, and Lebanese (Arab diaspora in Colombia) Colombians are found in notable numbers.

The Colombian Paisa Region received a strong immigration wave from Spain (Basques, and others from Extremadura and Andalusia) during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.

Ecuador

Main article: Demographics of Ecuador

White Ecuadorians, mostly criollos, descendants of Spanish colonists and also Spanish refugees fleeing the 1936—1939 Spanish Civil War, account for 7%, or approximately 960,000,[137] of the Ecuadorian population. Most still hold large amounts of lands, mainly in the northern Sierra, and live in Quito or Guayaquil. There is also a large number of white people in Cuenca, a city in the southern Andes of Ecuador, due to the arrival of Frenchmen in the area, in order to measure the arc of the Earth. Cuenca, Loja, and the Galápagos attracted German immigration during the early 20th century, and the Galápagos also had a small Norwegian fishing community until they were asked to leave.

French Guiana

Note: Many definitions of Latin America do not include French Guiana

12% of the population, mostly French.[138]

Paraguay

Main article: Demographics of Paraguay

Ethnically, culturally, and socially, Paraguay has one of the most homogeneous populations in South America. The exact percentage of the white Paraguayan population is not known because the Paraguayan census does not include racial or ethnic identification, save for the indigenous population,[139] which reached 1.7% of the country's total in the last census in 2002.[140] Other sources estimate the other groups. The mestizo population is estimated at 95% by the CIA World Factbook, and all other groups at 5%.[141] Thus, Whites and the remaining groups (Asians, Afro-Paraguayans, others, if any) combine for approximately 3.3% of the total population. The majority of whites are of Spanish descent with others being of Italian, German, or of other European descent.

Peru

Main articles: Peruvian people and Immigration to Peru

White Peruvians represent 15% of the population, or 4.4 million people according to the CIA Factbook.[50] They are descendants primarily of Spanish colonists, and also of Spanish refugees fleeing the Spanish Civil War; after World War II many German refuges fled to Peru and settled in large cities, while many others descend from Italian, French (mainly Basques), Austrian or German, Portuguese, British, Russians, Croatians, Lebanese, Jordanian, and Syrian immigrant families. The majority of the whites live in the largest cities, concentrated usually in the northern coastal cities of Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, and of course the capital Lima. The only southern city with a significant white population is Arequipa. To the north Cajamarca and San Martín Region are also places with a strong Spanish influence and ethnic presence.

Uruguay

Main article: Uruguayan people

White people in Uruguay represent approximately 93% of the population and are of prevalently European descent,[52] mainly Spaniards (both colonial settlers, post-Independence immigrants, and refugees fleeing Spanish Civil War), followed closely by Italians, then British, Germans, French, Swiss, Russians, Portuguese, Poles, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Latvians, Dutch, Belgians, Croatians, Lebanese, Armenians, Greeks, Scandinavians, and Irish.

Venezuela

Main articles: Venezuelan people and Immigration to Venezuela

Venezuela has no official percentages of whites, however, immigration from Europe that have not yet ceased, the white population increased, the unofficial estimates of the percentage of whites in Venezuela are between 29% to 30%. Most Venezuelans are of white Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and German. Nearly half a million European immigrants, mainly from Spain (as a sequel to the Spanish Civil War), and Italy and Portugal, and new immigrants or Middle Eastern Arabs entered the country during and after World War II, attracted by a prosperous, rapidly developing countries, where educated and skilled immigrants were received. Today, Venezuela has the third largest Spanish community outside of Spain after France and Argentina, the third Portuguese colony after Brazil and USA and one of the largest Italian colonies in Latin America after Agentina and Uruguay. The Germans even though they are a minority group, with the help of Colonel Agustin Codazzi and Benitz Alexander succeeded in founding in 1843 La Colonia Tovar, a German village that stimulate agricultural development and today is a tourist and cultural center of the country.

See also

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table code?†
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"columns-start" Yes Yes {{columns-start}} {{column}} {{columns-end}}
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"columns-list" No Yes {{columns-list}} (wraps div col) – –
Flexbox "flex columns" No Yes {{flex columns}} – –
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Notes and references

  1. ^ Alborch Bataller, Carmen, ed. (1995), José Martí: obra y vida, Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, Ediciones Siruela, ISBN 978-8478443000 .
  2. ^ http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/p/poniatowska_elena.htm
  3. ^ Rohter, Larry (2002-06-02). "TELEVISION/RADIO; For 100 Million, He Is Saturday Night". The New York Times.
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ Armstrong, Gary (1997). Entering the field: new perspectives on world football. Berg Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 1859731988, 9781859731987. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ [2]
  7. ^ Óscar Berger Perdomo / Guatemala / América Central y Caribe / Biografías Líderes Políticos / Documentación / CIDOB - Fundación CIDOB
  8. ^ [3]
  9. ^ http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:aXRnF9TNJygJ:www.unc.edu/mideast/teaching/Muslims_in_the_Americas.ppt+Jamil+Mahuad+kurzman&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1
  10. ^ Meyer, Doris (1995). Rereading the Spanish American essay: translations of 19th and 20th century women's essays. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292751826, 9780292751828. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  11. ^ "Shakira, de cuerpo entero". BBC News. 2002-12-30. Retrieved 2010-03-13. See also "Shakira: dELIAs Interview". Retrieved 2010-03-13.
  12. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=IQlliGpH4Z0C&pg=PA70&dq=%22Francisco+Morazan%22+Creole&output=html
  13. ^ http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/32045882/Remembering-Evita
  14. ^ [4]
  15. ^ Wood, Gaby (2002-10-27). "We're Latin lovers now". The Guardian. London. Also: LATINOS AND HOLLYWOOD FILM (filmreference.com).
  16. ^ [5]
  17. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/245733/Leon-de-Greiff
  18. ^ [6]
  19. ^ Bellos, Alex (2006-06-17). "World Cup 2006: Priveleged Kaka could be Brazil's best | Football | The Guardian ". London. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
  20. ^ [7]
  21. ^ [8]
  22. ^ [9]
  23. ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Manuel_Belgrano.aspx
  24. ^ a b c d e "CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing :: Ethnic groups". Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (2005). "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF). Convergencia (in Spanish). 38. Mexico: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades: 185–232, table on p. 218. ISSN 1405-1435. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) At least in some cases, the percentages given by Lizcano Fernández in 2005 have been used in conjunction with more recent figures for total national population, producing absolute numbers that differ from Lizcano Fernández's.
  26. ^ a b c "PNAD" (PDF) (in Portuguese). 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j CIA - The World Factbook - Argentina
  28. ^ a b The World Factbook, CIA
  29. ^ "Mexico: Ethnic Groups". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  30. ^ a b "Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile".
  31. ^ a b Genetica en Colombia.
  32. ^ a b c "TABLA II.3 POBLACION POR COLOR DE LA PIEL Y GRUPOS DE EDADES, SEGUN ZONA DE RESIDENCIA Y SEXO" (in Spanish). CubaGob.cu. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  33. ^ a b "Venezuela". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-08-25. "...about one-fifth of Venezuelans are of European lineage".
  34. ^ a b Nacional de Estadística y Censo del Ecuador INEC.
  35. ^ More precisely, these are the chief languages of Latin America, as per CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing :: Languages, accessed 2010-02-24.
  36. ^ The religious profile of the Latin American countries can be seen in CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing :: Religions (accessed 2010-02-24). As such, it is not the religious profile of White Latin Americans in particular, but is a good indication of White religious affiliation in the region's White-majority countries, especially.
  37. ^ The term "White Latin American" has been occasionally used for the commonalities of the different white groups in Latin America. For examples, see Repression: the recognition of human rights, page 15 excerpted from the book Cry of the People: The struggle for human rights in Latin America and the Catholic Church in conflict with US policy, by Penny Lernoux, Penguin Books, 1980, paper; or Globalization Dynamics in Latin America: South Cone and Iberian Investments, Mario Gómez Olivares, Department of Economy, ISEG/UTL, and Cezar Guedes, Departament of Economy, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro.
  38. ^ a b c d "South America: Postindependence overseas immigrants". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  39. ^ a b c Schrover, Marlou. "Migration to Latin America". Retrieved 2010-02-24.
  40. ^ CELADE (Organization). División de Población (2001). International migration and development in the Americas. United Nations Publications, 2001. p. 122. ISBN 9211213282, 9789211213287. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  41. ^ Klich, Ignacio; Lesser, Jeffrey (July 1996). ""Turco" Immigrants in Latin America" (PDF). The Americas. 53 (1): 1–14. doi:10.2307/1007471.
  42. ^ "L'emigració dels europeus cap a Amèrica" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  43. ^ "Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes". Archived from the original on November 20, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  44. ^ a b Martínez, María Elena. "The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico". History Cooperative. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
  45. ^ Frank W. Sweet (2000). Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise And Triumph of the One-drop Rule. Backintyme. pp. 215–235. ISBN 0-939479-23-0.
  46. ^ "Argentina: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  47. ^ "Mexico: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  48. ^ a b http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico/27384/Ethnic-groups
  49. ^ "Colombia: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  50. ^ a b "Peru: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  51. ^ "Puerto Rico: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  52. ^ a b "Uruguay: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  53. ^ a b "D.R.: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  54. ^ a b "Bolivia: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  55. ^ a b "Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  56. ^ Worldstatesmen.org: Costa Rica
  57. ^ The Joshua Project: Ethnic people groups of Costa Rica.
  58. ^ CIA The World Factbook: Costa Rica
  59. ^ "El Salvador: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
  60. ^ "Honduras; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
  61. ^ Google Translate [dead link‍]
  62. ^ "Panama; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
  63. ^ Werner, Michael S. (2001). Concise encyclopedia of Mexico. Houston, Tx. pp. 308–309. ISBN 1579583377. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  64. ^ "Asociaciones de Inmigrantes Extranjeros en la Ciudad de México. Una Mirada a Fines del Siglo XX" (PDF).
  65. ^ a b "Los Extranjeros en México, La inmigración y el gobierno ¿Tolerancia o intolerancia religiosa?" (PDF).
  66. ^ "Refugiados españoles en México".
  67. ^ Supporting Information Silva-Zolezzi et al. 10.1073/pnas.0903045106
  68. ^ RACIAL CLASSIFICATIONS IN JALISCO AND THE MEXICAN REPUBLIC – 1921 CENSUS
  69. ^ "Cuba; Ethnic Makeup". The Financial Times World Desk Reference. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  70. ^ "Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba". (from Cuban Genealogy Center)
  71. ^ "In Cuba, Finding a Tiny Corner of Jewish Life - New York Times". The New York Times. 2007-02-04. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  72. ^ "Origen de la población dominicana".
  73. ^ "Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales". Universidad de Barcelona.
  74. ^ "Sitios patrimonio de la humanidad: San Pedro de Macorís, República Dominicana".
  75. ^ Sagás, Ernesto. "A Case of Mistaken Identity: Antihaitianismo in Dominican Culture". Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  76. ^ Levy, Lauren. "The Dominican Republic's Haven for Jewish Refugees". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  77. ^ "...no hicieron Las Américas". El País. Retrieved 2007-12-08.
  78. ^ http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laender/DominikanischeRepublik.html
  79. ^ CIA World Factbook : Haiti.
  80. ^ "Slavery and the Haitian Revolution".
  81. ^ Martinique: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  82. ^ Boricua Pop: Ricky Martin
  83. ^ Puerto Rico's History on race
  84. ^ Representation of racial identity among Puerto Ricans and in the u.s. mainland
  85. ^ Fact Sheet on St. Barthélemy
  86. ^ http://www.portalplanetasedna.com.ar/brown.htm
  87. ^ Argentina This figure is the sum of 86.4% of White/European and 3.3% Arab.
  88. ^ Enrique Oteiza y Susana Novick sostienen que «la Argentina desde el siglo XIX, al igual que Australia, Canadá o Estados Unidos, se convierte en un país de inmigración, entendiendo por esto una sociedad que ha sido conformada por un fenómeno inmigratorio masivo, a partir de una población local muy pequeña.» (Oteiza, Enrique; Novick, Susana. Inmigración y derechos humanos. Política y discursos en el tramo final del menemismo. [en línea]. Buenos Aires: Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2000 [Citado FECHA]. (IIGG Documentos de Trabajo, N° 14). Disponible en la World Wide Web:http://www.iigg.fsoc.uba.ar/docs/dt/dt14.pdf); El antropólogo brasileño Darcy Ribeiro incluye a la Argentina dentro de los «pueblos trasplantados» de América, junto con Uruguay, Canadá y Estados Unidos (Ribeiro, Darcy. Las Américas y la Civilización (1985). Buenos Aires:EUDEBA, pp. 449 ss.); El historiador argentino José Luis Romero define a la Argentina como un «país aluvial» (Romero, José Luis. «Indicación sobre la situación de las masas en Argentina (1951)», en La experiencia argentina y otros ensayos, Buenos Aires: Universidad de Belgrano, 1980, p. 64)
  89. ^ Federaciones Regionales www.feditalia.org.ar
  90. ^ Dinámica migratoria: coyuntura y estructura en la Argentina de fines del XX
  91. ^ http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar/areas/hacienda/sis_estadistico/anu_estadistico/01/web01/c110.htm
  92. ^ a b c Rock, David. Argentina: 1516 - 1982. University of California Press, 1987.
  93. ^ Levene, Ricardo. History of Argentina. University of North Carolina Press, 1937.
  94. ^ Yale immigration study
  95. ^ Girl from Ipanema fights for title
  96. ^ IGBE: Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilio. Tabela 262 - População residente, por cor ou raça.
  97. ^ Brasil 500 anos colonial
  98. ^ The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages
  99. ^ Século XVIII
  100. ^ Fim da escravidão gera medidas de apoio a imigração no Brasil - 16/02/2005 - Resumos | História do Brasil
  101. ^ Café atrai imigrante europeu para o Brasil - 22/02/2005 - Resumos | História do Brasil
  102. ^ a b Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil
  103. ^ a b O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972)
  104. ^ IBGE espanhóis
  105. ^ A assimilação dos imigrantes como questão nacional
  106. ^ Portuguese Immigration (History)
  107. ^ Flight from Angola, The Economist, August 16, 1975
  108. ^ Template:Es El chileno Manuel Pellegrini aseguró en su presentación como nuevo entrenador del Real Madrid
  109. ^ Argentina, como Chile y Uruguay, su población está formada casi exclusivamente por una población blanca e blanca mestiza procedente del sur de Europa, más del 90% E. García Zarza, 1992, 19.
  110. ^ Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile.
  111. ^ The Chilean population is rather homogeneous with 95.4 % of its population having European ancestors.
  112. ^ Diariovasco.
  113. ^ entrevista al Presidente de la Cámara vasca.
  114. ^ vascos Ainara Madariaga: Autora del estudio "Imaginarios vascos desde Chile La construcción de imaginarios vascos en Chile durante el siglo XX".
  115. ^ Basques au Chili.
  116. ^ Contacto Interlingüístico e intercultural en el mundo hispano.instituto valenciano de lenguas y culturas. Universitat de València Cita: " Un 20% de la población chilena tiene su origen en el País Vasco".
  117. ^ Template:Es La población chilena con ascendencia vasca bordea entre el 15% y el 20% del total, por lo que es uno de los países con mayor presencia de emigrantes venidos de Euskadi.
  118. ^ El 27% de los chilenos son descendientes de emigrantes vascos. DE LOS VASCOS, OÑATI Y LOS ELORZA Waldo Ayarza Elorza.
  119. ^ Template:Es Presencia vasca en Chile.
  120. ^ German Embassy in Chile.
  121. ^ Arab.
  122. ^ Chile: Palestinian refugees arrive to warm welcome.
  123. ^ Template:Es 500,000 descendientes de primera y segunda generación de palestinos en Chile.
  124. ^ Template:Es Santiago de Chile es un modelo de convivencia palestino-judía.
  125. ^ Exiling Palestinians to Chile.
  126. ^ Template:Es Chile tiene la comunidad palestina más grande fuera del mundo árabe, unos 500.000 descendientes.
  127. ^ Template:Es Diaspora Croata..
  128. ^ Splitski osnovnoškolci rođeni u Čileu.
  129. ^ hrvatski.
  130. ^ "Historia de Chile, Británicos y Anglosajones en Chile durante el siglo XIX". Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  131. ^ Template:Es Embajada de Grecia en Chile.
  132. ^ Template:Es Griegos de Chile
  133. ^ 90,000 descendants Swiss in Chile.
  134. ^ Template:Es 5% de los chilenos tiene origen frances
  135. ^ http://www.dec.ufcg.edu.br/biografias/JorgIFer.html
  136. ^ Library of Congress Country Studies. Race and Ethnicity Retrieved November 10, 2007.
  137. ^ "Ecuador: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  138. ^ French Guiana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  139. ^ Paraguayan Census form
  140. ^ II CENSO NACIONAL INDÍGENA DE POBLACIÓN Y VIVIENDAS 2002. Pueblos Indígenas del Paraguay. Resultados Finales
  141. ^ "Paraguay: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
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