Great Britain: Difference between revisions
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{{main|Kingdom of Great Britain|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}} |
{{main|Kingdom of Great Britain|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}} |
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"Great Britain" is the eastern island of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]. Politically, "Great Britain" describes the combination of [[England]], [[Scotland]], and [[Wales]], and therefore also includes a number of outlying islands such as the [[Isle of Wight]], [[Anglesey]], the [[Isles of Scilly]], the [[Hebrides]], and the island groups of [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]]. It does not include the outlying islands of the [[Isle of Man]] and the [[Channel Islands]] as they have independent legislative and taxation systems.<ref>{{cite web | title = Key facts about the United Kingdom | work = | publisher = Direct.gov.uk | url = http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 | accessdate = 2008-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Ademuni-Odeke | first = | title = Bareboat Charter (ship) Registration | publisher = Martinus Nijhoff Publishers | date = 1998 | pages = 367 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rvIWmznNEGYC&pg=PA367&dq=great+britan+political+definiton+isle+of+man&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U3wgiQcCuZU2yn9ApGgLix9BwuYmg#PPA367,M1 | isbn = 9041105131}}</ref> |
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Great Britain evolved politically into a union of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] from a personal union in 1603 with the [[Union of Crowns]] under [[James VI of Scotland]], [[James VI of Scotland|I of England]]. The political union that merged the two countries happened with the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] in 1707 which merged the parliaments of each nation and thus resulted in the formation of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], which covered the entire island. |
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In turn, in 1801, an Act of Union between Great Britain and [[Ireland]] created the larger [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] (UK). This in turn became the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]] in 1922, following the creation in Ireland of the [[Irish Free State]]. In some countries the term Great Britain can be used to mistakenly denote the United Kingdom. This error can be compared with the use of the term Russia to mean the former USSR. Conversely, the Olympic team for the UK is called Team GB. |
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==Geographical definition== |
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{{main|Geography of Great Britain}} |
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{{see|Geography of England|Geography of Scotland|Geography of Wales}} |
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'''Great Britain''' lies to the northwest of [[Continental Europe]], with [[Ireland]] to the west, and makes up the larger part of the [[Territory (country subdivision)|territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. It is surrounded by 1000 smaller [[islands]] and [[islets]]. It occupies an area of 209,331 km² (80,823 square miles).<ref name="unep">United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ISLAND DIRECTORY TABLES "ISLANDS BY LAND AREA". Retrieved from http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm on 24 August 2008.</ref> |
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It is the [[List of islands by population|third most populous island]] after [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Honshū]].<ref>See [http://www.geohive.com/cd/index.php Geohive.com Country data]; [http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/kokusei/2000/final/hyodai.htm Japan Census of 2000]; [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/ United Kingdom Census of 2001]. The editors of [[List of islands by population]] appear to have used similar data from the relevant statistics bureaux, and totalled up the various administrative districts that comprise each island, and then done the same for less populous islands. An editor of this article has not repeated that work. Therefore this plausible and eminently reasonable ranking is posted as unsourced [[Wikipedia:Common knowledge|common knowledge]].</ref> |
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Great Britain stretches over about ten degrees of [[latitude]] on its longer, north–south axis. Geographically, the island is marked by low, rolling countryside in the east and south, while hills and mountains predominate in the western and northern regions. |
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The [[English Channel]] is of geologically recent origins, having been dry land for most of the [[Pleistocene]] period. It is thought to have been created between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago by two catastrophic [[glacial lake outburst flood]]s caused by the breaching of the [[Weald-Artois Anticline]], a ridge which held back a large [[proglacial lake]] in the [[Doggerland]] region, now submerged under the North Sea. The flood would have lasted several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second. The cause of the breach is not known but may have been caused by an [[earthquake]] or simply the build-up of [[water pressure]] in the lake. As well as destroying the isthmus that connected Great Britain to continental Europe, the flood carved a large bedrock-floored valley down the length of the English Channel, leaving behind streamlined islands and longitudinal erosional grooves characteristic of catastrophic megaflood events.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Sanjeev |coauthors=Jenny S. Collier, Andy Palmer-Felgate & Graeme Potter |year=2007 |title=Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=448 |issue=7151 |pages=342–345 |doi=10.1038/nature06018 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7151/full/nature06018.html |laysummary=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19833064/ |laysource=[[msnbc.com]] |laydate=2007-07-18 |accessdate=2007-07-18 }}</ref> |
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== History== |
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{{main|History of Great Britain}} |
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{{see|Prehistoric Britain|Roman Britain|Medieval Britain|Early Modern Britain }} |
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{{see|History of England|History of Scotland|History of Wales}} |
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Traces of early humans have been found in Great Britain from some 700,000 years ago and modern humans from about 30,000 years ago. Up until about 9,000 years ago, Great Britain was joined to [[Ireland]]. As recently as 8,000 years ago Great Britain was joined to the continent. The southeastern part of Great Britain was still connected by a strip of low marsh to the European mainland in what is now northeastern France. In [[Cheddar Gorge]] near [[Bristol]], the remains of animal species native to mainland Europe such as [[antelope]]s, [[brown bear]]s, and [[wild horse]]s have been found alongside a human skeleton, '[[Cheddar Man]]', dated to about 7150 B.C. Thus, animals and humans must have moved between mainland Europe and Great Britain via a crossing.<ref>Lacey, Robert. ''Great Tales from English History''. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2004. ISBN 0-316-10910-X.</ref> |
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The island of Great Britain formed at the end of the [[Pleistocene]] [[ice age]] when sea levels rose due to [[isostatic depression]] of the crust and the melting of [[glacier]]s. The island was first inhabited by people who crossed over the land bridge from the European mainland. Its [[Iron Age]] inhabitants are known as the [[Britons (historic)|Britons]], a group speaking a [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]], and most of it (not the northernmost part (beyond [[Hadrian's Wall]]), where the majority of [[Scotland]] lies today) was conquered to become the [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Roman]] province of ''[[Roman Britain|Britannia]]''. After the fall of the Roman Empire, over a period of 500 years, the Britons of the south and east of the island were assimilated or displaced by invading [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] tribes ([[Anglo-Saxons|Angles, Saxons, and Jutes]]) who became known as the [[English people]]. At about the same time Scots invaded from Ireland, absorbing both the [[Picts]] and [[Britons]] of northern Britain, and in the 9th Century the Kingdom of [[Scotland]] was formed. Some Britons were driven back to form present day [[Wales]] and [[Cornwall]] whilst others emigrated to modern day Brittany. |
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== Headline text == |
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The south-east of Scotland was colonised by the [[Angles]] and formed, until 1018, a part of the [[Kingdom of Northumbria]]. To speakers of Germanic languages, the Britons were called ''Welsh'', a term that eventually came to be applied exclusively to the inhabitants of what is now [[Wales]], but which survives also in names such as [[Wallace (surname)|Wallace]]. In subsequent centuries [[Vikings]] settled in several parts of the island, and The [[Norman Conquest]] introduced a French ruling élite who were also eventually assimilated. |
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Since the [[Acts of Union 1707|union of 1707]], the entire island has been one political unit, first as the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], later as part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], and then as part of the present [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]. Since the formation of this unified state, the adjective ''British'' has come to refer to things associated with the [[United Kingdom]] generally, such as citizenship, and not the island of Great Britain. <ref> Britain 2001:The Official Handbook of the United Kingdom, 2001, ONS/Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London, ISBN 011 621278 0 </ref> |
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Though England and Scotland each remained legally in existence as separate countries with their own parliaments, on 20 October 1604 King James proclaimed himself as 'King of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland', a title that continued to be used by many of his successors. <ref>[http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/britstyles.htm#1604 Proclamation styling James I King of Great Britain on 20 October 1604]</ref> In 1707, an [[Act of Union 1707|Act of Union]] joined both parliaments. That act used two different terms to describe the new all island nation, a 'United Kingdom' and the 'Kingdom of Great Britain'. However, the former term is regarded by many as having been a ''description'' of the union rather than its formal name at that stage. Most reference books therefore, describe the all-island kingdom that existed between 1707 and 1800 as the "Kingdom of Great Britain". |
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In 1801, under a new [[Act of Union 1800|Act of Union]], this kingdom merged with the [[Kingdom of Ireland]], over which the monarch of Great Britain had ruled. The new kingdom was from then onward unambiguously called the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. In 1922, 26 of Ireland's [[Counties of Ireland|32 counties]] attained dominion status within the British Empire, forming a separate [[Irish Free State]]. The remaining truncated kingdom has therefore since then been known as the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]. |
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==Terminology== |
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===Etymology=== |
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{{main|Britain (name)}} |
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The oldest mentions of terms related to the formal name of Britain was made by [[Aristotle]] (c. 384 – 322 BC), in his text [On The Universe], Vol. III. To quote his works, “...in the ocean however, are two islands, and those very large, called Bretannic, Albion and Ierna....” |
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The archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over two thousand years, the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe the island group. [[Pliny the Elder]] (c. 23 – 79 AD) in his The [Natural History] (iv.xvi.102) records of Great Britain stated, ‘It was itself named Albion, while all the islands about which we shall soon briefly speak were called the Britanniae. |
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The earliest known name of Great Britain is ''[[Albion]]'' (Ἀλβίων) or ''insula Albionum'', from either the Latin ''albus'' meaning white (referring to the [[white cliffs of Dover]], the first view of Britain from the continent) or the "island of the ''Albiones''", first mentioned in the ''[[Massaliote Periplus]]'' and by [[Pytheas]].<ref name="snyder">{{cite book |
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| last = Snyder |
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| first = Christopher A. |
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| title = The Britons |
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| publisher = [[Blackwell Publishing]] |
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| date = 2003 |
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| id = ISBN 0-631-22260-X }}</ref> |
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The name ''Britain'' descends from the Latin name for Britain, ''Brittania'' or ''Brittānia'', the land of the Britons. [[Old French]] ''Bretaigne'' (whence also [[Modern French]] ''[[Bretagne]]'') and [[Middle English]] ''Bretayne, Breteyne''. The French form replaced the [[Old English]] ''Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten'' (also ''Breoton-lond, Breten-lond''). Brittania was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the [[British Isles]] taken together. It is derived from the travel writings of the [[ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] [[Pytheas]] around 320 BC, which described various islands in the North Atlantic as far North as [[Thule]] (probably [[Iceland]]). |
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The peoples of these islands of ''Prettanike'' were called the Πρεττανοι, ''[[Priteni]]'' or ''Pretani''.<ref name=snyder/> |
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''Priteni'' is the source of the [[Welsh language]] term [[Prydain]], ''Britain'', which has the same source as the [[Goidelic languages|Goidelic]] term [[Cruithne (people)|Cruithne]] used to refer to the early [[Brythonic languages|Brythonic]] speaking inhabitants of Ireland. <ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Foster (editor) |
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| first = R F |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = Donnchadh O Corrain, Professor of Irish History at University College Cork: (Chapter 1: ''Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland'') |
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| title = The Oxford History of Ireland |
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| publisher = Oxford University Press |
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| date = 1 November 2001 |
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| location = |
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| url = |
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| doi = |
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| id = ISBN 0-19-280202-X }}</ref> The latter were later called [[Picts]] or [[Caledonians]] by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]. |
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It has also been claimed{{Fact|date=December 2008}} that the name derives from ''Breta'', a pre-Roman British folk deity. |
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===Derivation of 'Great'=== |
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After the [[Old English]] period, ''Britain'' was used as a historical term only. |
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[[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] in his [[Pseudohistory|pseudohistorical]] ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'' (''circa'' 1136) refers to the island of Great Britain as ''Britannia major'' ("Greater Britain"), to distinguish it from ''Britannia minor'' ("Lesser Britain"), the continental region which approximates to modern [[Brittany]]. |
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===Use of the term ''Great Britain''=== |
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"Great Britain" refers to three quarters of the "[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]" (UK). It refers only to the largest island and refers to England, Scotland and Wales as a unit. It does not include Northern Ireland.<ref> Britain 2001:The Official Handbook of the United Kingdom, 2001, ONS/Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London, ISBN 011 621278 0 </ref> |
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In 1975 the government affirmed that the term [[Britain (disambiguation)|Britain]], not Great Britain, could be used as a shortened form of the United Kingdom. <ref> Britain 2001:The Official Handbook of the United Kingdom, 2001, ONS/Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London, ISBN 011 621278 0 </ref> [[British (disambiguation)|British]] refers, however, to all citizens of the United Kingdom, Welsh, Scottish, English and Northern Irish. <ref> Britain 2001-The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom, 2001, Office of National Statistics/Her Majesty's Stationary Office ISN 011 621278 0 </ref> |
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The abbreviations '''GB''' and '''GBR''' are used in some international codes as a synonym for the United Kingdom. Examples include: [http://www.upu.int/post_code/en/list_of_sites_by_country.html#U Universal Postal Union], international sports teams, [[NATO]], the [[ISO 3166-1|International Organization for Standardization]], and other organisations. (See also [[Country codes: U-Z#United Kingdom|country codes]], [[List of international license plate codes|international licence plate codes]], and technical standards such as the ISO 3166 [[geocode]]s [[ISO 3166-2:GB|GB]] and [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|GBR]].) |
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On the Internet, '''[[.uk]]''' is used as a [[country code top-level domain]] for the United Kingdom. A '''[[.gb]]''' top-level domain was also used to a limited extent in the past, but this is now effectively in [[wikt:abeyance|abeyance]] because the domain name registrar will not take new registrations. [[Ireland]] has its own separate Internet code, [[.ie]], which can be used in both [[Northern Ireland]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]]. |
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==Capital cities== |
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*[[England]]: [[London]] |
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*[[Scotland]]: [[Edinburgh]] |
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*[[Wales]]: [[Cardiff]] |
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==Other major settlements== |
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{{see also|List of largest United Kingdom settlements by population}} |
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*England: [[Birmingham]], [[Blackpool]], [[Bradford]], [[Brighton]], [[Bristol]], [[Cambridge]], [[Colchester]], [[Coventry]], [[Derby]], [[Doncaster]], [[Exeter]], [[Gloucester]], [[Huddersfield]], [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Ipswich]], [[Leeds]], [[Leicester]], [[Liverpool]], [[Manchester]], [[Middlesbrough]], [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]], [[Northampton]], [[Norwich]], [[Nottingham]], [[Oxford]], [[Plymouth]], [[Portsmouth]], [[Preston]], [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], [[Sheffield]], [[Southampton]], [[Stoke-on-Trent]], [[Sunderland]], [[Swindon]], [[Wolverhampton]], [[York]]. |
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*Scotland: [[Aberdeen]], [[Dundee]], [[East Kilbride]], [[Glasgow]], [[Livingston, West Lothian|Livingston]], [[Paisley]], [[Ayr]], [[Kilmarnock]], [[Stirling]], [[Irvine]], [[Inverness]], [[Kirkcaldy]] |
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*Wales: [[Newport]], [[Swansea]], [[Wrexham]]. |
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== See also == |
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*[[List of islands of England]] |
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*[[List of islands of Scotland]] |
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*[[List of islands of Wales]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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* [http://learningobjects.wesleyan.edu/makingofbritain/ Interactive map of Great Britain] |
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* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/coast Coast] – the BBC explores the coast of Great Britain |
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* [http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/freegb/index.htm#maps Administrative map of Great Britain] – from the [[Ordnance Survey]]; various formats |
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* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/nations/ BBC Nations] |
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* [http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/britishisles/ The British Isles] |
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* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html CIA Factbook United Kingdom] |
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{{British Isles}} |
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{{coord|53.826|N|2.422|W|display=title|source:dewiki_scale:5000000}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT: }} |
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[[Category:British Isles]] |
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[[Category:Islands in the British Isles]] |
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[[Category:Islands of the United Kingdom]] |
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[[Category:Divided regions]] |
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[[af:Groot-Brittanje]] |
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[[ar:بريطانيا العظمى]] |
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[[ast:Gran Bretaña]] |
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[[be:Востраў Вялікабрытанія]] |
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[[bs:Velika Britanija]] |
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[[bg:Великобритания (остров)]] |
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[[ca:Gran Bretanya]] |
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[[cs:Velká Británie (ostrov)]] |
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[[cy:Prydain Fawr]] |
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[[da:Storbritannien (ø)]] |
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[[de:Großbritannien (Insel)]] |
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[[et:Suurbritannia saar]] |
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[[es:Gran Bretaña]] |
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[[eo:Britio (insulo)]] |
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[[eu:Britainia Handia]] |
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[[fa:بریتانیای کبیر (جزیره)]] |
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[[fr:Grande-Bretagne]] |
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[[ga:An Bhreatain]] |
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[[gd:Breatainn Mhòr]] |
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[[gl:Gran Bretaña - Great Britain]] |
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[[ko:그레이트 브리튼 섬]] |
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[[hr:Velika Britanija (otok)]] |
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[[id:Pulau Britania Raya]] |
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[[is:Stóra-Bretland]] |
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[[it:Gran Bretagna]] |
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[[he:בריטניה הגדולה]] |
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[[ka:დიდი ბრიტანეთი (კუნძული)]] |
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[[kw:Breten Veur]] |
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[[ku:Brîtanya (girav)]] |
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[[la:Britannia Maior]] |
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[[lt:Didžioji Britanija]] |
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[[li:Groeët-Brittannië]] |
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[[lmo:Gran Bretagna]] |
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[[hu:Brit-sziget]] |
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[[ml:ഗ്രേറ്റ് ബ്രിട്ടണ്]] |
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[[nl:Groot-Brittannië]] |
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[[nds-nl:Groot-Brittannie]] |
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[[ja:グレートブリテン島]] |
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[[no:Storbritannia (øy)]] |
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[[nn:Øya Storbritannia]] |
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[[nrm:Grande Brétangne]] |
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[[oc:Grand Bretanha]] |
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[[nds:Grootbritannien]] |
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[[pl:Wielka Brytania (wyspa)]] |
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[[pt:Grã-Bretanha]] |
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[[ro:Marea Britanie]] |
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[[rmy:Bari Britaniya]] |
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[[rm:Gronda Britannia]] |
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[[qu:Hatun Britanya]] |
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[[ru:Великобритания (остров)]] |
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[[sco:Great Breetain]] |
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[[sq:Britania e madhe (ishull)]] |
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[[scn:Gran Britagna]] |
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[[simple:Great Britain]] |
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[[sk:Veľká Británia (ostrov)]] |
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[[sl:Velika Britanija]] |
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[[szl:Wjelgo Brytańijo (wyspa)]] |
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[[sr:Велика Британија]] |
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[[fi:Iso-Britannia (saari)]] |
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[[sv:Storbritannien (ö)]] |
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[[tl:Gran Britanya]] |
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[[th:บริเตนใหญ่]] |
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[[vi:Đảo Anh]] |
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[[tg:Британияи Кабир]] |
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[[tpi:Bikpela Briten]] |
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[[tr:Büyük Britanya Adası]] |
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[[tk:Beýik Britaniýa]] |
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[[uk:Великобританія (острів)]] |
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[[vls:Grôot-Brittannië]] |
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[[yi:גרויסבריטאניע]] |
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[[zh:大不列顛島]] |
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Revision as of 08:03, 23 January 2009
Template:Distinguish2 Template:Two other uses
- See also: Kingdom of Great Britain
 | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Western Europe |
| Coordinates | 53°49′34″N 2°25′19″W / 53.826°N 2.422°W |
| Archipelago | British Isles |
| Area rank | 9th |
| Administration | |
United Kingdom | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | approximately 58,000,000 (as of 2006)[2] |
Great Britain is the political term describing the political union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland made on 1 May, 1707 under Queen Anne of England - "the two kingdoms of Scotland and England shall...be united into one kingdom by the name of Great Britain". [3] It existed until 1801 when Great Britain and Ireland united to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Great Britain is also the name of the ninth largest island in the world. With a population of 58.9 million people (England/Scotland/Wales only) it is the third most populated island on Earth. It lies to the northwest of Continental Europe, with Ireland to the west, and makes up the largest part of the territory of the country the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is surrounded by over 1000[4] smaller islands and islets.
England, Scotland and Wales are mostly situated on the island, along with their capital cities, London, Edinburgh and Cardiff respectively.
Political definition
"SKIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIT"
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- ^ Dictionary of the Scots Language (DSL) & Scottish National Dictionary Supplement (1976) (SNDS)
- ^ Population of England, Scotland, and Wales, excluding outlying islands. [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=6 National mid-2006 Population estimates]. Published 22 August 2007.
- ^ http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/britstyles.htm Extract from First Article of Act of Union 1707
- ^ http://mapzone.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/mapzone/didyouknow/howmany/q_14_27.html says 803 islands surround Great Britain which have a distinguishable coastline on an Ordnance Survey map, and several thousand more exist which are too small to be shown as anything but a dot.