Outline of anarchism

Anarchism is a broad category of active ethical, social and political philosophies encompassing theories and attitudes which reject compulsory government (the state) and support its elimination, often due to a wider rejection of involuntary or permanent authority. Anarchism is defined by The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics as "a cluster of doctrines and attitudes centered on the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary."

The following list of topics is provided as an overview of and introduction to anarchism.

Essence of anarchism

Main article: Anarchism

Anarchism entails a consistent rejection of the legitimacy of philosophies, ideologies, institutions, and representatives of authority in support of liberty. It asserts that cooperation is superior to competition in promoting social harmony; that cooperation is only authentic when it is voluntary; and that societies are capable of spontaneous order, rendering government authority unnecessary at best, or harmful at worst. Anarchism...

Supports:

Autonomy Consensus decision-making Cooperation Direct action Equalism

Horizontalism Mutual aid Self-ownership Voluntary association Workers' self-management

Rejects:

Authoritarianism Capitalism (with exception) Censorship Coercion Exploitation

Imperialism Nationalism Organized religion (with exception) Racism Sexism

Statism State socialism & Planned economies

Manifestos and statements setting out anarchist viewpoints

Anarchism is a living project which has continued to evolve as social conditions have changed. The following are examples of anarchist manifestos and essays produced during various time periods, each expressing different interpretations and proposals for anarchist philosophy.

(1840–1914) Anarchist Manifesto (1850) by Anselme Bellegarrigue. State Socialism and Anarchism (1886) by Benjamin Tucker. The Principles of Anarchism (ca. 1890s) by Lucy Parsons. Anarchy (1891) by Errico Malatesta. Anarchy Defended by Anarchists (1896) by Emma Goldman & Johann Most.

(1914–1984) Anarchism and Our Times (1925) by Nestor Makhno. What's Anarchism? (1932) by Hippolyte Havel. The Philosophy of Anarchism (1940) by Herbert Read. Society Without a State (1975) by Murray Rothbard. Anarchism: Past and Present (1980) by Murray Bookchin.

(1985–present) Anarchism and Other Impediments to Anarchy (1985) by Bob Black. The Crypto-Anarchist Manifesto (1988) by Timothy C. May. Industrial Society and Its Future (1995) by Theodore Kaczynski. The Anarchist Tension (1996) by Alfredo M. Bonanno. Instead of a Primer (2004) by Lawrence Jarach Anarchism, Capitalism, and Anarcho-Capitalism (2004) by Per Bylund.

Branches of anarchism

Main article: Anarchist schools of thought

Miscellaneous Anarcha-feminism Anarchism without adjectives Anarcho-pacifism Black anarchism Green anarchism Illegalism National-Anarchism Philosophical anarchism Post-left anarchy

Anti-market Anarchist communism Anarcho-primitivism Anarcho-syndicalism Collectivist anarchism Insurrectionary anarchism Platformism

Free market Agorism Anarcho-capitalism Crypto-anarchism Individualist anarchism Free-market anarchism Mutualism

Religious Buddhist anarchism Christian anarchism

Umbrella terms Individualist anarchism Infoanarchism Left anarchism Lifestyle anarchism Social anarchism

History of anarchism

Main article: History of anarchism

Although social movements and philosophies with anarchic qualities predate anarchism, anarchism as a specific political philosophy began in 1840 with the publication of What Is Property? by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. In the following decades it spread from Western Europe to various regions, countries, and continents, impacting local social movements. Anarchism declined in prominence between the early and late 20th century, roughly coinciding with the time period referred to by historians as The short twentieth century. Since the late 1980s, anarchism has begun a gradual return to the world stage.

• 1840 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon publishes What Is Property? and becomes history's first self-proclaimed anarchist.
• 1850 – Anselme Bellegarrigue publishes the first Anarchist Manifesto.
• 1864 – International Workingmen's Association founded. Early seeds of split between Anarchists and Marxists begin.
• 1871 – Paris Commune takes place. Early anarchists (mutualists) participate. Impacts later anarchist thought.
• 1872 – IWA meets at the Hague Congress. Anarchists expelled by Marxist branch, beginning the anarchist/Marxist conflict.
• 1878 – Max Hödel fails in assassination attempt against Kaiser Wilhelm I. Ushers in era of propaganda of the deed.
• 1882 – God and the State by Mikhail Bakunin is published.
• 1886 – Haymarket Riot erupts. Origin of May Day as a worker's holiday. Inspires a new generation of anarchists.
• 1886 – First publication of Freedom newspaper, oldest still surviving anarchist periodical.
• 1892 – The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin published. Establishes anarchist communism.
• 1911 – The High Treason Incident leads to the execution of twelve Japanese anarchists; the first major blow against the Japanese anarchist movement.
• 1911-1912 – The Bonnot Gang embarks on a (approx.) four-month crime spree, becoming most famous criminal gang in France.
• 1917 – The Russian Revolution divides anarchists worldwide between supporting or criticizing the first "socialist state."
• 1919-1921 – The Free Territory, the first major anarchist revolution, is established in the Ukraine.
• 1921 – The Kronstadt rebellion, the last major rebellion against Bolshevik rule in the Soviet Union by anarchists.
• 1921 – The Communist Party of China is founded. The anarchist movement in China begins slow decline due to communist repression.
• 1926 – In the last formal act of propaganda by the deed, Sholom Schwartzbard assassinates Symon Petliura. Is later acquitted by a sympathetic jury.
• 1929-1931 – The autonomous Shinmin region, the second major anarchist revolution, is established in Manchuria.
• 1936-1939 – The Spanish Revolution, the third and last major anarchist revolution, is established in Catalonia and surrounding areas.
• 1959 – The Cuban Revolution establishes a communist dictatorship. The Cuban anarchist movement is immediately repressed.
• 1999 – Riots interrupt the WTO conference in Seattle. Is viewed as part of an anarchist resurgence in the United States.

Basic anarchism concepts

These are concepts which, although not exclusive to anarchism, are significant in historical and/or modern anarchist circles. (It should be noted that the anarchist milieu is philosophically heterogeneous and there is disagreement over which of these concepts should play a role in anarchism.)

Affinity group Anarchist economics Anti-authoritarian Anti-electoralism Anti-capitalism Antimilitarism Anti-statism Autarchism Autonomy Class war Collective Collectivism

Consensus decision-making Cooperation Counterculture Counter-economics Deep Ecology Decentralisation Direct action Direct democracy Dual power Ethical egoism Freedom Freedom of association

Gift economy General strike Horizontalidad Individual reclamation Infoshop Intellectual worker Invisible dictatorship Liberation theology Libertarian socialism Liberty Local currency Media democracy

Mutual aid Monopoly on violence Nonviolent resistance Parecon Propaganda of the deed Polycentric law Post-scarcity Precarity Revolution Sarvodaya Self-defense Self-management

Social Ecology Solidarity Sovereignty of the individual Spokescouncil Swadeshi Symbolic culture Syndicalism Tax resistance Temporary Autonomous Zone Voluntary association Wage slavery Working class

Organizations

Main article: List of anarchist organizations

Formal anarchist organizational initiatives date back to the mid-1800s. The oldest surviving anarchist organizations include Freedom Press (est. 1886) of England, the Industrial Workers of the World (est. 1905), Anarchist Black Cross (est. 1906), Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden (est. 1910) and the National Confederation of Labour (est. 1910) of Spain.

Anarchism scholars

Leonard Dalton Abbott Paul Avrich Noam Chomsky

Germaine Greer Murray Newton Rothbard Dana Ward

Anarchists

Main article: List of anarchists

Notable anarchists

Some people who have made a major impact on the development, advancement, or propagation of anarchism:

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Mikhail Bakunin Alexander Berkman Murray Bookchin Voltairine de Cleyre

Buenaventura Durruti David D. Friedman Emma Goldman Shūsui Kōtoku Peter Kropotkin

Élisée Reclus Johann Most Ricardo Flores Magón Nestor Makhno Errico Malatesta

Fernando Tarrida del Mármol Benjamin Tucker Lucy Parsons Rudolf Rocker Murray Rothbard

Notable non-anarchists

Some people who have impacted anarchist philosophy, despite not being self-identified as anarchists:

William Godwin Auberon Herbert Joshua K. Ingalls

Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy

Anarchism lists

• List of anarchists
  • List of anarchist musicians
    • List of anarcho-punk bands
  • List of anarchist poets
  • List of fictional anarchists
  • List of Jewish anarchists
• List of anarchist books
• List of anarchist communities
• List of anarchist movements by region
• List of anarchist organizations
• List of anarchist periodicals

See also

• Anti-anarchism
• Anti-war
• Labour movement
• Situationist International

Related philosophies

Anti-fascism Anti-globalization Autonomism Ecofeminism Feminism

Freeganism Individualism Libertarianism Neo-Luddism Radical feminism

Veganism

External links

• Anarchism, entry from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, (1910) by Peter Kropotkin.
• The New Anarchists, from New Left Review #13, (2002) by David Graeber.