Barbarossa-class ocean liner: Difference between revisions
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===World War I=== |
===World War I=== |
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At the outbreak of [[World War I]], rather than face capture or destruction at the hands of the British [[Royal Navy]], most of the ''Barbarossa''-class ships were interned in neutral ports. ''König Albert'' and ''Moltke'' were interned at [[Genoa]],<ref name=B-Molt-Bluch /><ref name=B-KA>Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 566.</ref> while ''Blücher'' was interned at [[Pernambuco]], [[Brazil]].<ref name=B-Molt-Bluch /> Five ships were interned at U.S.-controlled ports: four—''Barbarossa'', ''Friedrich der Grosse'', ''Prinzess Irene'', and ''Hamburg''—were interned at [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], and ''Princess Alice'' was interned at [[Cebu]], [[Philippines|Philippine Islands]]. Only ''Königin Luise'' and ''Bremen'' were in German ports, where they remained throughout the war.<ref name=B-Brem-KL>Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 559–60.</ref> In September 1914, ''Hamburg'' was briefly renamed and [[ship chartering|chartered]] to the [[American Red Cross]]. Sailing under the name ''Red Cross'', she made one roundtrip voyage to Europe before returning to New York, and her previous name.<ref name=B- |
At the outbreak of [[World War I]], rather than face capture or destruction at the hands of the British [[Royal Navy]], most of the ''Barbarossa''-class ships were interned in neutral ports. ''König Albert'' and ''Moltke'' were interned at [[Genoa]],<ref name=B-Molt-Bluch /><ref name=B-KA>Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 566.</ref> while ''Blücher'' was interned at [[Pernambuco]], [[Brazil]].<ref name=B-Molt-Bluch /> Five ships were interned at U.S.-controlled ports: four—''Barbarossa'', ''Friedrich der Grosse'', ''Prinzess Irene'', and ''Hamburg''—were interned at [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], and ''Princess Alice'' was interned at [[Cebu]], [[Philippines|Philippine Islands]]. Only ''Königin Luise'' and ''Bremen'' were in German ports, where they remained throughout the war.<ref name=B-Brem-KL>Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 559–60.</ref> In September 1914, ''Hamburg'' was briefly renamed and [[ship chartering|chartered]] to the [[American Red Cross]]. Sailing under the name ''Red Cross'', she made one roundtrip voyage to Europe before returning to New York, and her previous name.<ref name="B-Molt-Bluch">Bonsor, Vol. 1, p. 410.</ref> |
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As Italy, the United States, and Brazil successively joined the war, each seized the interned ''Barbarossa'' ships (along with all other German and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] ships) and renamed them. In Italy, ''Moltke'' became ''Pesaro'', while ''König Albert'' became [[hospital ship]] ''Ferdinando Palasciano''; in Brazil, ''Blücher'' became ''Leopoldina''.<ref name=B-Molt-Bluch /> The five ships interned under U.S. control all became [[United States Navy]] [[transport ship]]s, and were renamed as follows: |
As Italy, the United States, and Brazil successively joined the war, each seized the interned ''Barbarossa'' ships (along with all other German and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] ships) and renamed them. In Italy, ''Moltke'' became ''Pesaro'', while ''König Albert'' became [[hospital ship]] ''Ferdinando Palasciano''; in Brazil, ''Blücher'' became ''Leopoldina''.<ref name=B-Molt-Bluch /> The five ships interned under U.S. control all became [[United States Navy]] [[transport ship]]s, and were renamed as follows: |
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* ''Friedrich der Grosse'' became USS ''Huron'' (ID-1408)<ref name=D-FDG /> |
* ''Friedrich der Grosse'' became USS ''Huron'' (ID-1408)<ref name=D-FDG /> |
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* ''Prinzess Irene'' became USS ''Pocahontas'' (ID-3044)<ref name=D-PI>Drechsel, p. 231–32.</ref> |
* ''Prinzess Irene'' became USS ''Pocahontas'' (ID-3044)<ref name=D-PI>Drechsel, p. 231–32.</ref> |
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* ''Hamburg'' became USS ''Powhatan'' (ID-3013)<ref name=B- |
* ''Hamburg'' became USS ''Powhatan'' (ID-3013)<ref name="B-Molt-Bluch"/> |
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* ''Princess Alice'' became USS ''Princess Matoika'' (ID-2290)<ref name=D-PA>Drechsel, p. 338–39.</ref> |
* ''Princess Alice'' became USS ''Princess Matoika'' (ID-2290)<ref name=D-PA>Drechsel, p. 338–39.</ref> |
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These five ex-German transports carried over 95,000 American troops to France before the [[Armistice with Germany|Armistice]].<ref>Gleaves, p. 246, 248.</ref> |
These five ex-German transports carried over 95,000 American troops to France before the [[Armistice with Germany|Armistice]].<ref>Gleaves, p. 246, 248.</ref> |
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* {{cite book | last = Putnam | first = William Lowell | authorlink = William Lowell Putnam | title = The Kaiser's Merchant Ships in World War I | location = [[Jefferson, North Carolina]] | publisher = [[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] | year = 2001 | isbn = 9780786409235 | oclc = 46732396 }} |
* {{cite book | last = Putnam | first = William Lowell | authorlink = William Lowell Putnam | title = The Kaiser's Merchant Ships in World War I | location = [[Jefferson, North Carolina]] | publisher = [[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] | year = 2001 | isbn = 9780786409235 | oclc = 46732396 }} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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{{Barbarossa class ocean liners}} |
{{Barbarossa class ocean liners}} |
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Revision as of 08:28, 13 March 2010
 SS Bremen in port in 1905
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| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Name | Barbarossa-class ocean liner |
| Builders | list error: <br /> list (help) AG Vulcan, Stettin (6) Blohm & Voss, Hamburg (3) F. Schichau, Danzig (1) |
| Operators | list error: <br /> list (help) North German Lloyd Hamburg America Line |
| Built | 1896–1901 |
| In service | 1896–1935 |
| Completed | 10 |
| Lost | 1 sunk in service |
| Scrapped | 9 |
| Preserved | None |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | ocean liner |
| Tonnage | 10,525–12,335 GT GT uses unsupported parameter (help) |
| Length | 152.18–160.19 m (499.3–525.6 ft), LBP |
| Beam | 18.29–18.99 m (60.0–62.3 ft) |
| Propulsion | list error: <br /> list (help) two quadruple-expansion steam engines, (7,000–9,900 hp (5,200–7,400 kW)*) twin screw propellers |
| Speed | 15–16 knots (28–30 km/h) |
| Passengers: | 2,026–2,392, consisting of:
|
| Crew | 171–250, depending on season and ship |
| Notes | two funnels, two masts |
The Barbarossa class was a class of ocean liners of North German Lloyd and the Hamburg America Line of the German Empire. Of the ten ships built between 1896 and 1902, six were built by AG Vulcan Stettin, three were built by Blohm and Voss, and one was built by F. Schichau; all were built in Germany. They averaged 11,000 GRT GRT uses unsupported parameter (help) and featured twin screw propellers driven by quadruple-expansion steam engines.
History
Early career
The first four ships of the class, Friedrich der Grosse, Barbarossa, Königin Luise, and Bremen were launched in 1896 for North German Lloyd (Template:Lang-de or NDL) in a combination class usable on several of NDL's routes. The class was intended to be called the Bremen class but delays in the building of that ship caused the class to instead be named after Barbarossa.[1] Despite the name of the class, the first ship launched was Friedrich der Grosse in August—at 10,531 GRT, the first German ship over 10,000 GRT[2]—followed by Barbarossa,[3] Königin Luise,[4] and Bremen at monthly intervals.[5] These first four ships were used on Australian, Far East, and North Atlantic routes for NDL. On Australian and Far East voyages, the liners transited the Suez Canal, and were, along with NDL's Grosser Kurfürst,[Note 1] the largest ships regularly using the canal. The size of these liners was a principal reason for the canal's deepening; Bremen, on one trip to Australia, became the first ship to transit the newly deepened canal.[6]
The latter six ships, two for NDL and four for the Template:HAPAG, were launched between June 1899 and November 1901. NDL's two liners, König Albert and Prinzess Irene were launched a year apart in June 1899 and June 1900, respectively, and were used in the same manner as the first four ships, spending time on Australian, Far East, and North Atlantic routes.[7]
Of the four Template:HAPAG liners, two, Hamburg and Kiautschou, were launched in November 1899 and September 1900 for the Far East mail routes that Template:HAPAG and NDL shared.[8] Displeased with the Far East service, Template:HAPAG withdrew and transferred Hamburg to North Atlantic service and traded Kiautschou to NDL for five freighters in 1904.[9] Kiautschou, renamed by NDL to Princess Alice, became the only Barbarossa-class ship to sail for both of the major German passenger lines.
The last two Barbarossa ships were Moltke and Blücher, launched in August and November 1901. Moltke spent time on North Atlantic and Mediterranean routes; Blücher on North Atlantic and South American routes.[10]
World War I
At the outbreak of World War I, rather than face capture or destruction at the hands of the British Royal Navy, most of the Barbarossa-class ships were interned in neutral ports. König Albert and Moltke were interned at Genoa,[10][11] while Blücher was interned at Pernambuco, Brazil.[10] Five ships were interned at U.S.-controlled ports: four—Barbarossa, Friedrich der Grosse, Prinzess Irene, and Hamburg—were interned at Hoboken, New Jersey, and Princess Alice was interned at Cebu, Philippine Islands. Only Königin Luise and Bremen were in German ports, where they remained throughout the war.[12] In September 1914, Hamburg was briefly renamed and chartered to the American Red Cross. Sailing under the name Red Cross, she made one roundtrip voyage to Europe before returning to New York, and her previous name.[10]
As Italy, the United States, and Brazil successively joined the war, each seized the interned Barbarossa ships (along with all other German and Austro-Hungarian ships) and renamed them. In Italy, Moltke became Pesaro, while König Albert became hospital ship Ferdinando Palasciano; in Brazil, Blücher became Leopoldina.[10] The five ships interned under U.S. control all became United States Navy transport ships, and were renamed as follows:
- Barbarossa became USS Mercury (ID-3012)[3]
- Friedrich der Grosse became USS Huron (ID-1408)[2]
- Prinzess Irene became USS Pocahontas (ID-3044)[13]
- Hamburg became USS Powhatan (ID-3013)[10]
- Princess Alice became USS Princess Matoika (ID-2290)[14]
These five ex-German transports carried over 95,000 American troops to France before the Armistice.[15]
Postwar service
At the conclusion of World War I, war reparations permanently assigned the eight seized ships to the nations that held them. Further, Königin Luise and Bremen, safely laid up in Germany during the war, were assigned to the UK.[12] Apart from those two, only two other Barbarossa-class ships changed national registry after the war. Brazil sold Leopoldina (the ex-Blücher) to the French Compagnie Générale Transatlantique which operated her under the name Suffren.[10] Pocahontas (the ex-Prinzess Irene) was laid up in Gibraltar after mechanical failures and was purchased by NDL in 1923. She became the only member of the Barbarossa class to resume sailing under the German flag. First renamed Bremen and later Karlsruhe (to free the name Bremen for a newer ship), she sailed primarily on the Bremen–New York route.[13]
In 1922, City of Honolulu (the ex-Friedrich der Grosse), sailing on her first roundtrip on the Los Angeles–Honolulu route for the Los Angeles Steamship Company, caught fire and burned in a calm sea. No one on board was killed or injured when the lifeboats were launched, and when towing the burned hulk proved unsuccessful, the ship was sunk by gunfire from a United States Coast Guard Cutter; she was the only member of the Barbarossa class to sink.[2] By the end of the 1920s, six more Barbarossa ships had met their ends at the hands of shipbreakers, and none of the remaining three ships would survive the next decade. All were scrapped by 1935, bringing an end to the career of the Barbarossa class.
The ships
| Ship | Tonnage | Builder | Original Operator |
Launch | Fate | Later names |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Friedrich der Grosse[16] | 10,531 GT | AG Vulcan | NDL | 1 August 1896 | Sunk after fire, 1922 | Huron, 1917 City of Honolulu, 1922 |
| Barbarossa[12] | 10,769 GT | Blohm & Voss | NDL | 5 September 1896 | Scrapped, 1924 | Mercury, 1917 |
| Königin Luise[16] | 10,566 GT | AG Vulcan | NDL | 17 October 1896 | Scrapped, 1935 | Omar, 1921 Edison, 1924 |
| Bremen[17] | 10,525 GT | F. Schichau | NDL | 14 November 1896 | Scrapped, 1929 | Constantinople, 1921 King Alexander, 1924 |
| König Albert[11] | 10,643 GT | AG Vulcan | NDL | 24 June 1899 | Scrapped, 1926 | Ferdinando Palaciano, 1915 Italia, 1922 |
| Hamburg[10] | 10,532 GT | AG Vulcan | Template:HAPAG | 25 November 1899 | Scrapped, 1928 | Powhatan, 1917 New Rochelle, 1920 Hudson, 1921 President Fillmore, 1922 |
| Prinzess Irene[18] | 10,881 GT | AG Vulcan | NDL | 19 June 1900 | Scrapped, 1932 | Pocahontas, 1917 Bremen, 1923 Karlsruhe, 1928 |
| Kiautschou[19] | 10,911 GT | AG Vulcan | Template:HAPAG | 14 September 1900 | Scrapped, 1934 | Princess Alice, 1904 Princess Matoika, 1918 President Arthur, 1923 City of Honolulu, 1926 |
| Moltke[20] | 12,335 GT | Blohm & Voss | Template:HAPAG | 27 August 1901 | Scrapped, 1925 | Pesaro, 1919 |
| Blücher[21] | 12,334 GT | Blohm & Voss | Template:HAPAG | 23 November 1901 | Scrapped, 1929 | Leopoldina, 1917 Suffren, 1923 |
Notes
- ^ Putnam (p. 140–42) includes "Grosse Kurfürst" [sic] as a Barbarossa-class ship, but Drechsel (p. 165) calls her an "only-vessel". Grosser Kurfürst was almost 3,000 GT larger than the other Barbarossa-class ships and a full 10 meters (33 ft) longer, supporting Drechsel's view. (See Drechsel, p. 232.)
References
- ^ Drechsel, p. 165.
- ^ a b c Drechsel, p. 167–68.
- ^ a b Drechsel, p. 168–69.
- ^ Drechsel, p. 170.
- ^ Drechsel, p. 170–71.
- ^ Drechsel, p. 166.
- ^ Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 563, 566.
- ^ Bonsor, Vol. 1, p. 408, 410.
- ^ Drechsel, p. 338.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bonsor, Vol. 1, p. 410.
- ^ a b Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 566.
- ^ a b c Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 559–60.
- ^ a b Drechsel, p. 231–32.
- ^ Drechsel, p. 338–39.
- ^ Gleaves, p. 246, 248.
- ^ a b Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 559.
- ^ Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 560.
- ^ Bonsor, Vol. 2, p. 563.
- ^ Bonsor, Vol. 1, p. 408, Vol. 2, p. 566.
- ^ Bonsor, Vol. 1, p. 407–08.
- ^ Bonsor, Vol. 1, p. 408.
Bibliography
- Bonsor, N. R. P. (1975) [1955]. North Atlantic Seaway, Volume 1 (Enlarged and revised ed.). New York: Arco Publishing Company. ISBN 0668036796. OCLC 1891992.
- Bonsor, N. R. P. (1978) [1955]. North Atlantic Seaway, Volume 2 (Enlarged and completely revised ed.). Saint Brélade, Jersey: Brookside Publications. ISBN 0905824016. OCLC 29930159.
- Drechsel, Edwin (1994). Norddeutscher Lloyd, Bremen, 1857–1970: History, Fleet, Ship Mails, Volume 1. Vancouver, British Columbia: Cordillera Pub. Co. ISBN 9781895590081. OCLC 30357825.
- Gleaves, Albert (1921). A History of the Transport Service: Adventures and Experiences of United States Transports and Cruisers in the World War. New York: George H. Doran Company. OCLC 976757.
- Putnam, William Lowell (2001). The Kaiser's Merchant Ships in World War I. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 9780786409235. OCLC 46732396.