Ciona: Difference between revisions

Ciona
	Ciona intestinalis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Tunicata
Class:	Ascidiacea
Order:	Phlebobranchia
Family:	Cionidae
Genus:	Ciona; Fleming, 1822
Species
	See text

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Revision as of 14:05, 12 November 2024

Ciona is a genus of sea squirts in the family Cionidae.

The body of Ciona is bag-like and covered by a tunic, which is a secretion of the epidermal cells. The body is attached at a permanent base located at the posterior part, and the opposite bears two openings, the buccal (oral) and atrial (cloacal) siphons. The water is drawn into the ascidian through the buccal siphon and leaves the atrium through the atrial siphon.

Species

Species in this genus include:^[1]

Ciona antarctica Hartmeyer, 1911
Ciona edwardsi Roule, 1884
Ciona fascicularis Hancock, 1870
Ciona gelatinosa Bonnevie, 1896
Ciona hoshinoi Monniot C., 1991
Ciona imperfecta Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1977
Ciona intermedia Mastrototaro, 2020
Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1767)
Ciona longissima Hartmeyer, 1899
Ciona mollis Ritter, 1907
Ciona pomponiae Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1989
Ciona robusta Hoshino & Tokioka, 1967
Ciona roulei Lahille, 1887
Ciona savignyi Herdman, 1882
Ciona sheikoi Sanamyan, 1998

Genome projects

As of 2008, the genomes of Ciona intestinalis^[2] and Ciona savignyi^[3] have been sequenced.

Sexual reproduction

Ciona intestinalis is a hermaphrodite that releases sperm and eggs almost simultaneously into the surrounding seawater. C. intestinalis is self-sterile and thus has been used for studies on the mechanism of self-incompatibility.^[4] C. savigny is highly self-fertile, but non-self sperm out-compete self-sperm in fertilization competition assays.^[5] Mechanisms promoting non-self fertilization may have evolved to avoid inbreeding depression,^[5] and to facilitate outcrossing which allows the masking of deleterious recessive mutations.^[6]

Use as food

Ciona is being developed in Norway as a potential substitute meat protein, after processing to remove its 'marine taste' and making its texture less squid-like.^[7]

References

^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Ciona Fleming, 1822". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
^ P. Dehal et al.: The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate and vertebrate origins. Science, 298, 5601, S. 2157–67, 13. Dezember 2002
^ The C. savignyi Reference Genome and Genetic Map
^ Sawada H, Morita M, Iwano M (August 2014). "Self/non-self recognition mechanisms in sexual reproduction: new insight into the self-incompatibility system shared by flowering plants and hermaphroditic animals". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 450 (3): 1142–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.099. PMID 24878524.
^ ^a ^b Jiang D, Smith WC (October 2005). "Self- and cross-fertilization in the solitary ascidian Ciona savignyi". Biol. Bull. 209 (2): 107–12. doi:10.2307/3593128. JSTOR 3593128. PMID 16260770.
^ Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE (September 1985). "Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex". Science. 229 (4719): 1277–81. doi:10.1126/science.3898363. PMID 3898363.
^ Kirsten Lie-Nielsen (November 12 2024). "'It should not taste marine-like': Would you eat a burger made from processed sea squirts?". The Guardian. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Vancouver style error: name in name 1 (help)

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[1] "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Ciona Fleming, 1822". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2021-05-10.

[Science_298-2] P. Dehal et al.: The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate and vertebrate origins. Science, 298, 5601, S. 2157–67, 13. Dezember 2002

[C._savignyi-3] The C. savignyi Reference Genome and Genetic Map

[pmid24878524-4] Sawada H, Morita M, Iwano M (August 2014). "Self/non-self recognition mechanisms in sexual reproduction: new insight into the self-incompatibility system shared by flowering plants and hermaphroditic animals". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 450 (3): 1142–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.099. PMID 24878524.

[pmid16260770-5] Jiang D, Smith WC (October 2005). "Self- and cross-fertilization in the solitary ascidian Ciona savignyi". Biol. Bull. 209 (2): 107–12. doi:10.2307/3593128. JSTOR 3593128. PMID 16260770.

[pmid3898363-6] Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RE (September 1985). "Genetic damage, mutation, and the evolution of sex". Science. 229 (4719): 1277–81. doi:10.1126/science.3898363. PMID 3898363.

[Guardian-7] Kirsten Lie-Nielsen (November 12 2024). "'It should not taste marine-like': Would you eat a burger made from processed sea squirts?". The Guardian. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Vancouver style error: name in name 1 (help)

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 ==Use as food==
-One species of ''Ciona'' is being investigated in Norway as a potential substitute meat protein.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite journal  |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/nov/12/it-should-not-taste-marine-like-would-you-eat-a-burger-made-from-processed-sea-squirts |vauthors=Kirsten Lie-Nielsen |title=‘It should not taste marine-like’: Would you eat a burger made from processed sea squirts? |journal=The Guardian|date=November 12 2024 }}</ref>
+''Ciona'' is being developed in Norway as a potential substitute meat protein, after processing to remove its 'marine taste' and making its texture less squid-like.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite journal  |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/nov/12/it-should-not-taste-marine-like-would-you-eat-a-burger-made-from-processed-sea-squirts |vauthors=Kirsten Lie-Nielsen |title=‘It should not taste marine-like’: Would you eat a burger made from processed sea squirts? |journal=The Guardian|date=November 12 2024 }}</ref>
 ==References==