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Khirbet Qana (Template:Lang-ar),^[2] is an archaeological site in the Lower Galilee of Israel. It has remains of a settlement from the Hellenistic period to the Early Arab period. Findings including Hasmonean coins and ostraca using the Jewish script indicate its population in ancient times was predominantly Jewish. It has been associated with the Wedding at Cana of the New Testament.

Biblical Cana

Khirbet Qana (grid: 178/247) is one of the locations in Galilee that researchers consider as a possibility for the biblical town of Cana,^[3] where Jesus turned water into wine at the Wedding at Cana.^[4] ^[5]Crusader maps have been cited as evidence, as they identify Khirbet Qana with the biblical Cana. The writings of Burchard of Mount Sion have also linked Khirbet Qana with Cana.^[6] By the Middle Ages, texts from Christian pilgrims reveal Khirbet Qana was associated with the biblical Cana during that period,^[7] including the account of the English merchant Saewulf in the 12th century.^[8]

In the 17th century, Francesco Quaresmio concluded that Kafr Kanna was the biblical Cana, as it had a church, while Khirbet Qana did not. However, the fact that the main road from Sepphoris to Tiberias passed Kafr Kanna rather than Khirbet Qana, may have been a factor in this decision. Historical geographer, Samuel Klein, also thought that the ancient Cana was to be identified with the Arab village of Kafr Kanna, but that the nearby ruin of Khirbet Qana (which bears the same name) was actually a different village, which Klein thought to be Kefar 'Aris (Heb. כבר עריס) mentioned in the Tosefta (Kelim Baba-Metsia 11:2), and said to be mentioned by Josephus in The Jewish War under the name Garis, a town situated not far from Sepphoris.^[9] The Greek word used in this toponym is Template:Lang-gr, the Gamma said to be of the same ancient usage as found in Greek transcriptions of Gaza = עזה and Gabara = ערב.^[10] The ruin is situated about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of Sepphoris. Today, scholars are again focusing on Khirbet Qana as the site for the biblical Cana.^[6]

Description of excavation site

Khirbet Qana is located on a 100-meter hill, on the north side of Beth Netofa valley.^[6] Excavations have shown that Khirbet Qana was used as a settlement from the Hellenistic to the Early Arab period, with housing in use from the Hellenistic period through the Byzantine period. Khirbet Qana was a densely populated, but small, rural village that relied mainly on agriculture.^[11]

Excavations at Khirbet Qana have revealed that the unwalled city was partially built into the area's hillsides, resulting in terraced houses on the hill, with larger houses arranged around a courtyard in the flatter areas.^[4] Researchers have identified 3 types of houses at Khirbet Qana; terraced housing, side courtyard houses, and central courtyard houses. Terraced houses were located on the steep eastern and western slopes of the hill, while side courtyard houses were located in the flatter area to the north. Courtyard houses were located in the flattest areas of the village, on the hilltop, and featured large central courtyards.^[11]

In addition to residential housing, Khirbet Qana includes a Jewish synagogue, a later Byzantine complex (possibly a “veneration cave”), and a series of tombs.^[4] There is also some evidence of a monumental building of some kind on the hilltop, perhaps a synagogue, at which a fragment of fresco was found during the excavations of the site.^[11]

Christianity

In addition to the Jewish synagogue, there is evidence of a Christian place of worship in the form of a “veneration cave” which is a series of four connected caves. The main cave has plaster walls and floors, which include graffiti and inscriptions, of which some are Christian. The main cave also features benches along the walls, and a possible altar on the north side of the cave, which is partially formed by a sarcophagus lid that features at least one cross.^[11] Plastered in place atop the sarcophagus lid were at least two stone vessels, with one still in situ, while the imprint of the second vessel remains in the plaster.^[7] Carbon dating from inside the caves associated with Christian worship have revealed that the main cave underwent renovation during the period of the Crusades- a bench was added to the west side of the cave, the floor was plastered, and the walls were re-plastered. This period, which carbon dating dates from 1024 to 1217 would have been the last phase of considerable use. The altar or table made of the sarcophagus lid with the two stone vessels on its top, along with the carbon dating which places the major renovations at the time of the Crusaders, provide some evidence that the cave complex may have been used as a reliquary to celebrate Jesus's turning of water into wine.^[7]

Artifacts

Both coins and pottery shards have been found in the excavations of Khirbet Qana. The coins found at Khirbet Qana are Hasmonean.^[7] One particular pottery shard found at the site, a fragment of a cooking pot, proved to be an ostracon in Aramaic, which is considered to be the language spoken in the region of Galilee at the time of Jesus.^[12] The ostracon contains three letters in the Jewish script, dating back to the late first or early second century AD, featuring the letters ב,ג,ד. As per the publisher, this marks the first occurrence of an abecedarium in a Jewish village in the Galilee, potentially linked to a scribal exercise or a form of magical incantation.^[13]

Industry

Industrial buildings were found on the outskirts of the town, including facilities for breeding doves, olive presses, fabric dying, and glass making.^[4] Over 60 cisterns for water storage have been found throughout the excavation site as well.^[7]

Pottery found at Khirbet Qana from nearby Shikhin and Kefar Hananya show that trade at Khirbet Kana would have been largely local or regional. Fields for cultivation on the west side of Khirbet Qana, along with tax records detailing taxes on crops from the 16th century serve as evidence that Khirbet Qana relied in part on agriculture.^[7]

Inhabitants

The excavations of both a Jewish Synagogue and a Christian place of pilgrimage and worship reveal that Khirbet Qana was an important location for both religious groups, with a population of primarily Jewish inhabitants in earlier periods, such as the Roman and Hellenistic periods.^[4] Coins found at the site serve as evidence that the Khirbet Qana was under Maccabean influence by the 1st century BC, though at this time no Maccabean buildings have been found at the site.^[7] During the period of the Crusades, Christian pilgrims visited Khirbet Qana,^[7] though it is unclear if they ever lived there.

In later years

A lack of coinage from the late 4th to early 5th centuries may indicate a decline in Khirbet Qana, but the town shows signs of expansion and growth during the Late Byzantine period (late 5th to 7th centuries). The latest date for a coin found at Khirbet Qana is 613, and it was likely abandoned during the first half of the 7th century, during which time Galilee underwent invasion (614) and re-conquest (628) from Persia, prior to the Arab conquest (639).^[7] The acropolis at Khirbet Qana, however, was again occupied most likely from the late 7th century through the early 8th century, as evidenced by Arab pottery found across the area, as well as renovations to the public building on the acropolis, and an early Islamic fragment of pottery.^[7]

References

^ Biblical Researches in Palestine, 1841, p.204-208
^ PEF Names List, page 112
^ Albright, W.F. (1922). "Contribution to the Historical Geography of Palestine". Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 2–3: 29. doi:10.2307/3768450. JSTOR 3768450.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Schuler, Mark "Recent archaeology of Galilee and the interpretation of texts from the Galilean Ministry of Jesus", Corcordia Theological Quarterly, 2007
^ "Tunnels 'where Jesus turned water into wine' found". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c Richardson, Peter. "Khirbet Qana (and Other Villages) as a Context for Jesus", Jesus and Archaeology ed. James H. Charlesworth. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2006. pg 120-144
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Edwards,Douglas R. "Khirbet Qana: from Jewish Village to Christian Pilgrimage site", The Roman and Byzantine Near East, vol 3. Portsmouth, R.I.: Journal of Roman Archaeology, ed. Humphrey, John H. 2002. pg 101-132
^ Janin, Hunt Four Paths to Jerusalem: Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and Secular Pilgrimages, 1000 BCE to 2001 CE, McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers, 2004. pg 95-97
^ Josephus, The Jewish War (3.127 and 5:473; and in Vita §71)
^ Samuel Klein, (1930). "On Topography" (לטופוגרפיה), in: Tarbiẕ (1930), Jerusalem, pp. 127–131 (Hebrew)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Richardson, Peter "What has Cana to do with Capernaum?" New Testament Studies 48, no. 3, 2002 pp. 314-331
^ Eshel, Esther & Douglas R. Edwards, "Language and writing in early Roman Galilee: social location of a potter’s abcedary from Khirbet Qana", in Religion and Society in Roman Palestine: old questions, new approaches New York: Routledge. 2004. pg 49-55
^ "XCI. Cana (mod. Ḥ. Qana)", Volume 5/Part 1 Galilaea and Northern Regions: 5876-6924, De Gruyter, pp. 681–684, 2023-03-20, doi:10.1515/9783110715774-099/html, ISBN 978-3-11-071577-4, retrieved 2024-02-07

External links

Lerer, Yoav (2012-08-19). "Horbat Qana, Survey" (124). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Douglas R. Edwards papers 1920-2007 Collection includes field notes and reports, excavation reports, artifact lists, and photos from the excavation site.
Article from Haaretz Provides more information on the debate over the location of Cana.

32°49′17″N 35°18′12″E / 32.821367°N 35.303278°E / 32.821367; 35.303278

[1] Biblical Researches in Palestine, 1841, p.204-208

[2] PEF Names List, page 112

[3] Albright, W.F. (1922). "Contribution to the Historical Geography of Palestine". Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 2–3: 29. doi:10.2307/3768450. JSTOR 3768450.

[Schuler2007-4] Schuler, Mark "Recent archaeology of Galilee and the interpretation of texts from the Galilean Ministry of Jesus", Corcordia Theological Quarterly, 2007

[5] "Tunnels 'where Jesus turned water into wine' found". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 2024-04-03.

[Richardson2006-6] Richardson, Peter. "Khirbet Qana (and Other Villages) as a Context for Jesus", Jesus and Archaeology ed. James H. Charlesworth. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2006. pg 120-144

[Edwards2002-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Edwards,Douglas R. "Khirbet Qana: from Jewish Village to Christian Pilgrimage site", The Roman and Byzantine Near East, vol 3. Portsmouth, R.I.: Journal of Roman Archaeology, ed. Humphrey, John H. 2002. pg 101-132

[8] Janin, Hunt Four Paths to Jerusalem: Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and Secular Pilgrimages, 1000 BCE to 2001 CE, McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers, 2004. pg 95-97

[9] Josephus, The Jewish War (3.127 and 5:473; and in Vita §71)

[10] Samuel Klein, (1930). "On Topography" (לטופוגרפיה), in: Tarbiẕ (1930), Jerusalem, pp. 127–131 (Hebrew)

[Richardson2002-11] Richardson, Peter "What has Cana to do with Capernaum?" New Testament Studies 48, no. 3, 2002 pp. 314-331

[12] Eshel, Esther & Douglas R. Edwards, "Language and writing in early Roman Galilee: social location of a potter’s abcedary from Khirbet Qana", in Religion and Society in Roman Palestine: old questions, new approaches New York: Routledge. 2004. pg 49-55

[13] "XCI. Cana (mod. Ḥ. Qana)", Volume 5/Part 1 Galilaea and Northern Regions: 5876-6924, De Gruyter, pp. 681–684, 2023-03-20, doi:10.1515/9783110715774-099/html, ISBN 978-3-11-071577-4, retrieved 2024-02-07

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@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ==Biblical Cana==
-Khirbet Qana ([[Palestine grid|grid]]: 178/247) is one of the locations in [[Galilee]] that researchers consider as a possibility for the biblical town of [[Cana]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Albright|first=W.F.|authorlink=William F. Albright |title=Contribution to the Historical Geography of Palestine |journal=Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|volume=2–3 |page=29 |year=1922|doi=10.2307/3768450 |jstor=3768450}}</ref> where Jesus turned water into wine at the [[Wedding at Cana]].<ref name= Schuler2007>Schuler, Mark [http://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/schulerrecentarchaeology.pdf "Recent archaeology of Galilee and the interpretation of texts from the Galilean Ministry of Jesus"], ''Corcordia Theological Quarterly'',2007</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Tunnels ‘where Jesus turned water into wine’ found |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/world/tunnels-where-jesus-turned-water-into-wine-found/articleshow/65628092.cms |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref>[[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusader]] maps have been cited as evidence, as they identify Khirbet Qana with the biblical Cana. The writings of [[Burchard of Mount Sion]] have also linked Khirbet Qana with Cana.<ref name=Richardson2006>Richardson, Peter. "Khirbet Qana (and Other Villages) as a Context for Jesus", ''Jesus and Archaeology'' ed. James H. Charlesworth. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2006. pg 120-144</ref> By the [[Middle Ages]], texts from Christian pilgrims reveal Khirbet Qana was associated with the biblical Cana during that period,<ref name=Edwards2002>Edwards,Douglas R. "Khirbet Qana: from Jewish Village to Christian Pilgrimage site", ''The Roman and Byzantine Near East'', vol 3. Portsmouth, R.I.: Journal of Roman Archaeology, ed. Humphrey, John H. 2002. pg 101-132</ref> including the account of the English merchant [[Saewulf]] in the 12th century.<ref>Janin, Hunt ''Four Paths to Jerusalem: Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and Secular Pilgrimages, 1000 BCE to 2001 CE'', McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers, 2004. pg 95-97</ref>
+Khirbet Qana ([[Palestine grid|grid]]: 178/247) is one of the locations in [[Galilee]] that researchers consider as a possibility for the biblical town of [[Cana]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Albright|first=W.F.|authorlink=William F. Albright |title=Contribution to the Historical Geography of Palestine |journal=Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research|volume=2–3 |page=29 |year=1922|doi=10.2307/3768450 |jstor=3768450}}</ref> where Jesus turned water into wine at the [[Wedding at Cana]].<ref name= Schuler2007>Schuler, Mark [http://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/schulerrecentarchaeology.pdf "Recent archaeology of Galilee and the interpretation of texts from the Galilean Ministry of Jesus"], ''Corcordia Theological Quarterly'', 2007</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Tunnels ‘where Jesus turned water into wine’ found |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/world/tunnels-where-jesus-turned-water-into-wine-found/articleshow/65628092.cms |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref>[[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Crusader]] maps have been cited as evidence, as they identify Khirbet Qana with the biblical Cana. The writings of [[Burchard of Mount Sion]] have also linked Khirbet Qana with Cana.<ref name=Richardson2006>Richardson, Peter. "Khirbet Qana (and Other Villages) as a Context for Jesus", ''Jesus and Archaeology'' ed. James H. Charlesworth. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2006. pg 120-144</ref> By the [[Middle Ages]], texts from Christian pilgrims reveal Khirbet Qana was associated with the biblical Cana during that period,<ref name=Edwards2002>Edwards,Douglas R. "Khirbet Qana: from Jewish Village to Christian Pilgrimage site", ''The Roman and Byzantine Near East'', vol 3. Portsmouth, R.I.: Journal of Roman Archaeology, ed. Humphrey, John H. 2002. pg 101-132</ref> including the account of the English merchant [[Saewulf]] in the 12th century.<ref>Janin, Hunt ''Four Paths to Jerusalem: Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and Secular Pilgrimages, 1000 BCE to 2001 CE'', McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers, 2004. pg 95-97</ref>
 In the 17th century, [[Franciscus Quaresmius|Francesco Quaresmio]] concluded that [[Kafr Kanna]] was the biblical Cana, as it had a church, while Khirbet Qana did not. However, the fact that the main road from [[Sepphoris]] to [[Tiberias]] passed Kafr Kanna rather than Khirbet Qana, may have been a factor in this decision. Historical geographer, [[Samuel Klein (scholar)|Samuel Klein]], also thought that the ancient Cana was to be identified with the Arab village of Kafr Kanna, but that the nearby ruin of ''Khirbet Qana'' (which bears the same name) was actually a different village, which Klein thought to be ''[[Garis (Galilee)|Kefar 'Aris]]'' (Heb. '''כבר עריס''') mentioned in the [[Tosefta]] (''Kelim Baba-Metsia'' 11:2), and said to be mentioned by [[Josephus]] in ''[[The Jewish War]]'' under the name ''Garis'', a town situated not far from [[Sepphoris]].<ref>Josephus, ''The Jewish War'' ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D3%3Awhiston+chapter%3D6%3Awhiston+section%3D3 3.127] and [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D5%3Awhiston+chapter%3D11%3Awhiston+section%3D5 5:473]; and in ''[[Life of Flavius Josephus|Vita]]'' §71)</ref> The Greek word used in this toponym is {{lang-gr|Γαρεις}}, the ''[[Gamma (Greek letter)|Gamma]]'' said to be of the same ancient usage as found in Greek transcriptions of ''[[Gaza City|Gaza]]'' = '''עזה''' and ''[[Arraba, Israel|Gabara]]'' = '''ערב'''.<ref>Samuel Klein, (1930). "On Topography" (לטופוגרפיה), in: ''[[Tarbiẕ]]'' (1930), Jerusalem, pp. 127–131 (Hebrew)</ref> The ruin is situated about {{convert|4|km}} east of Sepphoris. Today, scholars are again focusing on Khirbet Qana as the site for the biblical Cana.<ref name=Richardson2006/>
 ==Description of excavation site==
-Khirbet Qana is located on a 100-meter hill, on the north side of [[Beit Netofa Valley|Beth Netofa valley]].<ref name=Richardson2006/> Excavations have shown that Khirbet Qana was used as a settlement from the Hellenistic to the Erly Arab period, with housing in use from the [[Hellenistic period]] through the [[Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty|Byzantine]] period. Khirbet Qana was a densely populated, but small, rural village that relied mainly on agriculture.<ref  name=Richardson2002>Richardson, Peter "What has Cana to do with Capernaum?"''New Testament Studies'' 48, no. 3, 2002 pg 314-331</ref>
+Khirbet Qana is located on a 100-meter hill, on the north side of [[Beit Netofa Valley|Beth Netofa valley]].<ref name=Richardson2006/> Excavations have shown that Khirbet Qana was used as a settlement from the Hellenistic to the Early Arab period, with housing in use from the [[Hellenistic period]] through the [[Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty|Byzantine]] period. Khirbet Qana was a densely populated, but small, rural village that relied mainly on agriculture.<ref name=Richardson2002>Richardson, Peter "What has Cana to do with Capernaum?" ''New Testament Studies'' 48, no. 3, 2002 pp. 314-331</ref>
 Excavations at Khirbet Qana have revealed that the unwalled city was partially built into the area's hillsides, resulting in terraced houses on the hill, with larger houses arranged around a courtyard in the flatter areas.<ref name=Schuler2007/> Researchers have identified 3 types of houses at Khirbet Qana; terraced housing, side courtyard houses, and central courtyard houses. Terraced houses were located on the steep eastern and western slopes of the hill, while side courtyard houses were located in the flatter area to the north. Courtyard houses were located in the flattest areas of the village, on the hilltop, and featured large central courtyards.<ref name=Richardson2002/>
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 ==Christianity==
-In addition to the Jewish synagogue, there is evidence of a Christian place of worship in the form of a “veneration cave” which is a series of four connected caves. The main cave has plaster walls and floors, which include graffiti and inscriptions, of which some are Christian. The main cave also features benches along the walls, and a possible altar on the north side of the cave, which is partially formed by a [[sarcophagus]] lid that features at least one cross.<ref  name=Richardson2002/> Plastered in place atop the sarcophagus lid were at least two stone vessels, with one still ''[[in situ]]'', while the imprint of the second vessel remains in the plaster.<ref name=Edwards2002/> [[Carbon dating]] from inside the caves associated with Christian worship have revealed that the main cave underwent renovation during the period of the [[Crusades]]- a bench was added to the west side of the cave, the floor was plastered, and the walls were re-plastered. This period, which carbon dating dates from 1024 to 1217 would have been the last phase of considerable use. The altar or table made of the sarcophagus lid with the two stone vessels on its top, along with the carbon dating which places the major renovations at the time of the Crusaders, provide some evidence that the cave complex may have been used as a [[reliquary]] to celebrate Jesus's turning  of water into wine.<ref name="Edwards2002" />
+In addition to the Jewish synagogue, there is evidence of a Christian place of worship in the form of a “veneration cave” which is a series of four connected caves. The main cave has plaster walls and floors, which include graffiti and inscriptions, of which some are Christian. The main cave also features benches along the walls, and a possible altar on the north side of the cave, which is partially formed by a [[sarcophagus]] lid that features at least one cross.<ref name=Richardson2002/> Plastered in place atop the sarcophagus lid were at least two stone vessels, with one still ''[[in situ]]'', while the imprint of the second vessel remains in the plaster.<ref name=Edwards2002/> [[Carbon dating]] from inside the caves associated with Christian worship have revealed that the main cave underwent renovation during the period of the [[Crusades]]- a bench was added to the west side of the cave, the floor was plastered, and the walls were re-plastered. This period, which carbon dating dates from 1024 to 1217 would have been the last phase of considerable use. The altar or table made of the sarcophagus lid with the two stone vessels on its top, along with the carbon dating which places the major renovations at the time of the Crusaders, provide some evidence that the cave complex may have been used as a [[reliquary]] to celebrate Jesus's turning of water into wine.<ref name="Edwards2002" />
 ==Artifacts==
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 ==External links==
-*{{cite journal|last=Lerer|first=Yoav  |date= 2012-08-19 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2048&mag_id=119 |title=Horbat Qana, Survey |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=124}}
+*{{cite journal|last=Lerer|first=Yoav |date= 2012-08-19 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2048&mag_id=119 |title=Horbat Qana, Survey |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=124}}
 *[http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv35134 Douglas R. Edwards papers 1920-2007] Collection includes field notes and reports, excavation reports, artifact lists, and photos from the excavation site.
 *[http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/excavators-at-kafr-kana-find-2-000-year-old-jugs-linked-to-the-great-revolt-1.184187 Article from Haaretz] Provides more information on the debate over the location of Cana.
-{{Coord|32.821367  |35.303278|display=t}}
+{{Coord|32.821367 |35.303278|display=t}}
 [[Category:New Testament cities]]