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Coordinates: 38°56′N 40°39′E / 38.93°N 40.65°E / 38.93; 40.65
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| local-time = 18:44:02
| local-time = 18:44:02
| duration =
| duration =
| magnitude = 6.6 {{M|w|link=y}}, 6.9 {{M|s|link=y}}
| magnitude = {{M|w|6.6-6.7|link=y}},<ref name="usgs"/>{{sfn|Utkucu|Pinar|Alptekin|2003}} {{M|s|6.9|link=y}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| depth = {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| depth = {{convert|3-10|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="usgs"/><ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| location = {{coord|38.93|40.65|region:TR_type:event|display=inline,title}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| location = {{coord|38.93|40.65|region:TR_type:event|display=inline,title}}<ref name=ISC-GEM/>
| fault = [[East Anatolian Fault]]
| fault = [[East Anatolian Fault]]
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults|Strike-slip]]
| type = Left Lateral [[Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults|Strike-slip]]{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=61}}
| affected = [[Bingöl]], [[Turkey]]
| affected = [[Bingöl]], [[Turkey]]
| damages = $US 5 million
| damages = $US 5 million
| intensity = {{MMI|8}}
| intensity = {{MMI|9}}{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=60}}
| pga = <!-- NN''[[Peak ground acceleration|g]]'' -->
| pga = <!-- NN''[[Peak ground acceleration|g]]'' -->
| tsunami =
| tsunami =
| landslide =
| landslide =
| foreshocks =
| foreshocks = Yes{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=60}}
| aftershocks =
| aftershocks = Yes{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=61}}
| casualties = 755–1,000 killed, 1,200 injured
| casualties = 755–1,000 killed, 1,200-1500 injured
}}
}}


The '''1971 Bingöl earthquake''' was a {{M|w}} 6.6 earthquake that occurred at {{tooltip|18:44:02 local time|16:44:02 UTC}} on 22 May. It had a [[surface-wave magnitude]] of 6.9 and a maximum intensity of VIII (''Severe'') on the [[Mercalli intensity scale]],<ref name=NGDC/> killing 755–1,000 people.
The '''1971 Bingöl earthquake''' was a {{M|w|6.6-6.7|link=y}} earthquake that occurred at {{tooltip|18:44:02 local time|16:44:02 UTC}} on 22 May. It had a [[surface-wave magnitude]] of 6.9 and a maximum intensity of IX (''Violent'') on the [[Mercalli intensity scale]], killing 755–1,000 people. [[Bingöl]] was largely destroyed, as well as many houses in the nearby Bingöl plain. Surface displacement of {{cvt|38|km|abbr=on}} and various other surficial effects were directly caused by the earthquake.


==Tectonic setting==
==Tectonic setting==
[[File:Anatolian Plate Vectoral.svg|lang=en|thumb|Map of the [[Anatolian Plate]], featuring the [[East Anatolian Fault]].]]
[[File:Anatolian Plate Vectoral.svg|lang=en|thumb|Map of the [[Anatolian Plate]], featuring the [[East Anatolian Fault]].]]
Most of Turkey lies on the [[Anatolian Plate]]. Deformation from is accommodated through three main faults: the eastern portion of the [[Hellenic Trench]] accommodates convergence between the [[Aegean Sea Plate]] and the Anatolian Plate in the south, the [[North Anatolian Fault]] in the north accommodates the collision between the [[Arabian Plate]] and the [[Eurasian Plate]] which forces the Anatolian west, and the [[East Anatolian Fault]] in the east, on which this earthquake occurred, accommodates the same deformation.
Most of Turkey lies on the [[Anatolian Plate]]. Movement of the plate is accommodated through four main faults: the Aegean extensional system (AES), the [[Cyprus Arc]], the [[North Anatolian Fault]] (NAF), the [[East Anatolian Fault]] (EAF). The AES accommodates [[Extensional tectonics|extensional forces]] between the Anatolian and [[Aegean Sea Plate]]s, and the Cyprus Arc accommodates convergence in the south between the [[African Plate]] and the Anatolian Plate.{{sfn|Taymaz|Yilmaz|Dilek|2007|p=6}} In the north, the NAF accommodates the faulting between the [[Eurasian Plate]] and the Anatolian plate and has produced prolific earthquakes such as the [[1939 Erzincan earthquake]].{{sfn|Gürsoy|Tatar|Akpınar|Polat|2013|p=259}} In the east, the [[Arabian Plate]] and the [[Eurasian Plate]] grind past each other, forming the EAF, the fault responsible for this earthquake. The EAF is a left-lateral strike slip fault which extends for {{cvt|700|km|abbr=on}} and slips at a decreasing rate from east to west of {{cvt|1-10|mm|abbr=on}}/yr.{{sfn|Güvercin|Karabulut|Konca|Doğan|2022|p=1}}


==Earthquake==
==Earthquake==
The {{M|w|link=y}} 6.6 earthquake struck near the city of [[Bingöl]], [[Turkey]] at 18:44 local time. The depth it struck at varies depending on the agency, but it is agreed to be very shallow. The estimates are between {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} and {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="NGDC"/><ref name="usgs"/> The focal mechanism was likely strike-slip as this earthquake occurred on the East Anatolian Fault. There were two magnitude 5.1 aftershocks on the day of the mainshock.<ref name="usgs"/> The mainshock ruptured along a {{cvt|35|km|abbr=on}} × {{cvt|12|km|abbr=on}} area of the East Anatolian Fault. A second rupture area measuring {{cvt|20|km|abbr=on}} × {{cvt|12|km|abbr=on}} was detected to the northeast. The two rupture areas produced maximum slips of {{cvt|60|cm}} and {{cvt|40|cm}}, respectively.<ref name="Utkucu03" />
The {{M|w|6.6-6.7|link=y}} earthquake struck near the city of [[Bingöl]], [[Turkey]] at 18:44:02 local time with a maximum [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of IX.<ref name="usgs"/>{{sfn|Utkucu|Pinar|Alptekin|2003}}{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=60}} The depth it struck at varies depending on the agency, but it is agreed to be very shallow. The estimates are between {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} and {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="NGDC"/><ref name="usgs"/> The focal mechanism showed left lateral strike-slip faulting, consistent with faulting along the East Anatolian Fault.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=61}} Small foreshocks were strongly felt locally, and two magnitude 5.1 aftershocks were felt on the day of the mainshock.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=60}}<ref name="usgs"/> Aftershocks continued to be felt for a couple months after the mainshock.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=61}} The mainshock ruptured along a {{cvt|35|km|abbr=on}} × {{cvt|12|km|abbr=on}} area of the East Anatolian Fault. A second rupture area measuring {{cvt|20|km|abbr=on}} × {{cvt|12|km|abbr=on}} was detected to the northeast. The two rupture areas produced maximum slips of {{cvt|60|cm}} and {{cvt|40|cm}}, respectively.{{sfn|Utkucu|Pinar|Alptekin|2003}} Minimal vertical displacement of {{cvt|5-10|cm|abbr=on}} was also found in parts of the southwestern portion of the rupture.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=61}} Surface faulting was visible from [[Ormanardı, Bingöl|Ormanardı]] in the southwest to [[Çobantaşı, Bingöl|Çobantaşı]] in the northeast over a distance of {{cvt|38|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=60-61}}


==Damage==
==Impact==
The earthquake killed at least 755 people and injured 1,200 more.<ref name="PAGER-CAT"/> In Bingöl, 90 percent of buildings were destroyed, including the prison and hospital.<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |title=Earthquake Toll Now 800 In Ravaged Turkish Area |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/24/archives/earthquake-toll-now-800-in-ravaged-turkish-area-casualty-figures.html |work=The New York Times |date=24 May 1971 |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref> It caused a total of US$5 million in damage.<ref name="NGDC"/>
The earthquake killed at least 755 people and injured 1,200-1500 more.<ref name="PAGER-CAT"/>{{sfn|Ellul|D'Ayala|Calayir|2004}} [[Rubble masonry]] and [[reinforced concrete]] houses alike were severely damaged in the Bingöl plain.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=61}} In Bingöl, 90 percent of buildings were destroyed, including the prison and hospital.<ref name="NYTimes"/> Bridges crossing the Göynük and [[Murat River|Murat]] rivers were closed to traffic due to damage caused by surficial effects of the earthquake.{{sfn|Ambraseys|1988|p=60}} It caused a total of US$5 million in damage.<ref name="NGDC"/> [[Sand boil]]s formed at some ground cracks, and [[landslides]] and [[rockfall]]s were also observed.{{sfn|Aydan|Ulusay|Miyajima|2003|p=22}}


==Relation to the 2003 earthquake==
⚫
== See also ==
{{main|2003 Bingöl earthquake}}
In a study determining what earthquakes may have created the stress necessary for the [[2003 Bingöl earthquake]] to occur, the 1971 earthquake was studied. Overall, the 1971 earthquake likely reduced [[Coulomb stress transfer]] in the area by a small factor. Near the tip of the 1971 rupture, the Coloumb stress likely changed by a significant factor. Despite this, other earthquakes increased the strain enough for the 2003 earthquake to occur.{{sfn|Milkereit|Grosser|Wang|Wetzel|2004|p=2400,2404,2405}}

⚫
==See also==
* [[List of earthquakes in 1971]]
* [[List of earthquakes in 1971]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Turkey]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Turkey]]
Line 60: Line 64:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|refs=
⚫
<ref name=usgs>{{cite web|title=M 6.6 -|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem784837/executive|author=USGS|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref>
<ref name=ISC-GEM>{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2013)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|author=ISC|year=2017|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 4.0}}</ref>
<ref name=ISC-GEM>{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2013)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|author=ISC|year=2017|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 4.0}}</ref>
<ref name=NGDC>{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/6800|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)|year = 1972|publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K}}</ref>
<ref name=NGDC>{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/6800|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)|year = 1972|publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news |title=Earthquake Toll Now 800 In Ravaged Turkish Area |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/24/archives/earthquake-toll-now-800-in-ravaged-turkish-area-casualty-figures.html |work=The New York Times |date=24 May 1971 |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref>
<ref name=PAGER-CAT>{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|author=USGS|date=September 4, 2009|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|series=Version 2008_06.1 }}</ref>
<ref name=PAGER-CAT>{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|author=USGS|date=September 4, 2009|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|series=Version 2008_06.1 }}</ref>
⚫
<ref name=usgs>{{cite web|title=M 6.6 -|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem784837/executive|author=USGS|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="Utkucu03">{{Cite journal |last1=Utkucu |first1=Murat |last2=Pinar |first2=Ali |last3=Alptekin |first3=Ömer |year=2003 |title=Investigation of rupture history of the May 22, 1971, Bingöl earthquake obtained from the finite-fault inversion of the teleseismic P waveforms |journal=Bull. Earth Sci. Appl. Res. Centre of Hacettepe University |volume=28 |pages=65–79}}</ref>
}}
}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ambraseys |first1=Nicholas Neocles |title=Engineering seismology: Part II |journal=Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics |date=December 1988 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=51-105 |doi=10.1002/eqe.4290170102 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eqe.4290170102 |access-date=7 July 2024}}
* {{cite report |last1=Aydan |first1=Ö |last2=Ulusay |first2=R. |last3=Miyajima |first3=M. |title=THE BİNGÖL EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 1, 2003 |publisher=Japan Society of Civil Engineers |date=July 2003 |pages=1-94 |url=https://www.jsce.or.jp/library/eq_repo/Vol2/02/report/report200307.pdf |access-date=8 July 2024}}
* {{cite conference |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_888.pdf |title=THE 1ST OF MAY 2003, BINGOL, TURKEY, EARTHQUAKE, A STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDING STOCK |last1=Ellul |first1=Frederick |last2=D'Ayala |first2=Dina |last3=Calayir |first3=Yusuf |date=August 1-6, 2004 |location=Vancouver, B.C., Canada |conference=13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering |access-date=8 July 2024}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gürsoy |first1=Halil |last2=Tatar |first2=Orhan |last3=Akpınar |first3=Zafer |last4=Polat |first4=Ali |last5=Mesci |first5=Levent |last6=Tunçer |first6=Doğan |title=New observations on the 1939 Erzincan Earthquake surface rupture on the Kelkit Valley segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey |journal=Journal of Geodynamics |date=April 2013 |volume=65 |pages=259-271 |doi=10.1016/j.jog.2012.06.002 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264370712000981 |access-date=8 July 2024}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Güvercin |first1=Sezim Ezgi |last2=Karabulut |first2=Hayrullah |last3=Konca |first3=A Özgün |last4=Doğan |first4=Uğur |last5=Ergintav |first5=Semih |title=Active seismotectonics of the East Anatolian Fault |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=July 2022 |volume=230 |issue=1 |pages=50-69 |doi=10.1093/gji/ggac045 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/230/1/50/6522179 |access-date=8 July 2024}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Milkereit |first1=Claus |last2=Grosser |first2=Helmut |last3=Wang |first3=Rongjiang |last4=Wetzel |first4=Hans-Ulrich |last5=Woith |first5=Heiko |last6=Karakisa |first6=Salih |last7=Zünbül |first7=Sami |last8=Zschau |first8=Jochen |title=Implications of the 2003 Bingöl Earthquake for the Interaction between the North and East Anatolian Faults |journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America |date=1 December 2004 |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=2400-2406 |doi=10.1785/0120030194 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article-abstract/94/6/2400/146991/Implications-of-the-2003-Bingo-l-Earthquake-for |access-date=8 July 2024}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Taymaz |first1=T. |last2=Yilmaz |first2=Y. |last3=Dilek |first3=Y. |title=The geodynamics of the Aegean and Anatolia: introduction |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=2007 |volume=291 |pages=1-16 |doi=10.1144/SP291.1 |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/full/10.1144/SP291.1 |access-date=8 July 2024}}
⚫
* {{Cite journal |last1=Utkucu |first1=Murat |last2=Pinar |first2=Ali |last3=Alptekin |first3=Ömer |year=2003 |title=Investigation of rupture history of the May 22, 1971, Bingöl earthquake obtained from the finite-fault inversion of the teleseismic P waveforms |journal=Bull. Earth Sci. Appl. Res. Centre of Hacettepe University |volume=28 |pages=65–79}}
{{refend}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==

Revision as of 08:44, 8 July 2024

1971 Bingöl earthquake
1971 Bingöl earthquake is located in Turkey
1971 Bingöl earthquake
UTC time1971-05-22 16:44:02
ISC event784837
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date22 May 1971 (1971-05-22)
Local time18:44:02
MagnitudeMw6.6-6.7,[1][2] Ms6.9[3]
Depth3–10 km (1.9–6.2 mi)[1][3]
Epicenter38°56′N 40°39′E / 38.93°N 40.65°E / 38.93; 40.65[3]
FaultEast Anatolian Fault
TypeLeft Lateral Strike-slip[4]
Areas affectedBingöl, Turkey
Total damage$US 5 million
Max. intensityMMI IX (Violent)[5]
ForeshocksYes[5]
AftershocksYes[4]
Casualties755–1,000 killed, 1,200-1500 injured

The 1971 Bingöl earthquake was a Mw6.6-6.7 earthquake that occurred at 18:44:02 local time on 22 May. It had a surface-wave magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum intensity of IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale, killing 755–1,000 people. Bingöl was largely destroyed, as well as many houses in the nearby Bingöl plain. Surface displacement of 38 km (24 mi) and various other surficial effects were directly caused by the earthquake.

Tectonic setting

Map of the Anatolian Plate, featuring the East Anatolian Fault.

Most of Turkey lies on the Anatolian Plate. Movement of the plate is accommodated through four main faults: the Aegean extensional system (AES), the Cyprus Arc, the North Anatolian Fault (NAF), the East Anatolian Fault (EAF). The AES accommodates extensional forces between the Anatolian and Aegean Sea Plates, and the Cyprus Arc accommodates convergence in the south between the African Plate and the Anatolian Plate.[6] In the north, the NAF accommodates the faulting between the Eurasian Plate and the Anatolian plate and has produced prolific earthquakes such as the 1939 Erzincan earthquake.[7] In the east, the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate grind past each other, forming the EAF, the fault responsible for this earthquake. The EAF is a left-lateral strike slip fault which extends for 700 km (430 mi) and slips at a decreasing rate from east to west of 1–10 mm (0.039–0.394 in)/yr.[8]

Earthquake

The Mw6.6-6.7 earthquake struck near the city of Bingöl, Turkey at 18:44:02 local time with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX.[1][2][5] The depth it struck at varies depending on the agency, but it is agreed to be very shallow. The estimates are between 3 km (1.9 mi) and 10 km (6.2 mi).[9][1] The focal mechanism showed left lateral strike-slip faulting, consistent with faulting along the East Anatolian Fault.[4] Small foreshocks were strongly felt locally, and two magnitude 5.1 aftershocks were felt on the day of the mainshock.[5][1] Aftershocks continued to be felt for a couple months after the mainshock.[4] The mainshock ruptured along a 35 km (22 mi) × 12 km (7.5 mi) area of the East Anatolian Fault. A second rupture area measuring 20 km (12 mi) × 12 km (7.5 mi) was detected to the northeast. The two rupture areas produced maximum slips of 60 cm (24 in) and 40 cm (16 in), respectively.[2] Minimal vertical displacement of 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) was also found in parts of the southwestern portion of the rupture.[4] Surface faulting was visible from Ormanardı in the southwest to Çobantaşı in the northeast over a distance of 38 km (24 mi).[10]

Impact

The earthquake killed at least 755 people and injured 1,200-1500 more.[11][12] Rubble masonry and reinforced concrete houses alike were severely damaged in the Bingöl plain.[4] In Bingöl, 90 percent of buildings were destroyed, including the prison and hospital.[13] Bridges crossing the Göynük and Murat rivers were closed to traffic due to damage caused by surficial effects of the earthquake.[5] It caused a total of US$5 million in damage.[9] Sand boils formed at some ground cracks, and landslides and rockfalls were also observed.[14]

Relation to the 2003 earthquake

Main article: 2003 Bingöl earthquake

In a study determining what earthquakes may have created the stress necessary for the 2003 Bingöl earthquake to occur, the 1971 earthquake was studied. Overall, the 1971 earthquake likely reduced Coulomb stress transfer in the area by a small factor. Near the tip of the 1971 rupture, the Coloumb stress likely changed by a significant factor. Despite this, other earthquakes increased the strain enough for the 2003 earthquake to occur.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e USGS. "M 6.6 -". United States Geological Survey.
  2. ^ a b c Utkucu, Pinar & Alptekin 2003.
  3. ^ a b c ISC (2017), ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2013), Version 4.0, International Seismological Centre
  4. ^ a b c d e f Ambraseys 1988, p. 61.
  5. ^ a b c d e Ambraseys 1988, p. 60.
  6. ^ Taymaz, Yilmaz & Dilek 2007, p. 6.
  7. ^ Gürsoy et al. 2013, p. 259.
  8. ^ Güvercin et al. 2022, p. 1.
  9. ^ a b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
  10. ^ Ambraseys 1988, p. 60-61.
  11. ^ USGS (September 4, 2009), PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog, Version 2008_06.1, United States Geological Survey
  12. ^ Ellul, D'Ayala & Calayir 2004.
  13. ^ "Earthquake Toll Now 800 In Ravaged Turkish Area". The New York Times. 24 May 1971. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  14. ^ Aydan, Ulusay & Miyajima 2003, p. 22.
  15. ^ Milkereit et al. 2004, p. 2400,2404,2405.

Sources

Further reading

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