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The Deobandi movement or Deobandism is a movement within Sunni Islam that adheres to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence and Maturidi school of theology. It was formed at the Darul Uloom madrasa in Deoband, British India after the Indian rebellion of 1857–1858. They opposed influence of non-Muslim cultures on the Muslim of South Asia. The movement pioneered education in religious sciences through the Dars-i Nizami associated with the Lucknow-based ulama of Firangi Mahal with the goal of preserving traditional Islamic teachings from the influx of modernist, secular ideas during British colonial rule. The Deobandi movement's Indian clerical wing, Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, was founded in 1919 and played a major role in the Indian independence movement through its participation in the pan-Islamist Khilafat movement and propagation of the doctrine of composite nationalism.

Deobandis are adherents of Sufism and the movement encompasses a variety of Sufi orders. They oppose folklore-based Sufi practices such as celebration of Mawlid, the urs of saints and ziyarat to shrines, instead advocating for reform within Sufism. Deobandis uphold the doctrine of taqlid (conformity to precedent) and reject ijtihad (independent reasoning) for regular Muslims. The movement's beliefs and creed is outlined in al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad authored by Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri. Deobandis also played a major role in modern hadith studies with hundreds of thousands of authoritative and comprehensive commentaries.

Founders of the Deobandi school Nanautavi and Gangohi drew inspiration from the religio-political doctrines of the prominent South Asian Islamic scholar and Sufi reformer Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762 / 1114–1175 AH). In its early years, Deobandi scholars engaged in theological debates with Christian and Hindu scholars; with the objective of defending Islamic faith, and to form a popular struggle to overthrow British colonialism. Deobandi theologians of Jamiat Ulema e-Hind, in particular, discussed multiculturalism and opposition to the partition of India, with a strategic vision to safeguard the religious freedom of Muslims in India whereas Deobandi scholars of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam, led by Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, played a leading role in the Pakistan Movement. In response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, Saudi Arabia decided to support the Deobandi movement due to its popularity in the Pashtun regions in Afghanistan and Pakistan, which influenced the movement with Salafi ideals.^{[according to whom?]}^{[dubious – discuss]} From the early 1980s to the early 2000s, Deobandis were robustly funded by Saudi Arabia.^{[according to whom?]}^{[dubious – discuss]} Pakistan also strongly supported Deobandi Mujahidin to fight the Soviet Union in Afghanistan and India in the Kashmir insurgency, owing to their affiliation with the Pan-Islamist legacies of Shah Waliullah and the Silk Letter Movement in the subcontinent. Alongside Jamaat-e-Islami, Deobandi Islamist militias constituted the most committed volunteers for the anti-communist Afghan Jihad.

The movement has spread from India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh to the United Kingdom, and has a presence in South Africa. The Pakistani and Afghan branches and the original Indian seminaries have far less contact since the Partition of India, for political reasons related to the India–Pakistan border. Followers of the Deobandi movement are extremely diverse; some advocate for non-violence and others are militant.

Foundation and expansion

British colonialism in India^[1] was seen by a group of Indian scholars—consisting of Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi, Shah Rafi al-Din, Sayyid Muhammad Abid, Zulfiqar Ali, Fazlur Rahman Usmani and Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi—to be corrupting Islam.^[2] The group founded an Islamic seminary (madrassa) known as Darul Uloom Deoband,^[1]^[3]^[4]^[5] here the Islamic revivalist and anti-imperialist ideology of the Deobandis began to develop. In time, the Darul Uloom Deoband became the second largest focal point of Islamic teaching and research after the Al-Azhar University, Cairo. Towards the time of the Indian independence movement and afterward in post-colonial India, the Deobandis advocated a notion of composite nationalism by which Hindus and Muslims were seen as one nation who were asked to be united in the struggle against the British rule.^[6]

In 1919, a large group of Deobandi scholars formed the political party Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and opposed the partition of India.^[6] Deobandi scholar Maulana Syed Husain Ahmad Madani helped to spread these ideas through his text Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam.^[6] A group later dissented from this position and joined Muhammad Ali Jinnah's Muslim League, including Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Zafar Ahmad Usmani and Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, who formed the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam in 1945.^[7]

Through the organisations such as Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and Tablighi Jamaat,^[6]^[8]^[9] the Deobandi movement began to spread.^[10]^[11] Graduates of Darul Uloom Deoband in India from countries such as South Africa, China, and Malaysia opened thousands of madaaris throughout the world.^[12]

India

The Deobandi movement in India is controlled by the Darul Uloom Deoband and the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind.^{[clarification needed]}^{[citation needed]}

Pakistan

Of Pakistan's estimated 230 million Muslims, some 15-30% or 40-80 million Pakistani Muslims consider themselves Deobandi, forming majority in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. It is the most followed Movement among Pashtuns and Balochs^[13] According to Heritage Online, nearly 65% of the total seminaries (Madrasah) in Pakistan are run by Deobandis, whereas 25% are run by Barelvis, 6% by Ahl-i Hadith and 3% by various Shia organizations. The Deobandi movement in Pakistan was a major recipient of funding from Saudi Arabia from the early 1980s up until the early 2000s, whereafter this funding was diverted to the rival Ahl-i Hadith movement.^[14] Having seen Deoband as a counterbalance to Iranian influence in the region, Saudi funding is now strictly reserved for the Ahl-i Hadith.^[14]

Deobandi-affiliated groups such as the TTP, SSP, Let, etc. have a militant character^[15] and have attacked and destroyed Sufi sites holy to Sunni Muslims of the Barelvi movement, such as Data Darbar in Lahore, Abdullah Shah Ghazi's tomb in Karachi, Khal Magasi in Balochistan, and Rahman Baba's tomb in Peshawar.^[15]

Bangladesh

As with the rest of the Indian subcontinent, the majority of Muslims in Bangladesh are traditional Sunni, who mainly follow the Hanafi school of jurisprudence (madh'hab) and consequently the Maturidi school of theology.^[16]

Afghanistan

Deobandi Islam is the most popular form of pedagogy in the Pashtun belt on both sides of the Durand Line that separates Afghanistan and Pakistan.^[14]^[1] Moreover, prominent Afghan and Pakistani Taliban leaders have studied in Deobandi seminaries.^[17]

South Africa

The Deobandi Movement has an international presence today, with its full-fledged manifestation in South Africa, a country where the movement was initiated through the Indian Gujarati merchant class.^[18] The Islamic education system of the Deobandi movement, as well as the necessary components of social and political organizations such as Tablighi Jamaat, Sufism and Jamiat, are fully functioning effectively in South Africa, as they do in India. Madrasas in South Africa provide Islamic higher education and are now centers for Islamic education for foreigners who are interested in receiving a Deobandi-style education. Many of their graduates, especially from Western countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, are Western students. Some of South African madrasas are recognized globally, providing fatwa services. South Africa is now known for producing exceptional Islamic literature through translation and compilation. Similarly, the Tabligh Jamaat is a hub in South Africa that spreads throughout South and East Africa. Graduates of South African madrassas spend their time in the path of the Tabligh Jamaat. Through the work of several spiritual personalities of the Deobandis, the tradition of Deoband's Tasawwuf (Sufism) has taken root in South Africa. Among them are Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi, Masihullah Khan, Mahmood Hasan Gangohi^[3] and Asad Madni. South African Deobandi Muslims have many important and influential educational and socio-political organizations that educate the people and play an important role in religious and social activities. Among them are Jamiatul Ulama South Africa and the Muslim Judicial Council.^[19]

Iran

Students from various regions, including Sistan and Baluchestan in Iran, attended Deoband, which led to the spread of its founders ideas.^[20] This movement had a significant impact on some of the new generation of Iranian intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^[21] After entering Iran, the students of this school continued to expand this thinking and with the formation of missionary groups. These thoughts have been strengthened on one hand due to the cultural relationships between the Baloch tribes and on the other hand due to the connection of Sistan and Baluchestan's Iran and India's Hanafi religious leaders in Iran.^[22] Today, Deobandi thinking is one of the intellectual currents in Sistan and Baluchestan and preaching groups are active in different cities and villages. Its playing a crucial role in Iran's political landscape. The Deobandis aimed to homogenize religious schools and were opposed to certain popular practices. The Naqshbandi order played an important role in the Deobandi school of thought in the Persian-speaking world.^[23]

United Kingdom

In the 1970s, Deobandis opened the first British-based Muslim religious seminaries (Darul-Ulooms), educating imams and religious scholars.^[24] Deobandis "have been quietly meeting the religious and spiritual needs of a significant proportion of British Muslims, and are perhaps the most influential British Muslim group."^[24] In 2015 Ofsted highlighted the Deobandi seminary in Holcombe as a good example of a school "promoting British values, preventing radicalisation and protecting children".^[25] The journalist, Andrew Norfolk, did not agree with this assessment.^[26]

According to a 2007 report by Andrew Norfolk, published in The Times, about 600 of Britain's nearly 1,500 mosques were under the control of "a hardline sect", whose leading preacher loathed Western values, called on Muslims to "shed blood" for Allah and preached contempt for Jews, Christians and Hindus. The same investigative report further said that 17 of the country's 26 Islamic seminaries follow the ultra-conservative Deobandi teachings which The Times said had given birth to the Taliban. According to The Times, almost 80% of all domestically trained Ulema were being trained in these hardline seminaries.^[27] An opinion column in The Guardian described this report as "a toxic mixture of fact, exaggeration and outright nonsense".^[28]

In 2014 it was reported that 45 per cent of Britain's mosques and nearly all the UK-based training of Islamic scholars are controlled by the Deobandi, the largest single Islamic group.^[29]

Most Muslim prison chaplaincies in Britain are Deobandi, and in 2016 Michael Spurr (chief executive of the National Offender Management Service) wrote to Britain's prison governors bringing to their attention that Ofsted had said that "the UK’s most influential Deobandi seminary promotes 'fundamental British values such as democracy, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance for those of different faiths'."^[26]

Beliefs

The Deobandi movement sees itself as a scholastic tradition that grew out of the Islamic scholastic traditions of Medieval Transoxania and Mughal India, and it considers its visionary forefather to be Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703-1762).^[30] Dehlawi was a contemporary of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703 - 1792), and they studied in Medina under some of the same teachers, despite having different theological backgrounds.^[31] According to Muhammad Iqbal, Deobandiyat is neither a creed (mathab) nor a sect – terms by which its antagonists try to incite the masses against it – but it is a comprehensive picture and a complete edition of the tack of the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah in which all the offshoots of the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah are seen joined with their root.^[32]

Theology

In tenets of faith, the Deobandis follow the Maturidi school of Islamic theology.^[33]^[34]^[35] Their schools teach a short text on beliefs known as al-'Aqa'id al-Nasafiyya by the Hanafi-Maturidi scholar Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi.^[36]

The official Deobandi book, al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad (The Sword on the Disproved), also known as: al-Tasdiqat li-Daf' al-Talbisat (Endorsements Repelling Deceits), is a work that summarizes the beliefs generally held by the Deobandis. It was authored by Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri (d. 1346/1927) in order to defend and vindicate the Deobandis from the charge of kufr (unbelief or blasphemy) levied against them by their opponents.^[37]

Fiqh (Islamic law)

Deobandis are strong proponents of the doctrine of Taqlid.^[38]^[39]^[40] In other words, they believe that a Deobandi must adhere to one of the four schools (madhhabs) of Sunni Islamic Law and generally discourage inter-school eclecticism.^[41] They themselves claim to be the followers of the Hanafi school.^[33]^[42] Students at madrasas affiliated with the Deobandi movement study the classic books of Hanafi Law such as Nur al-Idah, Mukhtasar al-Quduri, Sharh al-Wiqayah, and Kanz al-Daqa’iq, culminating their study of the madhhab with the Hidayah of al-Marghinani.^[43]

With regard to views on Taqlid, one of their main opposing reformist groups are the Ahl-i-Hadith, also known as the Ghair Muqallid, the nonconformists, because they eschewed taqlid in favor of the direct use of Quran and Hadith.^[44] They often accuse those who adhere to the rulings of one scholar or legal school of blind imitation, and frequently demand scriptural evidence for every argument and legal ruling.^[45] Almost since the very beginnings of the movement, Deobandi scholars have generated a copious amount of scholarly output in an attempt to defend their adherence to a madhhab in general. In particular, Deobandis have penned much literature in defense of their argument that the Hanafi madhhab is in complete accordance with the Quran and Hadith.^[46]

Hadith

In response to this need to defend their madhhab in the light of scripture, Deobandis became particularly distinguished for their unprecedented salience to the study of Hadith in their madrasas. Their madrasa curriculum incorporates a feature unique among the global arena of Islamic scholarship, the Daura-e Hadis, the capstone year of a student's advanced madrasa training, in which all six canonical collections of the Sunni Hadith (the Sihah Sittah) are reviewed.^[47]

In a Deobandi madrasa, the position of Shaykh al-Hadith, or the resident professor of Sahih Bukhari, is held in much reverence. Their views were widely shared by a broad range of Islamic reform movements of the colonial period.^[1]^[48]^[49]

Sufism

Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri outlined the creedal beliefs of Deobandis in his Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad where he stated that

Our way is following the greatest Imam, Abu Hanifa al-Nu'man – Allah Exalted is He be pleased with him – in the peripherals; and followers of the noble Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari and the noble Imam Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (Allah be pleased with them) in creed and the fundamentals; and that we are adherents to the following Sufi ways: the most distinguished way of the Naqshbandi masters, the most pure way of the Chishti masters, the most glorious way of the Qadiri masters, and the most radiant way of the Suhrawardi masters (Allah be pleased with them all). — Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad (Questions One and Two)

However despite this, Deobandis argue for a reformed version of Sufism. They generally oppose folklore based Sufi practices such as excessive celebrations of the birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and seeking help from him, the celebration of Urs, pilgrimage to the shrines of Sufi saints, practice of Sema, and loud dhikr - seeing them as too esoteric in nature.^[50]^[51]^[52]^[53] However most Deobandi leaders incorporate elements of sober Sufism into their practices and believe it to be a fundamental part of the religion.

Deoband's curriculum combined the study of Islamic holy scriptures (Quran, hadith and law) with rational subjects (logic, philosophy and science). At the same time it was hugely Sufi in orientation and affiliated with the Chisti order.^[4] Taqi Usmani - the most famous Deobandi scholar was trained in the Chishti order as were the four founders of the Deoband madrassa. Mahmood Ashraf Usmani, the former head of Darul Ulum Karachi, defended the concept of tariqas and bayah based on the Pledge of the Tree incident.^[54] Ashraf Ali Thanwi graduated from Darul Ulum Deoband and was widely considered the preeminent Sufi of modern India.^[55] Deobandis generally oppose the various forms of Tawassul and Istighatha but see the matter mainly as fiqh in nature, not aqeedah.^[56]

Founders of the Deobandi school, Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, were inspired by the Sufi-religio-political doctrine of Shah Waliullah^[3] amongst other sources of inspiration. Gangohi studied under the Sufi shaykh Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki, although he differed with his views in many ways.^[57] However Gangohi's Fatawa-yi Rashidiyya opposed traditional Sufi practices such as loud dhikr, visiting the tombs of Sufi saints, celebrating Urs, visualizing or contemplating on a Sufi master (tasawwur-e-shaykh), reciting the Fatihah on special occasions, and engaging in Sema.^[52]

Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi, noted hadith scholar and Sufi Shaykh of Deobandis, says that,

The reality of "tasawwuf" is merely correction of intention. It begins with "actions are only according to intentions" and ends with "that you worship Him (Allah) as if you see Him."^[58]

Positions

According to Brannon D. Ingram, Deobandis differ from Barelvis on three theological positions.^[59] Gangohi stated that God has the ability to lie.^[60] This doctrine is called Imkan-i Kizb.^[59]^[60] According to this doctrine, because God is omnipotent, God is capable of lying.^[59] Gangohi also supported the doctrine that God has the ability to make additional prophets after Muhammad (Imkan-i Nazir) and other prophets equal to Muhammad.^[59]^[60] Gangohi clarifies that although God has the ability to make prophets on "par" with Muhammad, he "would never do so".^[59] This goes against traditional Sufi beliefs which see Muhammad as the apex of creation. Gangohi opposed the Sufi doctrine that Muhammad has knowledge of the unseen (ilm e ghaib).^[60]^[59] This belief of the Deobandis conflicts with traditional Sufi views of Muhammad having unparalleled and unequal knowledge that encompasses the unseen realm.^[60]^[59] Gangohi also issued multiple fatwas against the Mawlid and stated it is an innovation (bidah),^[61] opposed the practice of standing up in honour of Muhammad during Mawlid.^[61]

Scholarship

Deobandi fiqh

Fatawa-e-Rashidiya

Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband

Deobandi fiqh, originating from the Hanafi school of Islamic law, is a distinctive school of Islamic jurisprudence that highly values the strict adherence to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, also known as Taqlid.^[62] Deobandi scholars view Taqlid as a crucial means of ensuring the proper interpretation and application of Islamic law, especially for individuals without the necessary knowledge and expertise to engage in Ijtihad. However, Ijtihad is also recognized as necessary for the evolution of Islamic law, but it should be approached with caution and respect for Islamic scholarship traditions.^[63] Darul Uloom Deoband established the first Department of Fatwa, or Darul Ifta, in 1892, followed by other Deobandi madrasas and organizations such as the Islamic Fiqh Academy (India), which constitute the bedrock for the development of the Deobandi fiqh.^[64] Rashid Ahmad Gangohi is considered the founder of Deobandi fiqh, with Ashraf Ali Thanwi and Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani regarded as key figures.^[65] The earliest text of Deobandi fiqh is Fatawa-e-Rashidiya, with other important texts including Imdad-ul-Fatawa and Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband.^[66] Deobandi fiqh plays a vital role in Afghanistan's judiciary system,^[67] with Taqi Usmani and Khalid Saifullah Rahmani recognized as prominent contemporary faqihs of the Deobandi school.^[68] Digital initiatives such as Darulifta-Deoband.com and Askimam demonstrate the digitization of Deobandi fiqh.^[69]^[70] A significant fatwa in Deobandi fiqh is the Fatwa of Peace for Humanity, issued by Farid Uddin Masood in 2016, endorsed by over 100,000 Islamic scholars from Bangladesh, declaring terrorism as haram or forbidden, based on Islamic scripture and tradition.^[71]

Deobandi hadith studies

Politics

Deobandi jihadism

Sami-ul-Haq

A taliban member in 2001

Deobandi jihadism pertains to a militant interpretation of Islam that draws upon the teachings of the Deobandi movement. The Deobandi movement underwent three waves of armed conflict. The first wave resulted in the establishment of an Islamic territory centered on Thana Bhawan by the movement's elders during the Indian Rebellion of 1857,^[1]^[5]^[72]^[73] prior to the founding of Darul Uloom Deoband.^[74] Imdadullah Muhajir Makki served as the Amir al-Mu'minin of this Islamic territory, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi as the Chief justice, and Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi as the Commander-in-chief.^[75] However, following the British victory over the Deobandi forces in the Battle of Shamli, the territory fell. After the establishment of Darul Uloom Deoband, Mahmud Hasan Deobandi initiated the second wave. He attempted to mobilize an armed resistance against the British through various initiatives, including the formation of the Samratut Tarbiat. When the British uncovered his Silk Letter Movement, they arrested him and held him captive in Malta. Following his release, he and his followers entered mainstream politics and actively participated in the democratic process. In the late 1970s, the Pakistan–Afghan border became the epicenter of the Deobandi jihadist movement's third wave, which was fueled by the Soviet–Afghan War.^[76]^[1] Under the auspices of President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, its expansion occurred through various madrasas, such as Darul Uloom Haqqania and Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, with political support provided by Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S). Trained militants from the Pakistan–Afghan border participated in the Afghan jihad and later formed various organizations, including the Taliban. The most prominent example of Deobandi jihadism is the Taliban, who established Islamic rule in Afghanistan. Sami-ul-Haq, the head of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S), is regarded as the "father of the Taliban."

Organizations

Jamiat Ulema-I-Hind

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind is one of the leading Deobandi organizations in India. It was founded in British India in 1919 by Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi, Sanaullah Amritsari and several other scholars including Kifayatullah Dehlawi who was elected its first interim president.^[77] The Jamiat has propounded a theological basis for its nationalistic philosophy. Their thesis is that Muslims and non-Muslims have entered upon a mutual contract in India since independence, to establish a secular state.^[78] The Constitution of India represents this contract.^[79]

Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam

Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI) is a Deobandi organization, part of the Deobandi movement.^[80] The JUI formed when members broke from the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1945 after that organization backed the Indian National Congress against the Muslim League's lobby for a separate Pakistan.^{[citation needed]} The first president of the JUI was Shabbir Ahmad Usmani.

Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam

Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam (Template:Lang-ur), also known in short as Ahrar, was a conservative Deobandi political party in the Indian subcontinent during the British Raj (prior to the independence of Pakistan) founded 29 December 1929 at Lahore. Chaudhry Afzal Haq, Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi, Mazhar Ali Azhar, Zafar Ali Khan and Dawood Ghaznavi were the founders of the party.^[81] The Ahrar was composed of Indian Muslims disillusioned by the Khilafat Movement,^[82]^[83]^[6] which cleaved closer to the Congress Party.^[84]^{[page needed]} The party was associated with opposition to Muhammad Ali Jinnah and against establishment of an independent Pakistan as well as criticism of the Ahmadiyya movement.^[85] After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Majlis-e-Ahrar divided in two parts. Now, Majlis-e-Ahrar-e-Islam is working for the sake of Muhammad^[vague], nifaaz Hakomat-e-illahiyya and Khidmat-e-Khalq. In Pakistan, Ahrar secretariat is in Lahore and in India it is based in Ludhiana.

Tablighi Jamaat

Tablighi Jamaat, a non-political Deobandi missionary organisation, began as an offshoot of the Deobandi movement.^[86] Its inception is believed to be a response to Hindu reform movements, which were considered a threat to vulnerable and non-practising Deobandi Muslims. It gradually expanded from a local to a national organisation, and finally to a transnational movement with followers in over 200 countries. Although its beginnings were from the Deobandi movement, it has now established an independent identity though it still maintains close ties with Deobandi ulema in many countries with large South Asian Muslim populations such as the UK.^[87]

Associated organizations

Associated militant organizations

Lashkar-e-Jhangvi

Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LJ) (Army of Jhangvi) was a Deobandi militant organization.^[88] Formed in 1996, it operated in Pakistan as an offshoot of Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP). Riaz Basra broke away from the SSP over differences with his seniors.^[89] The group, now practically defunct since the unsuccessful Operation Zarb-e-Azab, is considered a terrorist group by Pakistan and the United States,^[90] It was involved in attacks on civilians and protectors of them.^[91]^[92] Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is predominantly Punjabi.^[93] The group has been labelled by intelligence officials in Pakistan as a major security threat.^[94]

Taliban

The Taliban ("students"), alternative spelling Taleban,^[95] is an Islamic fundamentalist political and militant movement in Afghanistan. It spread into Afghanistan and formed a government, ruling as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan from September 1996 until December 2001, with Kandahar as the capital. While in power, it enforced its strict interpretation of Sharia law.^[96] While many leading Muslims and Islamic scholars have been highly critical of the Taliban's interpretations of Islamic law,^[97] the Darul Uloom Deoband has consistently supported the Taliban in Afghanistan, including their 2001 destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan,^[12] and the majority of the Taliban's leaders were influenced by Deobandi fundamentalism.^[98] Pashtunwali, the Pashtun tribal code, also played a significant role in the Taliban's legislation.^[99] The Taliban were condemned internationally for their brutal treatment of women.^[100]^[101]

Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (the TTP), alternatively referred to as the Pakistani Taliban, is an umbrella organization of various Islamist militant groups based in the northwestern Federally Administered Tribal Areas along the Afghan border in Pakistan. In December 2007 about 13 groups united under the leadership of Baitullah Mehsud to form the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.^[102]^[103] Among the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan's stated objectives are resistance against the Pakistani state, enforcement of their interpretation of sharia and a plan to unite against NATO-led forces in Afghanistan.^[102]^[103]^[104]

The TTP is not directly affiliated with the Afghan Taliban movement led by Mullah Omar, with both groups differing greatly in their histories, strategic goals and interests although they both share a primarily Deobandi interpretation of Islam and are predominantly Pashtun.^[104]^[105]

Sipah-e-Sahaba

Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) is a banned Pakistani militant organization, and a formerly registered Pakistani political party. Established in the early 1980s in Jhang by the militant leader Haq Nawaz Jhangvi, its stated goal is primarily to deter major Shiite influence in Pakistan in the wake of the Iranian Revolution.^[106]^[107] The organization was banned by President Pervez Musharraf in 2002 as being a terrorist group under the Anti-Terrorism Act of 1997.^[106]^[107] In October 2000 Masood Azhar, another militant leader, and founder of Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), was quoted as saying that "Sipah-e-Sahaba stands shoulder to shoulder with Jaish-e-Muhammad in Jehad."^[108] A leaked U.S. diplomatic cable described JeM as "another SSP breakaway Deobandi organization."^[109]

Institutions

Right after Darul Uloom Deoband, the main center of Deobandism throughout the world, Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur is the second known Deobandi madrassa in India, which produced the scholars like Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi. Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi's established Madrasa Shahi, Moradabad, the alma of scholars like Mufti Mahmud and Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi has its position. Darul Uloom Karachi, founded by Mufti Shafi Usmani, Jamia Binoria and Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia in Pakistani are top Deobandi institutions there. Darul Uloom Bury, Holcombe, established by Yusuf Motala during 1970s is the first Deobandi madrassa of the West^[110] In South Africa,^[111]^[112] Darul Ulum Newcastle, was founded in 1971 by Cassim Mohammed Sema^[113] and Dar al-Ulum Zakariyya in Lenasia,^[114]^[115]^[116] Madrasah In'aamiyyah, Camperdown is known for its Dar al-Iftaa (Department of Fatwa Research and Training) which runs the popular online fatwa service, Askimam.org.^[117] Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam is the first established Deobandi madrassa in Bangladesh, which produced the scholars like Shah Ahmad Shafi, Junaid Babunagari. Al-Rashid Islamic Institute, Ontario, Canada, Darul Uloom Al-Madania in Buffalo, New York, Jamiah Darul Uloom Zahedan in Iran and Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah are some top Deobandi institutions.

Scholars

Mahmud Deobandi (died 1886) – First teacher of Darul Uloom Deoband.^[118]
Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (1851–1920) – Popularly known as "Shaykh al-Hind".^[119]^[120]
Ashraf Ali Thanwi (1863–1943)^[121]
Ubaidullah Sindhi (1863–1943) – Freedom fighter and Life Member of Jamia Millia Islamia.
Anwar Shah Kashmiri (1875–1933)^[122]
Hussain Ahmed Madani (1879–1957)^[123]
Muhammad Ilyas al-Kandhlawi (1884–1944) – Founder of Tablighi Jamaat.^[124]
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (1887–1949)^[125]
Uzair Gul Peshawari (1886–1989), Freedom Fighter and Former Head of Madrasa Rahmania in Roorkee.
Muhammad Shafi Deobandi (1897–1976)^[126]
Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi (1898–1982)^[127]
Zayn al-Abidin Sajjad Meerthi (1910–1991), Former Head of the Islamic studies department of Jamia Millia Islamia.
Abdul Matin Chowdhury (1915–1990)^[128]
Fazlul Karim (1935–2006) pirsahebcharmonai.com Archived 8 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Shah Ahmad Shafi (1916–2020), former Chief of Hefajat-e-Islam Bangladesh, rector of Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam Hathazari and also the chairman of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board.^[129]
Abdur Rahman Bangladeshi (1920–2015) – He was the founder director of Islamic Research Center Bangladesh, Dhaka & Many Deobandi school. Ex chairman of the Shariah Council of Many Islamic Bank.^[130]
Muhammad Abdul Wahhab (1923–2018) – former (Amir of Tablighi Jamaat Pakistan Chapter).^[131]
Nur Uddin Gohorpuri (1924–2005)^[132]
Khalid Mahmood (1925–2020) – UK. He was the founder and Director of The Islamic Academy of Manchester.^[133] which was established in 1974. He served formerly as a Professor at Murray College Sialkot and also at MAO College Lahore. He obtained a PhD in Comparative Religion from University of Birmingham in 1970. He has authored over 50 books, and has served as the Justice of Supreme court of Pakistan (Shariat Appellate Bench).^[134]
Muhammad Yunus Jownpuri (1937-2017) – Senior Hadith Scholar and former Shaykh al-Hadith of Mazahir Uloom, Saharanpur. He was among the senior students and disciples of Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi.
Usman Mansoorpuri (1944-2021) – First National President of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind's Mahmood faction.
Yusuf Motala (1946–2019) – UK; Founder and senior lecturer at Dar al-Ulum Bury, one of the oldest Deobandi Madrasas in the West; "He is a scholar's scholar – many of the United Kingdom's young Deobandi scholars have studied under his patronage."^[135]
Nur Hossain Kasemi (1945–2020) – Former Secretary General of Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh.^[136]
Ebrahim Desai, South Africa – Mufti and founder of Askimam fatwa portal.^[117]

Contemporary Deobandis

Mahmudul Hasan, Bangladesh – President of Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh and Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh, Chancellor of Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania, Amir of Majlis-e-Dawatul Haq Bangladesh.^[137]
Syed Rezaul Karim Vice President of Al-Haiatul Ulya Lil-Jamiatil Qawmia Bangladesh and Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh, Amir of Islami Andolan Bangladesh, President of the Bangladesh Mujahid Committee and Bangladesh Quran Education Board
A F M Khalid Hossain – Bangladesh.
Abdul Halim Bukhari, Bangladesh – Chancellor of Al Jamia Al Islamia Patiya
Junaid Babunagari, Bangladeshi Islamic Scholar, He is serving as the assistant director of Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam Hathazari, and secretary general of Hefajat-e-Islam Bangladesh.^[138]
Syed Faizul Karim Senior Vice President of Islami Andolan Bangladesh. He is also the Vice President of Bangladesh Mujahid Committee and Bangladesh Quran Education Board and Central Member of Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh
Mamunul Haque – Secretary General of Bangladesh Khelafat Majlish and President of Bangladesh Khelafat Youth Majlish.^[139]
Muhibbullah Babunagari, Chief advisor of Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh (born 1935)
Muhammad Rafi Usmani, Pakistan – Former President and senior lecturer of Darul Uloom Karachi.^[140]
Muhammad Taqi Usmani, Pakistan – Vice-president of Dar al-Ulum Karachi, Former judge on the Shariah Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Deputy Chairman of the Islamic Fiqh Academy of the OIC, leading scholar of Islamic Finance,^[141] and often considered to be a leading scholar and figurehead of the Deobandi movement.^[142]
Nurul Islam Jihadi, Secretary General of Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh. (born 1948)
Allama Nurul Islam Olipuri – Mufassir from Bangladesh.^[143]
Tariq Jameel, Pakistan – Prominent scholar and preacher from the Tablighi Jama'at.^[144]
Ismail ibn Musa Menk, Zimbabwean scholar.^[145]
Taha Karaan, late South African scholar and jurist (d.2021).
Abdur Rahman ibn Yusuf Mangera, Mufti and founder of Whitethread Institute and Zamzam Academy.
Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi, current rector of Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband.
Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi, founder and rector of Darul Uloom Raheemiyyah.
Mahfuzul Haque, secretary general of Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh.
Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari, founder and chief-Mufti of Darul Ifta Leicester.
Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi, Iraninan Sunni Scholar who is regarded as a "spiritual leader for Iran’s Sunni Muslim population".^[146]
Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi, Chicago-based Indian Scholar and the founder of Darul Uloom Online.

Legacy

Works about Deobandism

Islamic Revival in British India
Revival from Below
The Deoband School And The Demand For Pakistan
A Special Issue on The Deoband Madrasa, The Muslim World^[147]

References

General citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Puri, Luv (3 November 2009). "The Past and Future of Deobandi Islam". CTC Sentinel. 2 (11). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 19–22. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
^ "The Six Great Ones". Darul Uloom Deoband. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Syed, Jawad; Pio, Edwina; Kamran, Tahir; Zaidi, Abbas, eds. (2016). Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 139. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3. ISBN 978-1-349-94965-6. LCCN 2016951736. Some prominent founders of the Darul Uloom Deoband, such as Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, drew further inspiration from the religiopoliticial concept of Shah Waliullah and they set up an Islamic seminary at Deoband in UP on 30 May 1866
^ ^a ^b Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, p. 626. ISBN 0521779332
^ ^a ^b Asthana, N. C.; Nirmal, Anjali (2009). Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities. Jaipur: Shashi Jain for Pointer Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 978-81-7132-598-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ali, Asghar (9 April 2011). "Islamic identity in secular India". The Milli Gazette. The Ulama of Deoband opposed partition and stood by united nationalism. Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, then chief of Jami'at-ul-Ulama-i-Hind, wrote a tract Muttahida Qaumiyyat aur Islam i.e., the Composite Nationalism and Islam justifying composite nationalism in the light of Qur'an and hadith and opposing Muslim League's separate nationalism. While the educated elite were aspiring for power and hence wanted their exclusive domain; the Ulama's priority was an independent India where they could practice Islam without fear or hindrance.
^ A History of Pakistan and Its Origins, Christophe Jaffrelot, p. 224
^ Burki, Shireen Khan (2013). "The Tablighi Jama'at: Proselytizing Missionaries or Trojan Horse?". Journal of Applied Security Research. 8 (1). London: Routledge: 98–117. doi:10.1080/19361610.2013.738407. ISSN 1936-1629. S2CID 144466130.
^ Kuiper, Matthew J. (22 February 2018). "Tablighi Jamaʿat—Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordbibliographies.com. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018.
^ Lloyd Ridgeon (2015). Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1472532237. p. 191.
^ Youssef Aboul-Enein Militant Islamist Ideology: Understanding the Global Threat Naval Institute Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1612510156 p. 223.
^ ^a ^b Abbas, Tahir (2011). "Islamic political radicalism: origins and destinations". Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience. London: Routledge. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-415-57224-8.
^ Bedi, Rohan (April 2006), Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions? (PDF), Singapore: International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at Nanyang Technological University, p. 3, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2013.
This estimates that 15% of Pakistani Muslims are Deobandi and 20% Shia, which equates to about 19% of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims being Deobandi.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sareen, Sushant (2005). The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making. New Delhi: Har Anand Publications. p. 282. ISBN 978-8124110751.
^ ^a ^b Syed, Jawad; Pio, Edwina; Kamran, Tahir; Zaidi, Abbas, eds. (2016). Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 371. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3. ISBN 978-1-349-94965-6. LCCN 2016951736.
^ "Islamic Family Law » Bangladesh, People's Republic of". Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ "The Past and Future of Deobandi Islam". Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 3 November 2009. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
^ Moosa, Ebrahim (2015), "Deobandīs in Africa", Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Brill, retrieved 13 February 2023
^ Khalili, Muhammadullah (2016). "Influence of Deoband School of Thought In South Africa". University of KwaZulu-Natal: 15. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
^ Durani, Abdul Gufur (2013). "Advent of Deobandi Thinking in India and Its Impact on Iranian Baluchistan". Journal of Subcontinent Researches. 4: 22. doi:10.22111/jsr.2013.848 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
^ Ahmad, Ashraf (2000). "Islam In Iran Xiii. Islamic Political Movements In 20th Century Iran". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
^ Durani 2013, p. 22.
^ Salman, Peerzada (21 May 2015). "The role of Deobandi school of thought in Iran discussed". Dawn.
^ ^a ^b Ahmed, Abdul-Azim (12 August 2016), "Who are Britain's Muslims?", On Religion magazine, archived from the original on 9 August 2018, retrieved 9 August 2018
^ The Annual Report of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills 2014/15 (PDF), House of Commons, 1 December 2015, pp. 95–96 Alternative URL.
^ ^a ^b Norfolk, Andrew (19 April 2016), "Prisons chief praises extreme Islamic sect", The Times
^ Norfolk, Andrew (7 September 2007). "Hardline takeover of British Masjid". The Times.
^ Bunglawala, Inayat (7 September 2007), "A toxic mix of fact and nonsense", The Guardian
^ Bowen, Innes (14 June 2014). "Who runs our mosques?". The Spectator.
^ "Maslak of Ulama-e-Deoband – Darul Uloom Deoband – India".
^ Bokhari, Kamran (23 November 2021). "The Long Shadow of Deobandism in South Asia". Newslines Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021.
^ "History of Darul Uloom Deoband", Vol.1, 1980
^ ^a ^b Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri. State University of New York Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4384-5370-5.
^ David Emmanuel Singh, Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response, p 167.
^ ibnummabd on 19 February 2009 at 6:04 pm (19 February 2009). "About". Deoband.org. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Martin van Bruinessen, Stefano Allievi, Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe, p 100. ISBN 1136932860
^ Brannon D. Ingram (2018). Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam. University of California Press. p. 254. ISBN 9780520970137.
^ Metcalf, Barbara Daly (2002). Islamic revival in British India: Deoband, 1860–1900 (3rd impression. ed.). New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 141. ISBN 0-19-566049-8.
^ Commins, David (2016) [2006], The Mission and the Kingdom: Wahhabi Power behind the Saudi throne, I.B.Tauris, p. 144, ISBN 9781838609528, That tendency [of reviving the community of believers] emerged in a town north of Delhi called Deoband and it is therefore known as the Deobandi movement. While they shared the Wahhabis' dedication to ritual correctness, their scrupulous adherence to the Hanafi legal school clearly set them apart from the Arabian Hanbalis.
^ Ingram, Brannon D. (2018). Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520298002. LCCN 2018014045.
^ Martin Van Bruinessen, Julia Day Howell, Sufism and the 'Modern' in Islam, p 130, ISBN 1850438544
^ Metcalf, Barabara. "Traditionalist" Islamic Activism: Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs Archived 1 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine. "These orientations – "Deobandi," "Barelvi" or "Ahl-i Hadith" – would come to define sectarian divisions among Sunni Muslims of South Asian background to the present."
^ Haque, Ziaul (1975). "Muslim Religious Education in Indo-Pakistan". Islamic Studies. 14 (4). Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad: 284. The following books and subjects are studied ... Fiqh: Hidayah, Quduri, Nur al-Idah, Sharh-i Waqayah, Kanz al-Daqa'iq
^ Metcalf, Barbara Daly (2002). Islamic revival in British India : Deoband, 1860–1900 (3rd impression. ed.). New Delhi: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 141. ISBN 0-19-566049-8.
^ Khan, Fareeha (2008). Traditionalist Approaches to Shari'ah Reform: Mawlana Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi's Fatwa on Women's Right to Divorce (Thesis). University of Michigan. p. 59. Polemicists from among the Ahl-i Hadith were especially being targeted in Thanawi's explanation, since they accused those who adhered to the rulings of one scholar or legal school of "blind imitation". It was the practice of the Ahl-i Hadith to demand and provide proofs for every argument and legal ruling.
^ Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2002). The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton University Press. p. 24. The Deobandi sensitivity to the Ahl-i Hadith challenge is indicated by the polemics they engaged in with the Ahl-i Hadith and by the large commentaries on classical works of hadith written specifically to refute them
^ Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2002). The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton University Press. p. 39. ...gave a new and, in the Indian context, unprecedented salience to the study of hadith in their madrasas. Hadith had, of course, been studied in precolonial Indian madrasas, but the Deobandis instituted the practice of studying (or, more exactly, "reviewing") all six of the Sunni canonical collections of hadith in the course of a single year; this practice has come to serve in Indian and Pakistani madrasas as the capstone of a student's advanced madrasa
^ Metcalf, B.D. (2002). "Traditionalist' Islamic Activism:Deoband, Tablighis, and Talibs". International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World: 5–6. hdl:1887/10068 – via Leiden University Scholarly Publications.
^ L. Esposito, John (1995). The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern Islamic world Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 362. ISBN 0-19-509612-6. DEOBANDIS... It was a pioneer effort to transmit the religious sciences, specifically the dars-i-nizami identified with the Lucknow-based 'ulama' of Farangi Mahal.. The goal of the school was to preserve the teachings of the faith in a period of non-Muslim rule and considerable social change...
^ Syed, Jawad; Pio, Edwina; Kamran, Tahir; Zaidi, Abbas, eds. (2016). Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 377. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3. ISBN 978-1-349-94965-6. LCCN 2016951736.
^ Gregory C. Kozlowski (21 November 1985), Muslim Endowments and Society in British India, CUP Archive, p. 76, ISBN 978-0521259866
^ ^a ^b Ingram, Brannon D. (2009), "Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism", The Muslim World, 99 (3), Blackwell Publishing: 480, doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x
^ Elizabeth Sirriyeh (2014), Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defence, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World, Routledge Curzon, p. 49, ISBN 978-1136812767
^ "The Silsilahs of Tasawwuf and the Reality of Bay'ah | IlmGate". 20 September 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
^ "Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi's Conception of Islamic Mysticism | IlmGate". 1 January 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
^ "Various Forms of Tawassul and Istighatha and their Rulings". Darul Iftaa. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
^ Ingram, Brannon D. (2009), "Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism", The Muslim World, 99 (3), Blackwell Publishing: 479, doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x
^ Amir Bashir (December 2015). Muhammad Anwar Khan Qasmi (ed.). "Deobandi Sūfi Doctrine: Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of Tasawwuf within the Context of Tawhīd and Sunnah". Islamic Literature Review. 2 (2). Deoband: Deoband Institute of Islamic Thought: 2. ISSN 2349-1795.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Ingram, Brannon D. (2018), Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam, University of California Press, pp. 7, 64, 100, 241, ISBN 978-0520298002
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ingram, Brannon D. (2009), "Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism", The Muslim World, 99 (3), Blackwell Publishing: 484, doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x
^ ^a ^b Ingram, Brannon D. (2018), Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam, University of California Press, p. 66, ISBN 978-0520298002
^ Mas’ūd, Muḥammad Khālid (1969). Trends in the interpretation of Islamic law as reflected in the Fatāwá literature of Deoband School: a study of the attitudes of the 'Ulamā' of Deoband to certain social problems and inventions (MA thesis). Canada: McGill University. p. 25. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
^ Mas’ūd 1969, p. 25.
^ Wani, Bilal Ahmad (2012). Contribution of Darul 'Ulum Deoband to the Development of Tafsir (PDF) (M.Phil. thesis). India: Shah-i-Hamadan Institute of Islamic Studies, University of Kashmir. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-3-659-56556-4. OCLC 892098479.
^ Ullah, Mohammed (2018). The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges (PhD thesis). India: Centre for Federal Studies, Jamia Hamdard. p. 152. hdl:10603/326073.
^ Ullah 2018, p. 104, 152.
^ Ibrahim, Arwa (23 August 2021). "Explainer: The Taliban and Islamic law in Afghanistan". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^ Ullah 2018, p. 166, 169.
^ Ullah 2018, p. 105–106.
^ "Questioning guidelines at Askimam". askimam.org. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^ Hussain, Maaz (21 June 2016). "Anti-Terror Fatwa Endorsed by 100,000 Bangladeshi Islamic Scholars". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^ Ingram, Brannon D. (June 2009). "Sufis, Scholars, and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism". The Muslim World. 99 (3). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell: 478–501. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x – via Academia.edu.
^ Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J., eds. (1991) [1965]. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 205. ISBN 90-04-07026-5.
^ Muhammad Yahya, Abul Fatah (1998). দেওবন্দ আন্দোলন: ইতিহাস ঐতিহ্য অবদান [Deoband Movement: History, Tradition and Contribution] (PDF) (in Bengali). Dhaka: Al-Amin Research Academy Bangladesh. p. 156.
^ Muhammad Yahya 1998, p. 156.
^ Moj, Muhammad (March 2015). The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-78308-390-9.
^ Wasif Dehlavi 1970, p. 45.
^ "Understanding the Attraction of Salafi and Wahhabi Movements | IPCS". www.ipcs.org. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
^ Smith, Donald Eugene (1963), India as a Secular State, Princeton University Press, p. 144, note 7, ISBN 978-1-4008-7778-2
^ Rashid, Haroon (6 November 2002). "Profile: Maulana Fazlur Rahman". BBC News.
^ Ahmad, Syed N. Origins of Muslim consciousness in India: a world-system perspective. New York u.a: Greenwood Press, 1991. p. 175
^ Barbhuiya, Atiqur Rahman (2020). Indigenous People of Barak Valley. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64678-800-2. Muslim politics in India opened a new chapter after the formation of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1919 A.D. under the initiative of Ulema of Deoband. It was founded by the dedicated freedom fighter Sheikh-Ul-Hindi Maulana Mahmudul Hasan of Darul-Uloom, Deoband. Jamiat played a very active role in India's freedom struggle.
^ McDermott, Rachel Fell; Gordon, Leonard A.; Embree, Ainslie T.; Pritchett, Frances W.; Dalton, Dennis, eds. (2014). "To Independence and Partition". Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Introduction to Asian Civilizations. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-231-13830-7. JSTOR 10.7312/mcde13830.15.
^ Christophe Jaffrelot. A history of Pakistan and its origins. Anthem Press, 2004. ISBN 978-1-84331-149-2
^ Bahadur, Kalim (1998). Democracy in Pakistan: crises and conflicts. Har Anand Publications. p. 176.
^ Volpi, Frederic (2001). Political Islam: a Critical Reader. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134722075. OCLC 862611173.^{[page needed]}
^ Timol, Riyaz (14 October 2019). "Structures of Organisation and Loci of Authority in a Glocal Islamic Movement: The Tablighi Jama'at in Britain". Religions. 10 (10): 573. doi:10.3390/rel10100573.
^ Templin, James D. (June 2015). "Religious Education of Pakistan's Deobandi Madaris and Radicalisation". Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses. 7 (5). Nanyang Technological University, Singapore: International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research: 15–21. JSTOR 26351354.
^ Roul, Animesh (2 June 2005). "Lashkar-e-Jhangvi: Sectarian Violence in Pakistan and Ties to International Terrorism". Terrorism Monitor. 3 (11). Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014.
^ "Pakistani group joins US terror list". BBC News South Asia. 30 January 2003.
^ Ahmad, Tufail (21 March 2012). "Using Twitter, YouTube, Facebook and Other Internet Tools, Pakistani Terrorist Group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Incites Violence against Shi'ite Muslims and Engenders Antisemitism". The Middle East Media Research Insititue, memri.org. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
^ "Pakistani Shi'ites call off protests after Quetta bombing arrests". Reuters. 19 February 2013.
^ "Pakistan Shias killed in Gilgit sectarian attack". BBC News. 16 August 2012. A predominantly Punjabi group, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is linked with the 2002 murder of US reporter Daniel Pearl and other militant attacks, particularly in the southern city of Karachi.
^ "Iran condemns terrorist attacks in Pakistan". Tehran Times. 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014.
^ "Analysis: Who are the Taleban?". BBC News. 20 December 2000.
^ Abrams, Dennis (2007). Hamid Karzai. Infobase Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7910-9267-5. As soon as it took power though, the Taliban imposed its strict interpretation of Islamic law on the country
^ Skain, Rosemarie (2002). The women of Afghanistan under the Taliban. McFarland. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7864-1090-3.
^ Maley, William (2001). Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. C Hurst & Co. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-85065-360-8.
^ Shaffer, Brenda (2006). The limits of culture: Islam and foreign policy (illustrated ed.). MIT Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-262-69321-9. The Taliban's mindset is, however, equally if not more deaned by Pashtunwali
^ James Gerstenzan; Lisa Getter (18 November 2001). "Laura Bush Addresses State of Afghan Women". Los Angeles Times.
^ "Women's Rights in the Taliban and Post-Taliban Eras". A Woman Among Warlords. PBS. 11 September 2007.
^ ^a ^b Bajoria, Jayshree (6 February 2008). "Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 14 May 2009.
^ ^a ^b Abbas, Hassan (January 2008). "A Profile of Tehrik-I-Taliban Pakistan". CTC Sentinel. 1 (2). West Point, NY: Combating Terrorism Center: 1–4. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
^ ^a ^b Carlotta Gall; Ismail Khan; Pir Zubair Shah; Taimoor Shah (26 March 2009). "Pakistani and Afghan Taliban Unify in Face of U.S. Influx". The New York Times.
^ Shane, Scott (22 October 2009). "Insurgents Share a Name, but Pursue Different Goals". The New York Times.
^ ^a ^b B. Raman, "Musharraf's Ban: An Analysis", South Asia Analysis Group , Paper no. 395, 18 January 2002
^ ^a ^b "Pakistan: The Sipah-e-Sahaba (SSP), including its activities and status", Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 26 July 2005
^ "Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, Terrorist Group of Pakistan". www.satp.org.
^ "2009: Southern Punjab extremism battle between haves and have-nots". Dawn. Pakistan. 22 May 2011.
^ Mahmood, Hamid (2012). The Dars-e-Nizami and the Transnational Traditionalist Madaris in Britain (PDF). pp. 7, 17. In the UK the Dār al-'Ulūm al-'Arabiyyah al-Islāmiyyah (Bury madrasa) and Jāmi'at ta'līm al-Islām (Dewsbury madrasa) are considered the 'Oxbridge' of the traditional madrasa world....The need for leadership and imams increased alongside the increasing number of Mosques and in 1975 the first madrasa was established in a village called Holcombe situated near Bury – known as Dār al-'Ulūm Bury or Bury Madrasa.
^ Reetz, Dietrich (2011). "The Tablīghī Madrassas in Lenasia and Azaadville: Local Players in the Global 'Islamic Field'". In Tayob, Abdulkader; Niehaus, Inga; Weisse, Wolfram (eds.). Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa. Münster: Waxmann Verlag. pp. 85–88. ISBN 978-3-8309-7554-0.
^ Timol, Riyaz (14 October 2019). "Structures of Organisation and Loci of Authority in a Glocal Islamic Movement: The Tablighi Jama'at in Britain". Religions. 10 (10). MDPI: 573. doi:10.3390/rel10100573.
^ Mohamed, Yasien (2002). "Islamic Education in South Africa" (PDF). ISIM Newsletter. 9: 30. opportunities for studies were created locally when in 1971 the first Darul-Ulum was established in Newcastle, Kwazulu Natal. This Darul-Ulum was based on the Darsi-Nizami course from Deoband, India.
^ Abdulkader Tayob; et al., eds. (2011). Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa (PDF). Münster; München [u.a.]: Waxmann. pp. 85, 101. ISBN 978-3-8309-2554-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2013. It became clear through field research by the author that Deobandi schools in several countries increasingly rely on graduates from Azaadville and Lenasia. The two schools and their graduates are functioning as network multiplicators between Deobandi schools worldwide.
^ Abdulkader Tayob; et al., eds. (2011). Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa (PDF). Münster; München [u.a.]: Waxmann. pp. 85, 101. ISBN 978-3-8309-2554-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2013. The Islamic schools in Lenasia and Azaadville in South Africa represent prominent examples of schools that provide religious education in a format which is firmly rooted in traditions and interpretations of Islam originating outside South Africa. Established by the Muslim minority community of the country, the schools follow the Deobandi interpretation of Islam from South Asia.
^ Abdulkader Tayob; et al., eds. (2011). Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa (PDF). Münster; München [u.a.]: Waxmann. pp. 85, 101. ISBN 978-3-8309-2554-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2013. For the Tablighi Jama'at, the two schools are important switchboards for their preaching activities in South Africa, in Africa proper and around the world.
^ ^a ^b Schleifer, S. Abdallah; Al-Meheid, Minwer [in German]; Al-Rawadieh, AlMahdi; Ahmed, Aftab; Asfour, Zeinab, eds. (2012). The 500 Most Influential Muslims (PDF). Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre (4th ed.). Jordan: Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding. p. 110. ISBN 978-9957-428-37-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2018.
^ David Emmanuel Singh, The Independent Madrasas of India: Dar al-'Ulum, Deoband and Nadvat al-'Ulama, Lucknow (PDF), Oxford Centre for Mission Studies, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2020, retrieved 4 September 2020
^ Ahmed, Shoayb (2006). Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century. Al-Kawthar Publications. pp. 35–37. He began teaching the basic subjects and was regularly promoted until he became the head-teacher and the Shaykh al-Hadith. He served the Darul Uloom until 1914 (1333)...The Shaykh was very active politically as well. A movement known as Reshmi Roomal was formed in India to remove the British. He played a major role in advancing this movement.
^ Abu Ghuddah, Abd al-Fattah (1997). تراجم ستة من فقهاء العالم الإسلامي في القرن الرابع عشر وآشارهم الفقهية (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar al-Basha'ir al-Islamiyyah. p. 15. وكان أكبر كبارها وشيخ شيوخها الشيخ محمود حسن الديوبندي الملقب بشيخ العالم، والمعروف بشيخ الهند، وكان في الحديث الشريف مسند الوقت ورحلة الأقطار الهندية. (Trans. And the greatest of its [Dar al-Ulum Deoband's] great ones, and the shaykh of its shaykhs was Shaykh Mahmud Hasan al-Deobandi, who is entitled (al-mulaqqab) Shaykh al-'Aalam, and popularly known (al-ma'ruf bi) as Shaykh al-Hind. In regards to the noble Hadith, he was the authority of his time (musnid al-waqt), whom students traveled from all parts of India [to study with].
^ Metcalf, Barbara Daly (1992). Perfecting women : Maulana Ashraf ọAlī Thanawi's Bihishti zewar : a partial translation with commentary. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-520-08093-9. The Bihishti Zewar was written by Maulana Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi (1864–1943), a leader of the Deobandi reform movement that crystallized in north India in the late nineteenth century...Maulana Thanawi was an extraordinary successful exponent of reform.
^ Ahmed, Shoayb (2006). Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century. Al-Kawthar Publications. pp. 68–70. This great Hafiz of Hadith, excellent Hanafi jurist, legist, historian, linguist, poet, researcher and critic, Muhammad Anwar Shah Kashmiri...He went to the biggest Islamic University inIndia, the Darul Uloom al-Islamiyah in Deoband...He contributed greatly to the Hanafi Madhab...He wrote many books, approximately 40...Many renowned and erudite scholars praised him and acknowledged his brilliance...Many accomplished scholars benefited from his vast knowledge.
^ Ahmed, Shoayb (2006). Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century. Al-Kawthar Publications. pp. 215–216. After Shaykh al-Hind's demise, he was unanimously acknowledged as his successor. ..He was the President of the Jamiat Al-Ulama-Hind for about twenty years...He taught Sahih Al-Bukhari for about thirty years. During his deanship, the strength of the students academically impred...About 4483 students graduated and obtained a continuous chain of transmission (sanad) in Hadith during his period.
^ Reetz, Dietrich (2004). "Keeping Busy on the Path of Allah: The Self-Organisation (Intizam) of the Tablighi Jama'at". Oriente Moderno. 84 (1): 295–305. doi:10.1163/22138617-08401018. In recent years, the Islamic missionary movement of the Tablighi Jama'at has attracted increasing attention, not only in South Asia, but around the globe...The Tablighi movement came into being in 1926 when Muhammad Ilyas (1885–1944) started preaching correct religious practices and observance of rituals...Starting with Ilyas' personal association with the Dar al-Ulum of Deoband, the movement has been supported by religious scholars, 'ulama', propagating the purist teachings of this seminary located in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
^ Ahmed, Shoayb (2006). Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century. Al-Kawthar Publications. pp. 167–170. He completed his formal education [from Deoband] in 1907 (1325) with specialization in Hadith. Thereafter he taught for some time at the Dar al-Uloom Deoband...He supported the resolution for the independence of Pakistan and assisted Muhammad Ali Jinnah...He was given the task of hoisting the flag of Pakistan...Due to his tremendous effort, the first constitution of Pakistan was based on the Quraan and Sunnah...Fath Al-Mulhim bi Sharh Sahih Muslim. Even though he passed away before being able to complete the book it was accepted and praised by many renowned scholars. These include Shaykh Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari and Shaykh Anwar Shah Kashmiri.
^ Usmani, Muhammad Taqi (December 2011). "Shaykh Mufti Muhammad Shafi': The Grand Mufti of Pakistan". Deoband.org. Translated by Rahman, Zameelur. Retrieved 6 November 2013. The scholar of great learning, Shaykh Mufti Muhammad Shafi' (Allah Almighty have mercy on him), is counted amongst the leading 'ulama of India and Pakistan...He completed his studies in the year 1325 H, and because he was from the advanced students in the period of his studies, the teachers of the Dar al-'Ulum selected him to become a teacher there...the teachers appointed him as the head of the Fatwa Department at Dar al-'Ulum...Ma'arif al-Qur'an. This is a valuable exegesis of the Noble Qur'an which Shaykh [Muhammad Shafi'] compiled in the Urdu language in 8 large volumes.
^ Bashir, Aamir (2013). Shari'at and Tariqat: A Study of the Deobandi Understanding and Practice of Tasawwuf (PDF). Dar al-Sa'adah Publications. p. 117. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2013. Muhammad Zakariyya can be termed as the "Reviver of Deobandi tasawwuf." He is the last in the long line of prominent scholar Sufis who epitomized Deobandi characteristics.
^ al-Mahmud, A.H.; Hasan, Syed Mahmudul (2008). সননাতে নববীর মরত পরতীক: মাওলানা আবদল মতিন চৌধরী শাযখে ফলবাডী রাহ. pp. 78–81.
^ "Shah Ahmed Shafi, chief of Bangladesh Islamist group Hifazat-e Islam, dies". bdnews24.com.
^ "Noted Islamic scholar Mufti Abdur Rahman passes away". BD Chronicle. Archived from the original on 12 November 2015.
^ S. Abdallah Schleifer, ed. (2012). The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims. Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. p. 69. Leader of the Pakistan chapter of the Tablighi Jamaat [...] Hajji Abd al-Wahhab is a prominent Pakistani scholar with a significant following in South Asia and the United Kingdom...Abd al-Wahhab's work[...] stems from the prominent Islamic institution Darul Uloom Deoband, in India, where the latter studied before establishing a following in Pakistan.
^ আললামা গহরপরী পরিচিতি. jamiagohorpur.com (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
^ Islamic Academy of Manchester The Islamic Academy of Manchester
^ Kamran, Mohammad (3 December 2003). "SC Shariat Bench to hear appeal on presidential remissions today". Daily Times. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012.
^ S. Abdallah Schleifer, ed. (2012). The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims. Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. p. 114.
^ "Nur Hossain Kasemi passes away at 75". The Daily Star. 14 December 2020.
^ "Mahmudul Hasan new chairman of Qawmi Madrasa Education Board". The Daily Star. 3 October 2020.
^ "Babunagari denounces government's claim of no death in Hefazat's 2013 protest". Dhaka Tribune. 5 November 2018.
^ বাংলাদেশ খেলাফত মজলিসের নতন কমিটি গঠন [Formation of new committee of Bangladesh Khilafah Majlis]. Daily Naya Diganta (in Bengali).
^ Rahman, Azizur-. (Translated by Muhammad Shameem) (ed.). Introducing Darul-'Uloom Karachi (PDF). Public Information Department: Darul Uloom Karachi. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2014.
^ "Mufti Taqi Usmani". Albalagh. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ S. Abdallah Schleifer, ed. (2012). The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims. Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. p. 89. Leading scholar for the Deobandis...Usmani is very important as a figurehead in the Deobandi movement
^ "Sylhet: Renowned Islamic scholar Allama Nurul Islam Olipuri speaking at the first day of the three daylong Tafsirul Quran Mahfil as Chief Guest in Sylhet organised by Khademul Quran Parishad, Sylhet recently". The New Nation.
^ S. Abdallah Schleifer, ed. (2012). The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims. Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. p. 134. He has been very effective in influencing all types of the communities ranging from businessmen and landlords to ministers and sports celebrities.
^ Chimp Corps (28 April 2021). "Kyankwanzi: President Museveni, Mufti Menk Discuss 'Unity in Diversity'". ChimpReports. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
^ "Iranian Sunni cleric says executions may inflame regional tensions". Reuters. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
^ "Special Issue:A Special Issue on The Deoband Madrasa".

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[47] Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2002). The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change. Princeton University Press. p. 39. ...gave a new and, in the Indian context, unprecedented salience to the study of hadith in their madrasas. Hadith had, of course, been studied in precolonial Indian madrasas, but the Deobandis instituted the practice of studying (or, more exactly, "reviewing") all six of the Sunni canonical collections of hadith in the course of a single year; this practice has come to serve in Indian and Pakistani madrasas as the capstone of a student's advanced madrasa

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[Barbhuiya2020-82] Barbhuiya, Atiqur Rahman (2020). Indigenous People of Barak Valley. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64678-800-2. Muslim politics in India opened a new chapter after the formation of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1919 A.D. under the initiative of Ulema of Deoband. It was founded by the dedicated freedom fighter Sheikh-Ul-Hindi Maulana Mahmudul Hasan of Darul-Uloom, Deoband. Jamiat played a very active role in India's freedom struggle.

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[88] Templin, James D. (June 2015). "Religious Education of Pakistan's Deobandi Madaris and Radicalisation". Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses. 7 (5). Nanyang Technological University, Singapore: International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research: 15–21. JSTOR 26351354.

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[92] "Pakistani Shi'ites call off protests after Quetta bombing arrests". Reuters. 19 February 2013.

[93] "Pakistan Shias killed in Gilgit sectarian attack". BBC News. 16 August 2012. A predominantly Punjabi group, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is linked with the 2002 murder of US reporter Daniel Pearl and other militant attacks, particularly in the southern city of Karachi.

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[Abrams-96] Abrams, Dennis (2007). Hamid Karzai. Infobase Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7910-9267-5. As soon as it took power though, the Taliban imposed its strict interpretation of Islamic law on the country

[Skain-97] Skain, Rosemarie (2002). The women of Afghanistan under the Taliban. McFarland. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7864-1090-3.

[Maley2-98] Maley, William (2001). Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban. C Hurst & Co. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-85065-360-8.

[Shaffer-99] Shaffer, Brenda (2006). The limits of culture: Islam and foreign policy (illustrated ed.). MIT Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-262-69321-9. The Taliban's mindset is, however, equally if not more deaned by Pashtunwali

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[110] Mahmood, Hamid (2012). The Dars-e-Nizami and the Transnational Traditionalist Madaris in Britain (PDF). pp. 7, 17. In the UK the Dār al-'Ulūm al-'Arabiyyah al-Islāmiyyah (Bury madrasa) and Jāmi'at ta'līm al-Islām (Dewsbury madrasa) are considered the 'Oxbridge' of the traditional madrasa world....The need for leadership and imams increased alongside the increasing number of Mosques and in 1975 the first madrasa was established in a village called Holcombe situated near Bury – known as Dār al-'Ulūm Bury or Bury Madrasa.

[111] Reetz, Dietrich (2011). "The Tablīghī Madrassas in Lenasia and Azaadville: Local Players in the Global 'Islamic Field'". In Tayob, Abdulkader; Niehaus, Inga; Weisse, Wolfram (eds.). Muslim Schools and Education in Europe and South Africa. Münster: Waxmann Verlag. pp. 85–88. ISBN 978-3-8309-7554-0.

[Timol_2019-112] Timol, Riyaz (14 October 2019). "Structures of Organisation and Loci of Authority in a Glocal Islamic Movement: The Tablighi Jama'at in Britain". Religions. 10 (10). MDPI: 573. doi:10.3390/rel10100573.

[113] Mohamed, Yasien (2002). "Islamic Education in South Africa" (PDF). ISIM Newsletter. 9: 30. opportunities for studies were created locally when in 1971 the first Darul-Ulum was established in Newcastle, Kwazulu Natal. This Darul-Ulum was based on the Darsi-Nizami course from Deoband, India.

[Eds._85,_101-114] Abdulkader Tayob; et al., eds. (2011). Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa (PDF). Münster; München [u.a.]: Waxmann. pp. 85, 101. ISBN 978-3-8309-2554-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2013. It became clear through field research by the author that Deobandi schools in several countries increasingly rely on graduates from Azaadville and Lenasia. The two schools and their graduates are functioning as network multiplicators between Deobandi schools worldwide.

[115] Abdulkader Tayob; et al., eds. (2011). Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa (PDF). Münster; München [u.a.]: Waxmann. pp. 85, 101. ISBN 978-3-8309-2554-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2013. The Islamic schools in Lenasia and Azaadville in South Africa represent prominent examples of schools that provide religious education in a format which is firmly rooted in traditions and interpretations of Islam originating outside South Africa. Established by the Muslim minority community of the country, the schools follow the Deobandi interpretation of Islam from South Asia.

[zmo.de-116] Abdulkader Tayob; et al., eds. (2011). Muslim schools and education in Europe and South Africa (PDF). Münster; München [u.a.]: Waxmann. pp. 85, 101. ISBN 978-3-8309-2554-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2013. For the Tablighi Jama'at, the two schools are important switchboards for their preaching activities in South Africa, in Africa proper and around the world.

[themuslim500.com_2012-117] Schleifer, S. Abdallah; Al-Meheid, Minwer [in German]; Al-Rawadieh, AlMahdi; Ahmed, Aftab; Asfour, Zeinab, eds. (2012). The 500 Most Influential Muslims (PDF). Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre (4th ed.). Jordan: Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding. p. 110. ISBN 978-9957-428-37-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2018.

[david-118] David Emmanuel Singh, The Independent Madrasas of India: Dar al-'Ulum, Deoband and Nadvat al-'Ulama, Lucknow (PDF), Oxford Centre for Mission Studies, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2020, retrieved 4 September 2020

[119] Ahmed, Shoayb (2006). Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century. Al-Kawthar Publications. pp. 35–37. He began teaching the basic subjects and was regularly promoted until he became the head-teacher and the Shaykh al-Hadith. He served the Darul Uloom until 1914 (1333)...The Shaykh was very active politically as well. A movement known as Reshmi Roomal was formed in India to remove the British. He played a major role in advancing this movement.

[120] Abu Ghuddah, Abd al-Fattah (1997). تراجم ستة من فقهاء العالم الإسلامي في القرن الرابع عشر وآشارهم الفقهية (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar al-Basha'ir al-Islamiyyah. p. 15. وكان أكبر كبارها وشيخ شيوخها الشيخ محمود حسن الديوبندي الملقب بشيخ العالم، والمعروف بشيخ الهند، وكان في الحديث الشريف مسند الوقت ورحلة الأقطار الهندية. (Trans. And the greatest of its [Dar al-Ulum Deoband's] great ones, and the shaykh of its shaykhs was Shaykh Mahmud Hasan al-Deobandi, who is entitled (al-mulaqqab) Shaykh al-'Aalam, and popularly known (al-ma'ruf bi) as Shaykh al-Hind. In regards to the noble Hadith, he was the authority of his time (musnid al-waqt), whom students traveled from all parts of India [to study with].

[121] Metcalf, Barbara Daly (1992). Perfecting women : Maulana Ashraf ọAlī Thanawi's Bihishti zewar : a partial translation with commentary. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-520-08093-9. The Bihishti Zewar was written by Maulana Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi (1864–1943), a leader of the Deobandi reform movement that crystallized in north India in the late nineteenth century...Maulana Thanawi was an extraordinary successful exponent of reform.

[122] Ahmed, Shoayb (2006). Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century. Al-Kawthar Publications. pp. 68–70. This great Hafiz of Hadith, excellent Hanafi jurist, legist, historian, linguist, poet, researcher and critic, Muhammad Anwar Shah Kashmiri...He went to the biggest Islamic University inIndia, the Darul Uloom al-Islamiyah in Deoband...He contributed greatly to the Hanafi Madhab...He wrote many books, approximately 40...Many renowned and erudite scholars praised him and acknowledged his brilliance...Many accomplished scholars benefited from his vast knowledge.

[123] Ahmed, Shoayb (2006). Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century. Al-Kawthar Publications. pp. 215–216. After Shaykh al-Hind's demise, he was unanimously acknowledged as his successor. ..He was the President of the Jamiat Al-Ulama-Hind for about twenty years...He taught Sahih Al-Bukhari for about thirty years. During his deanship, the strength of the students academically impred...About 4483 students graduated and obtained a continuous chain of transmission (sanad) in Hadith during his period.

[124] Reetz, Dietrich (2004). "Keeping Busy on the Path of Allah: The Self-Organisation (Intizam) of the Tablighi Jama'at". Oriente Moderno. 84 (1): 295–305. doi:10.1163/22138617-08401018. In recent years, the Islamic missionary movement of the Tablighi Jama'at has attracted increasing attention, not only in South Asia, but around the globe...The Tablighi movement came into being in 1926 when Muhammad Ilyas (1885–1944) started preaching correct religious practices and observance of rituals...Starting with Ilyas' personal association with the Dar al-Ulum of Deoband, the movement has been supported by religious scholars, 'ulama', propagating the purist teachings of this seminary located in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

[125] Ahmed, Shoayb (2006). Muslim Scholars of the 20th Century. Al-Kawthar Publications. pp. 167–170. He completed his formal education [from Deoband] in 1907 (1325) with specialization in Hadith. Thereafter he taught for some time at the Dar al-Uloom Deoband...He supported the resolution for the independence of Pakistan and assisted Muhammad Ali Jinnah...He was given the task of hoisting the flag of Pakistan...Due to his tremendous effort, the first constitution of Pakistan was based on the Quraan and Sunnah...Fath Al-Mulhim bi Sharh Sahih Muslim. Even though he passed away before being able to complete the book it was accepted and praised by many renowned scholars. These include Shaykh Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari and Shaykh Anwar Shah Kashmiri.

[126] Usmani, Muhammad Taqi (December 2011). "Shaykh Mufti Muhammad Shafi': The Grand Mufti of Pakistan". Deoband.org. Translated by Rahman, Zameelur. Retrieved 6 November 2013. The scholar of great learning, Shaykh Mufti Muhammad Shafi' (Allah Almighty have mercy on him), is counted amongst the leading 'ulama of India and Pakistan...He completed his studies in the year 1325 H, and because he was from the advanced students in the period of his studies, the teachers of the Dar al-'Ulum selected him to become a teacher there...the teachers appointed him as the head of the Fatwa Department at Dar al-'Ulum...Ma'arif al-Qur'an. This is a valuable exegesis of the Noble Qur'an which Shaykh [Muhammad Shafi'] compiled in the Urdu language in 8 large volumes.

[127] Bashir, Aamir (2013). Shari'at and Tariqat: A Study of the Deobandi Understanding and Practice of Tasawwuf (PDF). Dar al-Sa'adah Publications. p. 117. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2013. Muhammad Zakariyya can be termed as the "Reviver of Deobandi tasawwuf." He is the last in the long line of prominent scholar Sufis who epitomized Deobandi characteristics.

[128] -Mahmud, A.H.; Hasan, Syed Mahmudul (2008). সননাতে নববীর মরত পরতীক: মাওলানা আবদল মতিন চৌধরী শাযখে ফলবাডী রাহ. pp. 78–81.

[129] "Shah Ahmed Shafi, chief of Bangladesh Islamist group Hifazat-e Islam, dies". bdnews24.com.

[130] "Noted Islamic scholar Mufti Abdur Rahman passes away". BD Chronicle. Archived from the original on 12 November 2015.

[131] S. Abdallah Schleifer, ed. (2012). The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims. Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. p. 69. Leader of the Pakistan chapter of the Tablighi Jamaat [...] Hajji Abd al-Wahhab is a prominent Pakistani scholar with a significant following in South Asia and the United Kingdom...Abd al-Wahhab's work[...] stems from the prominent Islamic institution Darul Uloom Deoband, in India, where the latter studied before establishing a following in Pakistan.

[132] আললামা গহরপরী পরিচিতি. jamiagohorpur.com (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.

[133] Islamic Academy of Manchester The Islamic Academy of Manchester

[134] Kamran, Mohammad (3 December 2003). "SC Shariat Bench to hear appeal on presidential remissions today". Daily Times. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012.

[135] S. Abdallah Schleifer, ed. (2012). The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims. Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. p. 114.

[136] "Nur Hossain Kasemi passes away at 75". The Daily Star. 14 December 2020.

[:22-137] "Mahmudul Hasan new chairman of Qawmi Madrasa Education Board". The Daily Star. 3 October 2020.

[138] "Babunagari denounces government's claim of no death in Hefazat's 2013 protest". Dhaka Tribune. 5 November 2018.

[139] বাংলাদেশ খেলাফত মজলিসের নতন কমিটি গঠন [Formation of new committee of Bangladesh Khilafah Majlis]. Daily Naya Diganta (in Bengali).

[140] Rahman, Azizur-. (Translated by Muhammad Shameem) (ed.). Introducing Darul-'Uloom Karachi (PDF). Public Information Department: Darul Uloom Karachi. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2014.

[141] "Mufti Taqi Usmani". Albalagh. Retrieved 6 November 2013.

[142] S. Abdallah Schleifer, ed. (2012). The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims. Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. p. 89. Leading scholar for the Deobandis...Usmani is very important as a figurehead in the Deobandi movement

[143] "Sylhet: Renowned Islamic scholar Allama Nurul Islam Olipuri speaking at the first day of the three daylong Tafsirul Quran Mahfil as Chief Guest in Sylhet organised by Khademul Quran Parishad, Sylhet recently". The New Nation.

[144] S. Abdallah Schleifer, ed. (2012). The Muslim 500: The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims. Amman: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. p. 134. He has been very effective in influencing all types of the communities ranging from businessmen and landlords to ministers and sports celebrities.

[145] Chimp Corps (28 April 2021). "Kyankwanzi: President Museveni, Mufti Menk Discuss 'Unity in Diversity'". ChimpReports. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Sunni revivalist movement in South Asia}}
+{{Redirect|Deobandism|the political ideologies associated with it|Islamism}}
-{{Infobox personal bibliography
+{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.-->{{Deobandi}}{{Sunni Islam}}
-| Author          = Deobandi movement
-| Image           = {{multiple image
+The '''Deobandi movement''' or '''Deobandism''' is a movement within [[Sunni Islam]] that adheres to the [[Hanafi school]] of [[Islamic jurisprudence|jurisprudence]] and [[Maturidi school]] of [[Islamic theology|theology]]. It was formed at the [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Darul Uloom]] {{Transliteration|ar|[[madrasa]]}} in [[Deoband]], [[British India]] after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion of 1857–1858]]. They opposed influence of non-Muslim cultures on the Muslim of South Asia. The movement pioneered education in religious sciences through the ''{{Transliteration|ar|Dars-i Nizami}}'' associated with the [[Lucknow]]-based {{Transliteration|ar|[[ulama]]}} of [[Firangi Mahal]] with the goal of preserving traditional Islamic teachings from the influx of modernist, secular ideas during [[British Raj|British colonial rule]]. The Deobandi movement's Indian clerical wing, [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], was founded in 1919 and played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement]] through its participation in the [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] [[Khilafat Movement|''Khilafat'' movement]] and propagation of the doctrine of [[composite nationalism]].
-| border                 = infobox
-| total_width            = 270
-| image_style            = border:1;
-| perrow                 = 1/2/2/1
-| image1 = Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg
-| image2 = Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (cropped).jpg
-| image3 = Hussain Ahmad Madani (cropped).jpg
-| image4 = Sabbir Ahmad Usmani (cropped).jpg
-| image5 = Taqi Usmani (cropped).jpg
-| image6 = Shah Ahmad Shafi.jpg
-}}
-| Caption         = Clockwise from top: [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Hussain Ahmed Madani]], [[Taqi Usmani]], [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
-| alt             = multiple picture
-}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.-->{{Deobandi}}{{Islam}}{{Sunni Islam}}
+Deobandis are adherents of [[Sufism]] and the movement encompasses a variety of [[Sufi orders]]. They oppose folklore-based Sufi practices such as celebration of [[Mawlid]], the {{Transliteration|ar|[[urs]]}} of saints and {{Transliteration|ar|[[ziyarat]]}} to [[Sufi shrine|shrines]], instead advocating for reform within Sufism. Deobandis uphold the doctrine of {{Transliteration|ar|[[taqlid]]}} (conformity to precedent) and reject ''{{Transliteration|ar|[[ijtihad]]}}'' (independent reasoning) for regular Muslims. The movement's beliefs and creed is outlined in {{Transliteration|ar|[[al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad]]}} authored by [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]]. Deobandis also played a major role in modern [[Deobandi hadith studies|hadith studies]] with hundreds of thousands of authoritative and comprehensive [[Sharh|commentaries]].
-The '''Deobandi movement''' or '''Deobandism''' is a [[Islamic revival|revival]]ist movement within [[Sunni Islam]] that adheres to the [[Hanafi]] school of law. It formed within the late 19th century around the [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Darul Uloom]] [[Madrassa]] in [[Deoband]], India, from which the name derives, by [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]], [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], and several others, after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion of 1857–58]]. They opposed influence of non-Muslim cultures on the Muslims living in South Asia. The movement pioneered education in religious sciences through the ''Dars-i-Nizami'' associated with the [[Lucknow]]-based {{Transliteration|ar|[[ulama]]}} of [[Firangi Mahal]] with the goal of preserving traditional Islamic teachings from the influx of modernist, secular ideas during [[British Raj|British colonial rule]]. The Deobandi movement's Indian clerical wing, [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], was founded in 1919 and played a major role in the [[Indian independence movement]] through its participation in the [[Pan-Islamism|Pan-Islamist]] [[Khilafat Movement|''Khilafat'' movement]] and propagation of the doctrine of [[composite nationalism]].
-In terms of [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]], the Deobandis uphold the doctrine of ''{{Transliteration|ar|[[taqlid]]}}'' (conformity to legal precedent) and adhere to the Hanafi school. Founders of the Deobandi school Nanautavi and Gangohi drew inspiration from the religio-political doctrines of the prominent South Asian [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]] and [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] (1703–1762 / 1114–1175&nbsp;AH). In its early years, Deobandi scholars engaged in theological debates with [[Christianity in India|Christian]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] scholars; with the objective of defending Islamic faith, and to form a popular struggle to overthrow British colonialism. Deobandi theologians of Jamiat Ulema e-Hind, in particular, discussed multiculturalism and [[opposition to the partition of India]], with a strategic vision to safeguard the religious freedom of [[Muslims in India]].
+Founders of the Deobandi school Nanautavi and Gangohi drew inspiration from the religio-political doctrines of the prominent South Asian [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]] and [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Islah|reformer]] [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] (1703–1762 / 1114–1175&nbsp;AH). In its early years, Deobandi scholars engaged in theological debates with [[Christianity in India|Christian]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] scholars; with the objective of defending Islamic faith, and to form a popular struggle to overthrow British colonialism. Deobandi theologians of Jamiat Ulema e-Hind, in particular, discussed multiculturalism and [[opposition to the partition of India]], with a strategic vision to safeguard the religious freedom of [[Muslims in India]] whereas Deobandi scholars of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]], led by Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, played a leading role in the Pakistan Movement. In response to the [[Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] in 1979, [[Saudi Arabia]] decided to support the Deobandi movement due to its popularity in the [[Pashtun regions]] in Afghanistan and [[Pakistan]], which influenced the movement with [[Salafi movement|Salafi]] ideals.{{According to whom|date=March 2024}}{{Dubious|date=March 2024}} From the early 1980s to the early 2000s, Deobandis were [[International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism|robustly funded]] by Saudi Arabia.{{According to whom|date=March 2024}}{{Dubious|date=March 2024}} Pakistan also strongly supported Deobandi ''[[Afghan mujahideen|Mujahidin]]'' to fight the [[Soviet Union]] in Afghanistan and India in the [[Kashmir insurgency]], owing to their affiliation with the Pan-Islamist legacies of Shah Waliullah and the [[Silk Letter Movement]] in the subcontinent. Alongside [[Jamaat-e-Islami]], Deobandi [[Islamism|Islamist]] militias constituted the most committed volunteers for the [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] [[Afghan Jihad]].
 The movement has spread from India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh to the [[Islam in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], and has a presence in [[Islam in South Africa|South Africa]]. The Pakistani and Afghan branches and the original Indian seminaries have far less contact since the [[Partition of India]], for political reasons related to the India–Pakistan border. Followers of the Deobandi movement are extremely diverse; some advocate for non-violence and others are [[Militant Islamism|militant]].
@@ Line 33: / Line 19: @@
 In 1919, a large group of Deobandi scholars formed the political party [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] and [[Opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="Ali2011" /> Deobandi scholar [[Maulana Syed Husain Ahmad Madani]] helped to spread these ideas through his text ''[[Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam]]''.<ref name="Ali2011">{{cite web |last1=Ali |first1=Asghar |title=Islamic identity in secular India |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/900-islamic-identity-in-secular-india-part-i |work=[[The Milli Gazette]] |date=9 April 2011|quote=The Ulama of Deoband opposed partition and stood by united nationalism. Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, then chief of Jami’at-ul-Ulama-i-Hind, wrote a tract Muttahida Qaumiyyat aur Islam i.e., the Composite Nationalism and Islam justifying composite nationalism in the light of Qur’an and hadith and opposing Muslim League’s separate nationalism. While the educated elite were aspiring for power and hence wanted their exclusive domain; the Ulama’s priority was an independent India where they could practice Islam without fear or hindrance.}}</ref> A group later dissented from this position and joined [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], including [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]] and [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi]], who formed the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]] in 1945.<ref>''A History of Pakistan and Its Origins'', Christophe Jaffrelot, p. 224</ref>
-Through the organisations such as Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and [[Tablighi Jamaat]],<ref name="Ali2011" /><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Burki |first=Shireen Khan |date=2013 |title=The Tablighi Jama'at: Proselytizing Missionaries or Trojan Horse? |journal=Journal of Applied Security Research|location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=98–117 |doi=10.1080/19361610.2013.738407 |s2cid=144466130 |issn=1936-1629}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Kuiper |first=Matthew J. |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0250.xml |title=Tablighi Jamaʿat—Oxford Islamic Studies Online |date=22 February 2018 |website=www.oxfordbibliographies.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303040002/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0250.xml |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Deobandi movement began to spread.<ref>Lloyd Ridgeon (2015). ''Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age''. Bloomsbury Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1472532237}}. p. 191.</ref><ref>Youssef Aboul-Enein ''Militant Islamist Ideology: Understanding the Global Threat'' Naval Institute Press, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1612510156}} p. 223.</ref> Graduates of Darul Uloom Deoband in India from countries such as South Africa, China, and [[Malaysia]] opened thousands of ''madaaris'' throughout the world.<ref name="Abbas2011">{{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Tahir |title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-57224-8 |location=London |pages=33–34 |chapter=Islamic political radicalism: origins and destinations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdC90uc8PfQC&pg=PA33}}</ref>
+Through the organisations such as Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind and [[Tablighi Jamaat]],<ref name="Ali2011" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Burki |first=Shireen Khan |date=2013 |title=The Tablighi Jama'at: Proselytizing Missionaries or Trojan Horse? |journal=Journal of Applied Security Research|location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=98–117 |doi=10.1080/19361610.2013.738407 |s2cid=144466130 |issn=1936-1629}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kuiper |first=Matthew J. |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0250.xml |title=Tablighi Jamaʿat—Oxford Islamic Studies Online |date=22 February 2018 |website=www.oxfordbibliographies.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303040002/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0250.xml |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Deobandi movement began to spread.<ref>Lloyd Ridgeon (2015). ''Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age''. Bloomsbury Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1472532237}}. p. 191.</ref><ref>Youssef Aboul-Enein ''Militant Islamist Ideology: Understanding the Global Threat'' Naval Institute Press, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1612510156}} p. 223.</ref> Graduates of Darul Uloom Deoband in India from countries such as South Africa, China, and [[Malaysia]] opened thousands of ''madaaris'' throughout the world.<ref name="Abbas2011">{{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Tahir |title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-57224-8 |location=London |pages=33–34 |chapter=Islamic political radicalism: origins and destinations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdC90uc8PfQC&pg=PA33}}</ref>
 === India ===
+{{main|Islam in India}}
-The Deobandi movement in India is managed and spread by Darul Uloom Deoband<ref name="Luv Puri" /><ref name="Jawad Syed et al." /><ref name="Ira M. Lapidus p 626" /><ref name="Urban Terrorism" /> and the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind.<ref name="Ali2011" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
+The Deobandi movement in India is controlled by the Darul Uloom Deoband and the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind.{{clarify|reason=Precisely, how does Jamiat contribute to the "control" of the movement?|date=March 2024}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}
 === Pakistan ===
+{{main|Islam in Pakistan}}
 {{further|Islamism in Pakistan|Sectarian violence in Pakistan}}
-Of Pakistan's estimated 230 million Muslims, some 15-30% or 40-80 million [[Pakistani Muslims]] consider themselves Deobandi, forming majority in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Balochistan]]. It is the most followed Movement among [[Pashtuns]] and [[Baloch people|Balochs]]<ref name="RohanBedi">{{citation|first1=Rohan |last1=Bedi |url=http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |title=Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions? |place=Singapore |publisher=International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at [[Nanyang Technological University]] |date=April 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091018/http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2013|page=3 }}.<br />This estimates that 15% of Pakistani Muslims are Deobandi and 20% Shia, which equates to about 19% of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims being Deobandi.</ref> According to Heritage Online, nearly 65% of the total seminaries ([[Madrasah]]) in Pakistan are run by Deobandis, whereas 25% are run by [[Barelvi]]s, 6% by [[Ahl-i Hadith]] and 3% by various [[Shia]] organizations. The Deobandi movement in Pakistan was a major recipient of funding from Saudi Arabia from the early 1980s up until the early 2000s, where after this funding was diverted to the rival Ahl-i Hadith movement.<ref name="Sushant Sareen">{{cite book |first=Sushant |last=Sareen |title=The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making |page=282 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Har Anand Publications |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSxZhFenUusC|isbn=978-8124110751 }}</ref> Having seen Deoband as a counterbalance to Iranian influence in the region, Saudi funding is now strictly reserved for the Ahl-i Hadith.<ref name="Sushant Sareen" />
+Of Pakistan's estimated 230 million Muslims, some 15-30% or 40-80 million [[Pakistani Muslims]] consider themselves Deobandi, forming majority in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Balochistan]]. It is the most followed Movement among [[Pashtuns]] and [[Baloch people|Balochs]]<ref name=RohanBedi>{{citation|first1=Rohan |last1=Bedi |url=http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |title=Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions? |place=Singapore |publisher=International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at [[Nanyang Technological University]] |date=April 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091018/http://www.pvtr.org/pdf/RegionalAnalysis/SouthAsia/Madrassa%20_IDSS%20_%20_FINAL_.pdf |archive-date=2 November 2013|page=3 }}.<br />This estimates that 15% of Pakistani Muslims are Deobandi and 20% Shia, which equates to about 19% of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims being Deobandi.</ref> According to Heritage Online, nearly 65% of the total seminaries ([[Madrasah]]) in Pakistan are run by Deobandis, whereas 25% are run by [[Barelvi]]s, 6% by [[Ahl-i Hadith]] and 3% by various [[Shia]] organizations. The Deobandi movement in Pakistan was a major recipient of funding from Saudi Arabia from the early 1980s up until the early 2000s, whereafter this funding was diverted to the rival Ahl-i Hadith movement.<ref name="Sushant Sareen">{{cite book |first=Sushant |last=Sareen |title=The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making |page=282 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Har Anand Publications |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSxZhFenUusC|isbn=978-8124110751 }}</ref> Having seen Deoband as a counterbalance to Iranian influence in the region, Saudi funding is now strictly reserved for the Ahl-i Hadith.<ref name="Sushant Sareen"/>
 Deobandi-affiliated groups such as the [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|TTP]], [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan|SSP]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|Let]], etc. have a militant character<ref name="deobandi1">{{cite book |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Jawad |editor2-last=Pio |editor2-first=Edwina |editor3-last=Kamran |editor3-first=Tahir |editor4-last=Zaidi |editor4-first=Abbas |year=2016 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA371 |location=London |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |page=371 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |lccn=2016951736 }}</ref> and have [[Persecution of Sufis|attacked and destroyed Sufi sites]] holy to Sunni Muslims of the Barelvi movement, such as [[Data Darbar]] in [[Lahore]], [[Abdullah Shah Ghazi]]'s tomb in [[Karachi]], Khal Magasi in Balochistan, and [[Rahman Baba]]'s tomb in [[Peshawar]].<ref name="deobandi1"/>
 === Bangladesh ===
+{{main|Islam in Bangladesh}}
 As with the rest of the Indian subcontinent, the majority of [[Muslims]] in Bangladesh are traditional [[Sunni]], who mainly follow the [[Hanafi]] school of jurisprudence ([[madh'hab]]) and consequently the [[Maturidi]] school of theology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic Family Law » Bangladesh, People's Republic of |url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/islamic-family-law/home/research/legal-profiles/bangladesh-people%ef%bf%bds-republic-of/ |access-date=2020-11-07 }}</ref>
 === Afghanistan ===
-Deobandi Islam is the most popular movement in the Pashtun belt on both sides of the [[Durand Line]] that separates [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Sushant Sareen" /><ref name="Luv Puri" /> Moreover, prominent [[Afghans|Afghan]] and Pakistani [[Taliban]] leaders have studied in Deobandi seminaries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |title=The Past and Future of Deobandi Islam |date=3 November 2009 |website=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121211544/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+Deobandi Islam is the most popular form of pedagogy in the Pashtun belt on both sides of the [[Durand Line]] that separates [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Sushant Sareen" /><ref name="Luv Puri" /> Moreover, prominent [[Afghans|Afghan]] and Pakistani [[Taliban]] leaders have studied in Deobandi seminaries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |title=The Past and Future of Deobandi Islam |date=3 November 2009 |website=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121211544/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/the-past-and-future-of-deobandi-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 === South Africa ===
 {{Main|Deobandi movement in South Africa}}
-The Deobandi Movement has an international presence today, with its full-fledged manifestation in South Africa, a country where the movement was initiated through the Indian [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] merchant class.<ref>{{Citation |last=Moosa |first=Ebrahim |title=Deobandīs in Africa |date=2015 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/deobandis-in-africa-COM_27718?s.num=1&s.au=%22Moosa,+Ebrahim%22 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref> The Islamic education system of the Deobandi movement, as well as the necessary components of social and political organizations such as the Tablighi Jamat and [[Jamiatul Ulama South Africa]] are fully functioning effectively in South Africa, as they do in India. Madrasas in South Africa provide Islamic higher education and are now centers for Islamic education for foreigners who are interested in receiving a Deobandi-style education. Many of their graduates, especially from Western countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, are Western students. Some of South African madrasas are recognized globally, providing [[fatwa]] services. South Africa is now known for producing exceptional Islamic literature through translation and compilation. Similarly, the Tabligh Jamaat is a hub in South Africa that spreads throughout South and East Africa. Graduates of South African madrassas spend their time in the path of the Tabligh Jamaat. Through the work of several spiritual personalities of the Deobandis, the tradition of Deoband's Tasawwuf (Sufism) has taken root in South Africa. Among them are [[Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi]], [[Masihullah Khan]], [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]<ref name="Jawad Syed et al." /> and [[Asad Madni]]. South African Deobandi Muslims have many important and influential educational and socio-political organizations that educate the people and play an important role in religious and social activities. Among them are [[Jamiatul Ulama South Africa]] and the [[Muslim Judicial Council]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalili |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi |date=2016 |title=Influence of Deoband School of Thought In South Africa |url=https://www.academia.edu/34768122 |url-status=live |journal=[[University of KwaZulu-Natal]] |page=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029023652/https://www.academia.edu/34768122/Influence_of_Deoband_School_of_Thought_In_South_Africa |archive-date=29 October 2022 |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>
+The Deobandi Movement has an international presence today, with its full-fledged manifestation in South Africa, a country where the movement was initiated through the Indian [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] merchant class.<ref>{{Citation |last=Moosa |first=Ebrahim |title=Deobandīs in Africa |date=2015 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/deobandis-in-africa-COM_27718?s.num=1&s.au=%22Moosa,+Ebrahim%22 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref> The Islamic education system of the Deobandi movement, as well as the necessary components of social and political organizations such as Tablighi Jamaat, [[Sufism]] and [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat]], are fully functioning effectively in South Africa, as they do in India. Madrasas in South Africa provide Islamic higher education and are now centers for Islamic education for foreigners who are interested in receiving a Deobandi-style education. Many of their graduates, especially from Western countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, are Western students. Some of South African madrasas are recognized globally, providing [[fatwa]] services. South Africa is now known for producing exceptional Islamic literature through translation and compilation. Similarly, the Tabligh Jamaat is a hub in South Africa that spreads throughout South and East Africa. Graduates of South African madrassas spend their time in the path of the Tabligh Jamaat. Through the work of several spiritual personalities of the Deobandis, the tradition of Deoband's Tasawwuf (Sufism) has taken root in South Africa. Among them are [[Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi]], [[Masihullah Khan]], [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]<ref name="Jawad Syed et al." /> and [[Asad Madni]]. South African Deobandi Muslims have many important and influential educational and socio-political organizations that educate the people and play an important role in religious and social activities. Among them are [[Jamiatul Ulama South Africa]] and the [[Muslim Judicial Council]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalili |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi |date=2016 |title=Influence of Deoband School of Thought In South Africa |url=https://www.academia.edu/34768122 |url-status=live |journal=[[University of KwaZulu-Natal]] |page=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029023652/https://www.academia.edu/34768122/Influence_of_Deoband_School_of_Thought_In_South_Africa |archive-date=29 October 2022 |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>
 === Iran ===
@@ Line 59: / Line 48: @@
 === United Kingdom ===
+{{main|Islam in the United Kingdom}}
 {{further|Islamism in the United Kingdom}}
 In the 1970s, Deobandis opened the first British-based Muslim religious seminaries (Darul-Ulooms), educating imams and religious scholars.<ref name=Who/> Deobandis "have been quietly meeting the religious and spiritual needs of a significant proportion of British Muslims, and are perhaps the most influential British Muslim group."<ref name=Who>{{citation |url=http://www.onreligion.co.uk/who-are-britains-muslims/ |title=Who are Britain's Muslims? |date=12 August 2016 |work=On Religion magazine |first1=Abdul-Azim |last1=Ahmed |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809154515/http://www.onreligion.co.uk/who-are-britains-muslims/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015 [[Ofsted]] highlighted the Deobandi seminary in [[Holcombe, Greater Manchester|Holcombe]] as a good example of a school "promoting British values, preventing radicalisation and protecting children".<ref name=Ofsted201415>{{citation |title=The Annual Report of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Services and Skills 2014/15 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/483347/Ofsted_annual_report_education_and_skills.pdf |date=1 December 2015 |publisher=House of Commons |pages=95–96}} [https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/24830/2/Ofsted_annual_report_education_and_skills_Redacted.pdf Alternative URL].</ref> The journalist, [[Andrew Norfolk]], did not agree with this assessment.<ref name=AndrewNorfolk19April2016>{{citation |title=Prisons chief praises extreme Islamic sect |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/prisons-chief-praises-islamic-sect-that-warns-of-repulsive-christian-women-srjb6cdc6 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=19 April 2016 |first1=Andrew |last1=Norfolk |author-link =Andrew Norfolk}}</ref>
@@ Line 69: / Line 59: @@
 ==Beliefs==
-The Deobandi movement sees itself as a scholastic tradition that grew out of the Islamic scholastic traditions of Medieval [[Transoxania]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]], and it considers its visionary forefather to be [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] (1703-1762).<ref>{{cite web |title=Maslak of Ulama-e-Deoband – Darul Uloom Deoband – India |url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/en/the-track/}}</ref> Dehlawi was a contemporary of [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] (1703 - 1792), and they studied in [[Medina]] under some of the same teachers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bokhari |first=Kamran |date=23 November 2021 |title=The Long Shadow of Deobandism in South Asia |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123222852/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |archive-date=23 November 2021 |website=Newslines Magazine}}</ref> [[Muhammad Iqbal]] said: ''The Deobandi movement is neither a creed (Aqidah) nor a denomination (Tayifa) – terms by which its antagonists try to incite the masses against it – but it is a comprehensive picture and a complete edition of the tack of the Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah in which all the offshoots of the Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah are seen joined with their root.''<ref>"History of Darul Uloom Deoband", Vol.1, 1980'''</ref>
+The Deobandi movement sees itself as a scholastic tradition that grew out of the Islamic scholastic traditions of Medieval [[Transoxania]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]], and it considers its visionary forefather to be [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] (1703-1762).<ref>{{cite web |title=Maslak of Ulama-e-Deoband – Darul Uloom Deoband – India |url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/en/the-track/}}</ref> Dehlawi was a contemporary of [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] (1703 - 1792), and they studied in [[Medina]] under some of the same teachers, despite having different theological backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bokhari |first=Kamran |date=23 November 2021 |title=The Long Shadow of Deobandism in South Asia |url=https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123222852/https://newlinesmag.com/essays/the-long-shadow-of-deobandism-in-south-asia/ |archive-date=23 November 2021 |website=Newslines Magazine}}</ref> According to [[Muhammad Iqbal]], ''Deobandiyat is neither a creed (mathab) nor a sect – terms by which its antagonists try to incite the masses against it – but it is a comprehensive picture and a complete edition of the tack of the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah in which all the offshoots of the Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah are seen joined with their root.''<ref>"History of Darul Uloom Deoband", Vol.1, 1980'''</ref>
 ===Theology===
@@ Line 99: / Line 89: @@
 — Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad (Questions One and Two)}}
-However, Deobandis argue for a reformed version of Sufism and generally oppose [[Mawlid|celebrations of the birthday]] of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and seeking help from him, the celebration of ''[[Urs]]'', [[Ziyarat|pilgrimage to the shrines]] of [[Saints in Islam|Sufi saints]], practice of ''[[Sema]]'', and loud ''[[dhikr]] -'' seeing them as too "esoteric" in nature''.''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Jawad |location=London |page=377 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |lccn=2016951736 |editor2-last=Pio |editor2-first=Edwina |editor3-last=Kamran |editor3-first=Tahir |editor4-last=Zaidi |editor4-first=Abbas}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Gregory C. Kozlowski |title=Muslim Endowments and Society in British India |date=21 November 1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CuWLhmn4JmYC&pg=PA76 |page=76 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0521259866}}</ref><ref name="db">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |journal=The Muslim World |volume=99 |issue=3 |page=480 |year=2009 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x}}</ref><ref name="sas">{{citation |author=Elizabeth Sirriyeh |title=Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defence, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8BmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |page=49 |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge Curzon |isbn=978-1136812767}}</ref>
+However despite this, Deobandis argue for a reformed version of Sufism. They generally oppose [[folklore]] based [[Sufi]] practices such as excessive [[Mawlid|celebrations of the birthday]] of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and seeking help from him, the celebration of ''[[Urs]]'', [[Ziyarat|pilgrimage to the shrines]] of [[Saints in Islam|Sufi saints]], practice of ''[[Sema]]'', and loud ''[[dhikr]] -'' seeing them as too esoteric in nature''.''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 |title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-349-94965-6 |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Jawad |location=London |page=377 |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-94966-3 |lccn=2016951736 |editor2-last=Pio |editor2-first=Edwina |editor3-last=Kamran |editor3-first=Tahir |editor4-last=Zaidi |editor4-first=Abbas}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Gregory C. Kozlowski |title=Muslim Endowments and Society in British India |date=21 November 1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CuWLhmn4JmYC&pg=PA76 |page=76 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0521259866}}</ref><ref name="db">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |journal=The Muslim World |volume=99 |issue=3 |page=480 |year=2009 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x}}</ref><ref name="sas">{{citation |author=Elizabeth Sirriyeh |title=Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defence, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8BmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |page=49 |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge Curzon |isbn=978-1136812767}}</ref> However most Deobandi leaders incorporate elements of sober Sufism into their practices and believe it to be a fundamental part of the religion.
-Deoband's curriculum combined the study of [[Islamic holy books|Islamic holy scriptures]] ([[Quran]], [[hadith]] and [[Sharia|law]]) with rational subjects ([[Islamic logic|logic]], [[Islamic philosophy|philosophy]] and [[Islamic attitudes towards science|science]]). At the same time it was hugely Sufi in orientation and affiliated with the [[Chishti Order|Chisti order]].<ref name="Ira M. Lapidus p 626" /> [[Taqi Usmani]] - the most famous Deobandi scholar was trained in the Chishti order as were the four founders of the Deoband madrassa. [[Mahmood Ashraf Usmani]], the former head of Darul Ulum Karachi, defended the concept of [[tariqa]]s and [[Bay'ah|bayah]] based on the [[Pledge of the Tree]] incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-20 |title=The Silsilahs of Tasawwuf and the Reality of Bay'ah {{!}} IlmGate |url=https://www.ilmgate.org/the-silsilahs-of-tasawwuf-and-the-reality-of-bayah/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] graduated from Darul Ulum Deoband and was widely considered the preeminent Sufi of modern India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-01 |title=Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi's Conception of Islamic Mysticism {{!}} IlmGate |url=https://www.ilmgate.org/ashraf-ali-thanawi%e2%80%99s-conception-of-islamic-mysticism/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Deobandis generally oppose the various forms of Tawassul and Istighatha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-08 |title=Various Forms of Tawassul and Istighatha and their Rulings |url=https://daruliftaa.com/aqidah-belief/various-forms-of-tawassul-and-istighatha-and-their-rulings/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=Darul Iftaa |language=en-GB}}</ref>
+Deoband's curriculum combined the study of [[Islamic holy books|Islamic holy scriptures]] ([[Quran]], [[hadith]] and [[Sharia|law]]) with rational subjects ([[Islamic logic|logic]], [[Islamic philosophy|philosophy]] and [[Islamic attitudes towards science|science]]). At the same time it was hugely Sufi in orientation and affiliated with the [[Chishti Order|Chisti order]].<ref name="Ira M. Lapidus p 626" /> [[Taqi Usmani]] - the most famous Deobandi scholar was trained in the Chishti order as were the four founders of the Deoband madrassa. [[Mahmood Ashraf Usmani]], the former head of Darul Ulum Karachi, defended the concept of [[tariqa]]s and [[Bay'ah|bayah]] based on the [[Pledge of the Tree]] incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-20 |title=The Silsilahs of Tasawwuf and the Reality of Bay'ah {{!}} IlmGate |url=https://www.ilmgate.org/the-silsilahs-of-tasawwuf-and-the-reality-of-bayah/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] graduated from Darul Ulum Deoband and was widely considered the preeminent Sufi of modern India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-01 |title=Ashraf 'Ali Thanawi's Conception of Islamic Mysticism {{!}} IlmGate |url=https://www.ilmgate.org/ashraf-ali-thanawi%e2%80%99s-conception-of-islamic-mysticism/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Deobandis generally oppose the various forms of Tawassul and Istighatha but see the matter mainly as fiqh in nature, not aqeedah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-08 |title=Various Forms of Tawassul and Istighatha and their Rulings |url=https://daruliftaa.com/aqidah-belief/various-forms-of-tawassul-and-istighatha-and-their-rulings/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=Darul Iftaa |language=en-GB}}</ref>
 Founders of the Deobandi school, [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] and [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], were inspired by the Sufi-religio-political doctrine of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah]]<ref name="Jawad Syed et al." /> amongst other sources of inspiration. Gangohi studied under the Sufi shaykh [[Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]], although he differed with his views in many ways.<ref name="BrannonIngram479">{{citation |last1=Ingram |first1=Brannon D. |title=Sufis, Scholars and Scapegoats: Rashid Ahmad Gangohi(d. 1905) and the Deobandi Critique of Sufism |url=https://www.academia.edu/282790 |journal=The Muslim World |volume=99 |issue=3 |page=479 |year=2009 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01281.x}}</ref> However Gangohi's ''Fatawa-yi Rashidiyya'' opposed traditional Sufi practices such as loud ''dhikr'', visiting the tombs of Sufi saints, celebrating ''Urs'', visualizing or contemplating on a Sufi master (''tasawwur-e-shaykh''), reciting the ''[[Fatihah]]'' on special occasions, and engaging in ''Sema''.<ref name="db" />
@@ Line 128: / Line 118: @@
 [[Deobandi fiqh]], originating from the Hanafi school of Islamic law, is a distinctive school of [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] that highly values the strict adherence to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, also known as [[Taqlid]].<ref name=":MKM">{{Cite thesis |last=Mas’ūd |first=Muḥammad Khālid |url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/ng451k789 |title=Trends in the interpretation of Islamic law as reflected in the Fatāwá literature of Deoband School: a study of the attitudes of the 'Ulamā' of Deoband to certain social problems and inventions |publisher=[[McGill University]] |year=1969 |location=Canada |language=en |degree=MA |page=25 |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101071755/https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/ng451k789 |url-status=live }}</ref> Deobandi scholars view Taqlid as a crucial means of ensuring the proper interpretation and application of Islamic law, especially for individuals without the necessary knowledge and expertise to engage in [[Ijtihad]]. However, Ijtihad is also recognized as necessary for the evolution of [[Sharia|Islamic law]], but it should be approached with caution and respect for Islamic scholarship traditions.{{Sfn|Mas’ūd|1969|p=25}} Darul Uloom Deoband established the first Department of Fatwa, or Darul Ifta, in 1892, followed by other [[List of Deobandi madrasas|Deobandi madrasas]] and organizations such as the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)]], which constitute the bedrock for the development of the Deobandi fiqh.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Wani |first=Bilal Ahmad |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159343947.pdf |title=Contribution of Darul 'Ulum Deoband to the Development of Tafsir |date=2012 |isbn=978-3-659-56556-4 |edition= |location=India |oclc=892098479 |degree=M.Phil. |pages=53–54 |publisher=Shah-i-Hamadan Institute of Islamic Studies, [[University of Kashmir]]}}</ref> [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] is considered the founder of Deobandi fiqh, with [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] and [[Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani]] regarded as key figures.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ullah |first=Mohammed |title=The Contribution of Deoband School to Hanafi Fiqh A Study of Its Response to Modern Issues and Challenges |publisher=Centre for Federal Studies, [[Jamia Hamdard]] |year=2018 |page= |location=India |language=en |hdl=10603/326073 |degree=PhD |pages=152}}</ref> The earliest text of Deobandi fiqh is ''[[Fatawa-e-Rashidiya]]'', with other important texts including ''[[Imdad-ul-Fatawa]]'' and ''[[Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband]]''.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=104, 152}} Deobandi fiqh plays a vital role in [[Judiciary of Afghanistan|Afghanistan's judiciary]] system,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ibrahim |first=Arwa |date=23 August 2021 |title=Explainer: The Taliban and Islamic law in Afghanistan |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/23/hold-the-taliban-and-sharia-law-in-afghanistan |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129083909/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/23/hold-the-taliban-and-sharia-law-in-afghanistan |archive-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> with [[Taqi Usmani]] and [[Khalid Saifullah Rahmani]] recognized as prominent contemporary [[Faqīh|faqihs]] of the Deobandi school.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=166, 169}} Digital initiatives such as [[Darulifta-Deoband.com]] and [[Askimam]] demonstrate the digitization of Deobandi fiqh.{{Sfn|Ullah|2018|p=105–106}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Questioning guidelines at Askimam |url=https://askimam.org/page/ask-question |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421014917/http://www.askimam.org/page/ask-question |archive-date=21 April 2015 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=askimam.org}}</ref> A significant [[fatwa]] in Deobandi fiqh is the ''[[Fatwa of Peace for Humanity]]'', issued by [[Farid Uddin Masood]] in 2016, endorsed by over 100,000 Islamic scholars from Bangladesh, declaring terrorism as [[haram]] or forbidden, based on Islamic scripture and tradition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hussain |first=Maaz |date=21 June 2016 |title=Anti-Terror Fatwa Endorsed by 100,000 Bangladeshi Islamic Scholars |work=[[Voice of America]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/amp/fatwa-endorsed-by-bangladeshi-islamic-scholars-aims-to-curb-terrorism/3384976.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022202905/https://www.voanews.com/amp/fatwa-endorsed-by-bangladeshi-islamic-scholars-aims-to-curb-terrorism/3384976.html |archive-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>
+{{Infobox personal bibliography
+| Author          = Deobandi movement
+| Image           = {{multiple image
+| border                 = infobox
+| total_width            = 270
+| image_style            = border:1;
+| perrow                 = 1/2/2/1
+| image1 = Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg
+| image2 = Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (cropped).jpg
+| image3 = Hussain Ahmad Madani (cropped).jpg
+| image4 = Sabbir Ahmad Usmani (cropped).jpg
+| image5 = Taqi Usmani (cropped).jpg
+| image6 = Shah Ahmad Shafi.jpg
+}}
+| Caption         = Clockwise from top: [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Hussain Ahmed Madani]], [[Taqi Usmani]], [[Shah Ahmad Shafi]], [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
+| alt             = multiple picture
+}}
 ===Deobandi hadith studies===
 {{Main|Deobandi hadith studies}}
@@ Line 254: / Line 261: @@
 * [[Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi]], Chicago-based Indian Scholar and the founder of Darul Uloom Online.
-== Works about Deobandism ==
+== Legacy ==
+=== Works about Deobandism ===
 {{Main|Bibliography of Deobandi Movement}}
 * ''[[Islamic Revival in British India]]''