Mezzomorto: Difference between revisions
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Mezzo morto pasha was a converted Christian from [[Mallorca]] |
Mezzo morto [[pasha]] was a converted Christian from [[Mallorca]]<ref name="Pan">Panzac, Daniel. ''La Marine ottomane. De l’apogée à la chute de l’Empire (1572-1923)''. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> or an ethnic Turkish Muslim,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kakırman Yıldız |first=Asiye |date=2015-03-09 |title=Yahya Araz, 16. Yüzyıldan 19. Yüzyıl Başlarına: Osmanlı Toplumunda Çocuk Olmak, İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2013, 196 s., ISBN 978-605-105-118-5 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18589/oa.570032 |journal=Osmanlı Araştırmaları |pages=414–418 |doi=10.18589/oa.570032 |issn=0255-0636}}</ref> Mezzomorto was mentioned as a [[list of Ottoman admirals|captain]] in 1674. He rose to prominence during the [[Kingdom of France|French]] attacks on [[Algiers]] in the early 1680s. He was present for [[Abraham Duquesne]]'s 1682 bombardment and commanded a fleet of [[Privateer|corsairs]] the next year. The [[dey]] of Algiers [[Baba Hassan]] handed him over as a hostage to the French, but Mezzomorto persuaded the French admiral to send him back to shore, where he led an insurrection against [[Baba Hassan]], killed him, and took over as dey of Algiers.<ref name="Orhonlu p. 629">Orhonlu, "Hadjdji Husayn Pasha." p. 629.</ref> He then opened fire on the French fleet, forcing Duquesne to raise his blockade. During the 1684 bombardment, he signed a "100 year" treaty with Duquesne. However, the French fleet bombarded Algiers again in 1688, and Mezzomorto retaliated with attacks on the French coast. |
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As dey of Algiers, Mezzomorto took part in the [[Morean War]] between the Ottomans and [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] in 1686. He then commanded the fleet in the Danube in 1690, and afterward in the Black Sea. The Venetian threat to the Ottomans' Aegean possessions led to Mezzomorto's appointment as [[sanjak-bey]] of [[Rhodes]] in 1691.<ref name="Orhonlu p. 629"/> |
As dey of Algiers, Mezzomorto took part in the [[Morean War]] between the Ottomans and [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] in 1686. He then commanded the fleet in the Danube in 1690, and afterward in the Black Sea. The Venetian threat to the Ottomans' Aegean possessions led to Mezzomorto's appointment as [[sanjak-bey]] of [[Rhodes]] in 1691.<ref name="Orhonlu p. 629"/> |
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Distinguishing himself during the [[Battle of the Oinousses Islands|reconquest of Chios]] in early 1695, he was promoted to [[Kapudan Pasha]], acquiring lordship over the [[Eyalet of the Archipelago|Province of the Islands]]. His primary goal was to expel the Venetians from the Aegean. He defeated a Venetian fleet off [[Lesbos]] in September 1695, preventing it from reaching [[Chios]]. He commanded at the [[Battle of Andros (1696)|Battle of Andros]] in 1696, and on July 5, 1697, defeated a Venetian fleet off [[Tenedos]]. On September 3 he scored another victory, this time off Andros. A battle off Lesbos on September 21, 1698, was interpreted as a victory by each side.<ref name="Orhonlu p. 629"/> |
Distinguishing himself during the [[Battle of the Oinousses Islands|reconquest of Chios]] in early 1695, he was promoted to [[Kapudan Pasha]], acquiring lordship over the [[Eyalet of the Archipelago|Province of the Islands]]. His primary goal was to expel the Venetians from the Aegean. He defeated a Venetian fleet off [[Lesbos]] in September 1695, preventing it from reaching [[Chios]]. He commanded at the [[Battle of Andros (1696)|Battle of Andros]] in 1696, and on July 5, 1697, defeated a Venetian fleet off [[Tenedos]]. On September 3 he scored another victory, this time off Andros. A battle off Lesbos on September 21, 1698, was interpreted as a victory by each side.<ref name="Orhonlu p. 629"/> |
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With the support of [[list of Ottoman Sultans|Sultan]] [[Mustafa II]], Mezzomorto began a reform of the navy. His reforms were compiled into a book of regulations, the ''Kannunname'', published shortly before his death in 1701. He was buried on Chios. |
With the support of [[list of Ottoman Sultans|Sultan]] [[Mustafa II]], Mezzomorto began a reform of the navy. His reforms were compiled into a book of regulations, the ''[[Law of the Ottoman Empire|Kannunname]]'', published shortly before his death in 1701. He was buried on Chios. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 05:13, 22 June 2024
Hussein Mezzomorto (d. 1701) or Hajji Husain Mezzomorto was an Ottoman privateer, dey of Algiers, and finally Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha) of the Ottoman Navy. His epithet mezzomorto is the Italian for "half-dead" and was acquired during a fight with the Spaniards,[1] when he was gravely injured.
Biography
Mezzo morto pasha was a converted Christian from Mallorca[2] or an ethnic Turkish Muslim,[3] Mezzomorto was mentioned as a captain in 1674. He rose to prominence during the French attacks on Algiers in the early 1680s. He was present for Abraham Duquesne's 1682 bombardment and commanded a fleet of corsairs the next year. The dey of Algiers Baba Hassan handed him over as a hostage to the French, but Mezzomorto persuaded the French admiral to send him back to shore, where he led an insurrection against Baba Hassan, killed him, and took over as dey of Algiers.[4] He then opened fire on the French fleet, forcing Duquesne to raise his blockade. During the 1684 bombardment, he signed a "100 year" treaty with Duquesne. However, the French fleet bombarded Algiers again in 1688, and Mezzomorto retaliated with attacks on the French coast.
As dey of Algiers, Mezzomorto took part in the Morean War between the Ottomans and Venetians in 1686. He then commanded the fleet in the Danube in 1690, and afterward in the Black Sea. The Venetian threat to the Ottomans' Aegean possessions led to Mezzomorto's appointment as sanjak-bey of Rhodes in 1691.[4]
Distinguishing himself during the reconquest of Chios in early 1695, he was promoted to Kapudan Pasha, acquiring lordship over the Province of the Islands. His primary goal was to expel the Venetians from the Aegean. He defeated a Venetian fleet off Lesbos in September 1695, preventing it from reaching Chios. He commanded at the Battle of Andros in 1696, and on July 5, 1697, defeated a Venetian fleet off Tenedos. On September 3 he scored another victory, this time off Andros. A battle off Lesbos on September 21, 1698, was interpreted as a victory by each side.[4]
With the support of Sultan Mustafa II, Mezzomorto began a reform of the navy. His reforms were compiled into a book of regulations, the Kannunname, published shortly before his death in 1701. He was buried on Chios.
References
- ^ Orhonlu, C. "Hadjdji Husayn Pasha." Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition. Vol. III. Ed. B. Lewis, V.L. Menage, Ch. Pellat and J. Schacht. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971. p. 629.
- ^ Panzac, Daniel. La Marine ottomane. De l’apogée à la chute de l’Empire (1572-1923). (in French)
- ^ Kakırman Yıldız, Asiye (2015-03-09). "Yahya Araz, 16. Yüzyıldan 19. Yüzyıl Başlarına: Osmanlı Toplumunda Çocuk Olmak, İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2013, 196 s., ISBN 978-605-105-118-5". Osmanlı Araştırmaları: 414–418. doi:10.18589/oa.570032. ISSN 0255-0636.
- ^ a b c Orhonlu, "Hadjdji Husayn Pasha." p. 629.
- Corsari del Mediterraneo. "Mezzomorto Hassan". (in Italian)
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