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|'''Gulayjān'''
|'''Gulayjān'''
|[[Akhund Mahalleh, Mazandaran|Ākhund Maḥalleh]] ({{Lang|fa|آخوند‌محله}}), [[Aliabad, Tonekabon|'Aliābād]] ({{Lang|fa|علی‌آباد}}), [[Aqa Moqim Mahalleh|'Amughli Maḥalleh]] ({{Lang|fa|عموغلی‌محله}}), [[Bala Shirud|Barashi]] ({{Lang|fa|برشی}}), [[Bazar Mahalleh, Mazandaran|Bāzār Maḥalleh]] ({{Lang|fa|بازار‌محله}}), [[Beramsar|Burāmsar]] ({{Lang|fa|بورامسر}}), [[Chala Sar|Chalusar]] ({{Lang|fa|چلوسر}}), [[Chenarbon, Tonekabon|Chenārbon]] ({{Lang|fa|چناربن}}), [[Faqih Mahalleh|Faqih Maḥalleh]] ({{Lang|fa|فقیه‌محله}}), [[Geraku, Mazandaran|Garākūh]] ({{Lang|fa|گراکوه}}), [[Goli Jan, Mazandaran|Gulayjān]] ({{Lang|fa|گلیجان}}), [[Haratbar, Mazandaran|Harātbar]] ({{Lang|fa|هراتبر}}), [[Karatkuti|Karātkuti]] ({{Lang|fa|کراتکتی}}), [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Mahallehye_Karimabad.html Karimābād] ({{Lang|fa|کریم‌آباد}}), Karjīkūh ({{Lang|fa|کرجیکوه}}), [[Kashku, Mazandaran|Kashkūh]] ({{Lang|fa|کشکوه}}), [[Khalkhal Mahalleh-ye Qadim|Khalkhālī Maḥalleh]] ({{Lang|fa|خلخالی محله}}), Tāzehābād ({{Lang|fa|تازه‌آباد}}), Kūkalāya ({{Lang|fa|کوکلایا}}), [[Lashtu|Lashtū]] ({{Lang|fa|لشتو}}), [[Lat Konar|Lātkonār]] ({{Lang|fa|لات‌کنار}}), [[Limak|Līmāk]] ({{Lang|fa|لیماک}}), [[Asiab Sar, Ramsar|Āsiyābsar]] ({{Lang|fa|آسیاب‌سر}}), [[Dalkhani|Gālesh Maḥalleh]] ({{Lang|fa|گالش محله}}),
|[[Akhund Mahalleh, Mazandaran|Ākhund Maḥalleh]] ({{Lang|fa|آخوند‌محله}}), [[Aliabad, Tonekabon|'Aliābād]] ({{Lang|fa|علی‌آباد}}), [[Aqa Moqim Mahalleh|'Amughli Maḥalleh]] ({{Lang|fa|عموغلی‌محله}}), [[Bala Shirud|Barashi]] ({{Lang|fa|برشی}}), [[Bazar Mahalleh, Mazandaran|Bāzār Maḥalleh]] ({{Lang|fa|بازار‌محله}}), [[Beramsar|Burāmsar]] ({{Lang|fa|بورامسر}}), [[Chala Sar|Chalusar]] ({{Lang|fa|چلوسر}}), [[Chenarbon, Tonekabon|Chenārbon]] ({{Lang|fa|چناربن}}), [[Faqih Mahalleh|Faqih Maḥalleh]] ({{Lang|fa|فقیه‌محله}}), [[Geraku, Mazandaran|Garākūh]] ({{Lang|fa|گراکوه}}), [[Goli Jan, Mazandaran|Gulayjān]] ({{Lang|fa|گلیجان}}), [[Haratbar, Mazandaran|Harātbar]] ({{Lang|fa|هراتبر}}), [[Karatkuti|Karātkuti]] ({{Lang|fa|کراتکتی}}), [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Mahallehye_Karimabad.html Karimābād] ({{Lang|fa|کریم‌آباد}}), Karjīkūh ({{Lang|fa|کرجیکوه}}), [[Kashku, Mazandaran|Kashkuh]] ({{Lang|fa|کشکوه}}), [[Khalkhal Mahalleh-ye Qadim|Khalkhāli Maḥalleh]] ({{Lang|fa|خلخالی محله}}), Tāzehābād ({{Lang|fa|تازه‌آباد}}), Kūkalāya ({{Lang|fa|کوکلایا}}), [[Lashtu]] ({{Lang|fa|لشتو}}), [[Lat Konar|Lātkonār]] ({{Lang|fa|لات‌کنار}}), [[Limak|Limāk]] ({{Lang|fa|لیماک}}), [[Asiab Sar, Ramsar|Āsiyābsar]] ({{Lang|fa|آسیاب‌سر}}), [[Dalkhani|Gālesh Maḥalleh]] ({{Lang|fa|گالش محله}}),
|-
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|'''Langā'''
|'''Langā'''
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|'''Sīyāh Rostāq'''
|'''Siyāh Rostāq'''
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|'''Other villages of Tonekabon'''
|'''Other villages of Tonekabon'''
|Aghūzdārkalā ({{Lang|fa|اغوزدارکلا}}), Alpara ({{Lang|fa|الپرا}}), [[Paltan, Iran|Bālān]] ({{Lang|fa|بالان}}), Būrdatān ({{Lang|fa|بوردتان}}), [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Falak_Deh.html Falakdeh] ({{Lang|fa|فلکده}}), [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Golaliabad.html Golposhteh] ({{Lang|fa|گل‌پشته}}), Kachkan ({{Lang|fa|کچکن}}), Kalāteh Espī ({{Lang|fa|کلاته‌اسپی}}), Lūlī Maḥalleh ({{Lang|fa|لولی‌محله}}), Mīyānladak ({{Lang|fa|میانلدک}}), Paramaz ({{Lang|fa|پرمز}}), Qal'eh Poshteh ({{Lang|fa|قلعه‌پشته}}), Rajū ({{Lang|fa|رجو}}), Rūjīneh ({{Lang|fa|روجینه}}), Sīyāhband ({{Lang|fa|سیاه‌بند}}), Sūlak ({{Lang|fa|سولک}}), Takaleh ({{Lang|fa|تکله}}), Tamījāneh ({{Lang|fa|تمیجانه}}), Tārīk Maḥalleh ({{Lang|fa|تاریک‌محله}}), [[Tusa Kalleh|Tūsakalā]] ({{Lang|fa|توساکلا}}), Tūsakolām ({{Lang|fa|توساکلام}})
|Aghuzdārkalā ({{Lang|fa|اغوزدارکلا}}), Alpara ({{Lang|fa|الپرا}}), [[Paltan, Iran|Bālān]] ({{Lang|fa|بالان}}), Burdatān ({{Lang|fa|بوردتان}}), [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Falak_Deh.html Falakdeh] ({{Lang|fa|فلکده}}), [https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IR/35/Golaliabad.html Golposhteh] ({{Lang|fa|گل‌پشته}}), Kachkan ({{Lang|fa|کچکن}}), Kalāteh Espi ({{Lang|fa|کلاته‌اسپی}}), Luli Maḥalleh ({{Lang|fa|لولی‌محله}}), Mīyānladak ({{Lang|fa|میانلدک}}), Paramaz ({{Lang|fa|پرمز}}), Qal'eh Poshteh ({{Lang|fa|قلعه‌پشته}}), Rajū ({{Lang|fa|رجو}}), Rujineh ({{Lang|fa|روجینه}}), Siyāhband ({{Lang|fa|سیاه‌بند}}), Sūlak ({{Lang|fa|سولک}}), Takaleh ({{Lang|fa|تکله}}), Tamijāneh ({{Lang|fa|تمیجانه}}), Tārik Maḥalleh ({{Lang|fa|تاریک‌محله}}), [[Tusa Kalleh|Tusakalā]] ({{Lang|fa|توساکلا}}), Tūsakolām ({{Lang|fa|توساکلام}})
|}
|}


Revision as of 13:59, 14 May 2024

Mahal-e Thalatha
محال ثلاث
Maḥāll-e S̱alās̱
District of Qajar Iran
late 18th century–1920
CapitalKhorramabad
 • TypeHereditary chiefship
History 
• Established
late 18th century
• Disestablished
1920
Today part ofIran

The Mahal-e Thalatha (Template:Lang-fa), was an administrative division in Qajar Iran, consisting of the 3 districts of Tonekabon, Kojur, and Kelarestaq. Mahal-e Thalatha was ruled by the hereditary Khal'atbarī family throughout its' existence.

Geography

Tonekabon was a very hilly region with a narrow coastal plain to the north. Khorramabad was the chief town of Tonekabon.[1]

History

Background and Establishment

The region of the Mahal-e Thalatha was historically known as Rostamdar. The boundaries of this province would vary, but it was locked in geographically between Mazandaran and Gilan.[2] Originally, Tonekabon was administratively part of Gilan. During the chaos after Nader Shah's death, it was separated from Gilan and became a part of Mazandaran.[3] After Karim Khān Zand defeated Mohammad Hasan Khan, Tonekabon was removed again and given to an 'Amārlū chieftain.[3] Gmelin attributes the district's cession to around 1765, due to the 'Amārlu khan's discovery of a conspiracy against Karim Khan.[4] Around 1772, Hedāyatollah Khān of Gilan seized Tonekabon from the 'Amārlu and incorporated it into his domains, appointing a governor at Gulayjān.[5][3] Shortly after, Tonekabon became governed by the Vakil's appointee, Mahdi Beg Khal'atbari.[5] He appealed to Karim Khān Zand due to the heavy exactions of the Qawi-Ḥeṣārlu governor, and recieved the title of khān in addition to the governorship.[6]

Early years

Mahdī Beg was an ally of Āghā Moḥammad Khān Qājār, and assisted him in his campaign against Hedāyatollah Khān.[6] The people of Rasht and Tonekabon became involved in a blood feud, and as a result, Tonekabon was separated from Gilan (being given to Mazandaran), and the districts of Kojur and Kelarestaq were added to Mahdi Beg's domains, forming the Mahal-e Thalatha.[6] Āghā Moḥammad Khān Qājār also resettled the Kurdish Khvājahvand and 'Abd al-Maleki tribes into Mahal-e Thalatha, in order to help protect the frontier.[2]

Mahdī Beg was eventually succeeded by Hādi Khān Khalʿatbarī.[6] After the death of Fath 'Ali Shah, a conflict emerged between the crown prince Moḥammad Mirzā and the son of Fath 'Ali Shah, 'Ali Shāh Ẓell al-Solṭān. Many Mazandarani leaders, such as the governor-general Mohammad Qoli Mirza Molkara, supported 'Ali Shah, while Valī Khān Khal'atbari, son of Hādī Khān, gave his support to Moḥammad Mirzā, who ended up on top.[7] The province of Mazandaran was reorganized, where the chiefs of Nur, Larijan, Bandpey, and Savadkuh were prioritized over Tonekabon, Hezarjarib, and Ashraf.[7] Vali Khān would die at the siege of Herat, being succeeded by his 13-year old son, Sa'id al-Daula.[6]

Khvājahvand Revolt

The districts of Kojur and Kelardasht gradually became more interconnected with other areas of Iran. Living conditions increased among the Khvājahvands, becoming better than the natives by 1880.[7] However, by this time, there was a decrease in the quality of government. The 1880s was a period of high turnover rate among governors of Mazandaran as there was a widespread sale of offfices. Many governors became oppressive and sought to extort money from the population, which would fuel local conflicts.[7] Several revolts occurred in Galūgāh, Larījān, and other regions. The last of these revolts would occur among the Khvājahvands.

Sobhan Qoli Khān, brother of Naser al-Din Shāh's Khvājahvand wife, gained power as a chief of the Kelardasht Khvājahvands and gained more influence at the expense of his own brother. He utilized his familial links with the Shah to oppress the Khvājahvands under his influence with impunity.[7] In addition to oppressing his people, he also challenged the authority of the Khal'atbaris in the region.

(for instance, he was able to get a boxwood concession, granted by Mohammad Vali Khan Nasr al-Soltaneh, son of Sa'id al-Daula, became governor of Mahal-e Thalatha in 1889 and gained control over the region's forests.[8] Eventually, an agreement was made with Charles Duffield, a British subject and the head of the New East Bank (Bānk-e Novin-e Sharq), granting him a five-year concession to export Iranian boxwood (100,000 a year from Gilan and 150,000 from Mazandaran). However, Sobhan Qoli Khān and other local and Russian opposition forced the revocation of the contract, which was then given to the Koussis brothers (Russian subjects of Greek origin).[8][7]

In October 1891, crop failure across Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astarabad triggered an insurrection in Kelardasht led by a sayyid, 'Alamgir, claimed to be against the Shah.[7] Sobhan Qoli Khān and his family were killed by the rebels, and an army led by Sa'id al-Daula was sent to crush them. In an eight-hour battle on November 16, 1891, Sa'id al-Daula defeated the rebels, killing 200 while only losing 14 and bringing 'Alamgir to the capital in triumph.[7] During 'Alamgir's examination, he claimed his enemies framed him of revolting against the Shah, and that Sa'id al-Daula took advantage of tensions between the native villagers and Kurds to wage a war of destruction against the Khvājahvands. This convinced the Shah, who forgave him and was given a government stipend.[7]

Reign of Sepahsalar

As a consequence of Sepahsālār seizing their lands, the Khvājahvands would side against him and ally with the forces of Mohammad 'Ali Shah.[9]

Abolishment

After the appointment of Nezām ud-Daula as the governor of Mazandaran in November 1920, Mahal-e Thalatha ceased to be a separate administrative entity, "temporarily at any rate".[10] Kojur continued to be administratively attached to Tonekabon during the late Qajar and early Pahlavi period.[2] During Reza Shah's administration, Tonekabon, Kojur, and Kelarestaq were separated.Kojur became one of the 10 districts of Mazandaran, and became part of Nowshahr in the 1940s.[2]

Administration

The governorship of the Mahal-e Thalatha was hereditary.[11] The Khal'atbari governor of the area resided in the Tonekabon district. The center of Tonekabon was the village of Khorramābād; 'Alīābād was the chief place of Kelarestaq, and Kojur's center was in Kojur.[12] The Mahal-e Thalatha itself was divided into 3 districts: Tonekabon, Kelarestaq, and Kojur. Tonekabon consisted of 8 subdistricts (bolūks): Gulayjān (گليجان), Langā (لنگا), Neshtā (نشتا), Sakhtsar (سخت‌سر), Sarḥad (سرحد), Sīyāh Rostāq (سیاه‌رستاق), and Tavābe' (توابع).[13] Kelarestaq had 4 bolūks (Bīrūn Bashm (بيرون بشم), Dasht (دشت), Kelārdasht (کلاردشت), and Kūhestān (کوهستان)),[14] while Kojur had 14 (Baladeh ve Kūrshīd Rostāq, Angās, Bandpey, Fīrūzkalā ve 'Olvīkalā, Girān, Kālīj, Kacha Rostāq, Kalūrūdpey, Kheyrrūdkenār, Kūhpar, Panjak Rostāq, Rānūs Rostāq, Chalandar, and Zand Rostāq).[15]

Tonekabon

Villages of the Tonekabon district[16]
Bolūk Villages
Baladeh (meaning chief place)[17] Baladeh (بلده)
Gulayjān Ākhund Maḥalleh (آخوند‌محله), 'Aliābād (علی‌آباد), 'Amughli Maḥalleh (عموغلی‌محله), Barashi (برشی), Bāzār Maḥalleh (بازار‌محله), Burāmsar (بورامسر), Chalusar (چلوسر), Chenārbon (چناربن), Faqih Maḥalleh (فقیه‌محله), Garākūh (گراکوه), Gulayjān (گلیجان), Harātbar (هراتبر), Karātkuti (کراتکتی), Karimābād (کریم‌آباد), Karjīkūh (کرجیکوه), Kashkuh (کشکوه), Khalkhāli Maḥalleh (خلخالی محله), Tāzehābād (تازه‌آباد), Kūkalāya (کوکلایا), Lashtu (لشتو), Lātkonār (لات‌کنار), Limāk (لیماک), Āsiyābsar (آسیاب‌سر), Gālesh Maḥalleh (گالش محله),
Langā
Neshtā
Sakhtsar
Sarḥad
Siyāh Rostāq
Tavābe'
Other villages of Tonekabon Aghuzdārkalā (اغوزدارکلا), Alpara (الپرا), Bālān (بالان), Burdatān (بوردتان), Falakdeh (فلکده), Golposhteh (گل‌پشته), Kachkan (کچکن), Kalāteh Espi (کلاته‌اسپی), Luli Maḥalleh (لولی‌محله), Mīyānladak (میانلدک), Paramaz (پرمز), Qal'eh Poshteh (قلعه‌پشته), Rajū (رجو), Rujineh (روجینه), Siyāhband (سیاه‌بند), Sūlak (سولک), Takaleh (تکله), Tamijāneh (تمیجانه), Tārik Maḥalleh (تاریک‌محله), Tusakalā (توساکلا), Tūsakolām (توساکلام)

Kelarestaq

Villages of the Kelarestaq district[18]
Bolūk Villages
Bīrūn Bashm
Dasht
Kelārdasht
Kūhestān

Kojur

Villages of the Kojur district[19]

Population

The population of Mahal-e Thalatha consisted of a variety of ethnic groups. The native population of Tonmekabon, Kelarestaq, and Kojur was largely tribal in composition.[20] The mountainous terrain of Mahal-e Thalatha hosted a variety of clans in the districts, each having their own chief. Tonekabon had 11 major clans: The Khal'atbarī (خلعتبری), Qawī-Heṣārlū (قوی حصارلو), Kalāntarīyyah (کلانتریه), Faqīh (فقیه), Ṭālesh (طالش), Gulayj (گلیج), Daj (دج), Asās (اساس), Shūrij (شورج), Ṭāleqānī (طالقانی), and Rūdbārī (رودباری).[21] The inhabitants of Mahal-e Thalatha did not self-identify as Mazandaranis, and Mazandaranis saw them as Gilaks.[15] The main faith in the Mahal-e Thalatha was Twelver Shi'ism. However, there was a significant minority of Zaydis in Tonekabon.[22]

In addition to the native Caspian population, there also existed a large minority of Kurdish and Lak tribes in Mahal-e Thalatha. Due to constant upheavals in the Caspian region, Iranian rulers like Nader Shah and Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar resettled Kurdish tribes in Mazandaran and the Alborz to secure the frontier.[2] The Khvājahvand and 'Abd al-Malekī tribes were resettled into Mahal-e Thalatha, supplanting the older Caspian population.[2] Most of the Kurds lived in Panjak Rostāq, Zānus Rostāq, and Tavābe'.[2] Each tribe had a chief and held their lands as a fief in exchange for military service.[7] In contrast to the native population, most of the Kurds were 'Ali Illahis, with a few Sunnis.[22][2]

The 'Abd al-Malekī were of Lak origin, a branch of the Qashqai tribe of Fars.[23] They were resettled by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, first to Shahrīyār, then later to Nur and Kojur. They adopted a semi-nomadic lifestyle, plundering travellers traversing through the plain along the Mazandaran-Gilan causeway and were endogamous.[7] In 1855, the Ṣadr-e Aʿẓam, Mīrzā Āqā Khān Nūrī transported them to Zaghmarz.[24][23]

In contrast, the Khvājahvands (a mix of Lak 'Ali Illahis and Sunni Kurds), remained in Mahal-e Thalatha. The Laks resided in Kelārdasht, numbered around 600 families in 1860, were headed by two chiefs, and contributed 250 horsemen to the government.[7] The Sunni Kurds also constituted 600 families, lead by two Sharafvand chiefs, and contributed 200 horsemen, having less land and warriors than the Laks.[7] The two sections of the tribe were on bad terms. For example, in the village of Lāhū, they lived daggers drawn against each other, with the Sunni Kurds considering the 'Ali Illahi Laks to be unbelievers.[7] Kojur's population consisted mainly of Khvājahvands and Gilaks.[15] The Khvājahvands and Laks were on bad terms with the other inhabitants, despised due to their ownership of the district's finest yaylaqs and because of their non-Shia faith.[25]

Economy

Tonekabon's economy was focused mainly on the production of silk and rice.[7] Apiculture was also practiced in it's hilly areas.[7]

References

  1. ^ Barthold, Vasilii Vladimirovich (2014-07-14). An Historical Geography of Iran. Princeton University Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-4008-5322-9.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Borijan, Habib. "KOJUR". Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
  3. ^ a b c Floor 2007, p. 339.
  4. ^ Floor 2007, p. 233.
  5. ^ a b Perry, John R. (2015-05-14). Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747-1779. University of Chicago Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-226-66102-5.
  6. ^ a b c d e Rabino 1928, p. 22.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kazembeyki 2003.
  8. ^ a b Sadeghian, Saghar (2016-11). "The Caspian Forests of Northern Iran during the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods: Deforestation, Regulation, and Reforestation". Iranian Studies. 49 (6): 973–996. doi:10.1080/00210862.2016.1241618. ISSN 0021-0862. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Chaquèri, Cosroe (1995). The Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran, 1920-1921: Birth of the Trauma. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8229-3792-0.
  10. ^ "'Military report on Tehran and adjacent Provinces of North-West Persia (including the Caspian Littoral)'". Qatar Digital Library. 1922. p. 76, 381.
  11. ^ Rabino 1928, p. 15.
  12. ^ Kazembeyki 2003, p. 5.
  13. ^ Rabino 1928, p. 21.
  14. ^ Rabino 1928, p. 27.
  15. ^ a b c Rabino 1928, p. 30.
  16. ^ Rabino 1928, p. 105-07.
  17. ^ Kazembeyki 2003, p. 4.
  18. ^ Rabino 1928, p. 107-08.
  19. ^ Rabino 1928, p. 108-10.
  20. ^ Kazembeyki 2003, p. 8.
  21. ^ Rabino 1928, p. 21-22.
  22. ^ a b Rabino 1928, p. 14.
  23. ^ a b Oberling, Pierre (December 15, 1982). "ʿABD-AL-MALEKĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  24. ^ Kezembeyki 2003.
  25. ^ Rabino 1928, p. 23.

Sources

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Kailanmapper/sandbox10&oldid=1223807147"