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{{main|2005 Kashmir earthquake}}
{{main|2005 Kashmir earthquake}}


The hillside town of Balakot, comprising 12 union councils with a population of 30,000 people, was completely destroyed by the earthquake on October 2005. The [[Fault (geology)|fault line]] passes through Balakot. It follows the hilly area to the north up to [[Allai Tehsil|Allai]] and leads to the [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]] in [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] from the villages of Balakot. This fault line – the Balakot-Bagh fault – is said to be the source of the Kashmir earthquake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/kashmir_eeri_2nd_report.pdf|title=Learning from Earthquakes: The Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005: Impacts in Pakistan|date=February 2006|website=EERI|access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref> The estimated death toll from the Balakot town and the districts in the affected Kashmir area was between 73,000, with some sources stating it to be more than 80,000.<ref name="open.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/geology/the-balakot-earthquake-ten-years-on|title=The Balakot Earthquake: Ten years on – OpenLearn – Open University|website=open.edu|access-date=2018-06-19}}</ref>
The hillside town of Balakot, comprising 12 union councils with a population of 30,000 people, was completely destroyed by the earthquake on October 8,2005. The [[Fault (geology)|fault line]] passes through Balakot. It follows the hilly area to the north up to [[Allai Tehsil|Allai]] and leads to the [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]] in [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] from the villages of Balakot. This fault line – the Balakot-Bagh fault – is said to be the source of the Kashmir earthquake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/kashmir_eeri_2nd_report.pdf|title=Learning from Earthquakes: The Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005: Impacts in Pakistan|date=February 2006|website=EERI|access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref> The estimated death toll from the Balakot town and the districts in the affected Kashmir area was between 73,000, with some sources stating it to be more than 80,000.<ref name="open.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/science/geology/the-balakot-earthquake-ten-years-on|title=The Balakot Earthquake: Ten years on – OpenLearn – Open University|website=open.edu|access-date=2018-06-19}}</ref>


The [[United Arab Emirates]] volunteered to rebuild this town into an improved one with housing colonies, schools, hospitals, and other civic facilities. Saudi Public Assistance for Pakistan Earthquake Victims (SPAPEV), a Saudi relief organisation, also provided much assistance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spapev.org/ |title=Saudi Public Assistance for Pakistan Earthquake Victims |access-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221172921/https://www.spapev.org/ |archive-date=21 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Late, the Pakistani government announced that the city would be relocated about 20&nbsp;km away at a safer spot with more earthquake-proof buildings.<ref>Over 80% of the building collapsed and several schools where most of the students were buried alive.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4869208.stm BBC NEWS – Pakistan to move quake-hit town]</ref>
The [[United Arab Emirates]] volunteered to rebuild this town into an improved one with housing colonies, schools, hospitals, and other civic facilities. Saudi Public Assistance for Pakistan Earthquake Victims (SPAPEV), a Saudi relief organisation, also provided much assistance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spapev.org/ |title=Saudi Public Assistance for Pakistan Earthquake Victims |access-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221172921/https://www.spapev.org/ |archive-date=21 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Late, the Pakistani government announced that the city would be relocated about 20&nbsp;km away at a safer spot with more earthquake-proof buildings.<ref>Over 80% of the building collapsed and several schools where most of the students were buried alive.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4869208.stm BBC NEWS – Pakistan to move quake-hit town]</ref>

Revision as of 18:34, 13 April 2024

This article is about the town. For other places named Balakot, see Balakot (disambiguation).

Balakot
بالاکوٹ
Balakot Upper Pakhli
Balakot is located in Pakistan
Balakot
Balakot
Balakot is located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Balakot
Balakot
Coordinates: 34°32′N 73°21′E / 34.54°N 73.35°E / 34.54; 73.35
Country Pakistan
ProvinceKhyber Pakhtunkhwa
DivisionHazara
DistrictMansehra
TehsilBalakot
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • KhanKhan Muhammad Saleem Khan (Sarkheli Swati)
 • Assistant CommissionerSaddam Hussain Memon (BPS-17 PAS)
Time zoneUTC+05:00 (PST)
LanguagesHindko

Balakot (/ˈbælɑːˌkɒt/; Template:Lang-ur; Urdu pronunciation: [bɑː.lɑː.koːʈ]) is a town in Mansehra district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The town was significantly damaged during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake but was later rebuilt with the assistance of the Government of Pakistan.

Geography

Kunhar river flowing through Balakot

Balakot is located on the right bank of the Kunhar River in northern Pakistan. It is almost two-thirds of the length of the river from its origin at Lake Dharam Sar deep in the Kaghan Valley before its confluence with the Jehlum River.[1]

The lower area below Balakot, sometimes referred to as Nainsukh Valley, is temperate, while Kaghan Valley above Balakot City is cold enough to turn the whole area to freezing in the winter. Kaghan valley is a pleasant summer destination. Its upper part from Naran upstream lacks the monsoon, but the lower part gets it well, and so it is forested.[1]

Climate

Balakot has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall in Balakot is much higher than in most other parts of Pakistan. The heaviest rainfall occurs either in late winter (February–March) associated with frontal systems, or in the monsoon season (June–August); however, all months see significant rainfall on average.

Climate data for Balakot
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.4
(75.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		31.1
(88.0) 		36.0
(96.8) 		43.3
(109.9) 		42.1
(107.8) 		41.2
(106.2) 		39.7
(103.5) 		35.2
(95.4) 		33.9
(93.0) 		29.0
(84.2) 		24.7
(76.5) 		43.3
(109.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		15.2
(59.4) 		19.3
(66.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		31.3
(88.3) 		35.5
(95.9) 		32.3
(90.1) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.0
(87.8) 		27.4
(81.3) 		22.2
(72.0) 		15.9
(60.6) 		25.1
(77.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.1
(46.6) 		9.5
(49.1) 		13.5
(56.3) 		19.3
(66.7) 		24.3
(75.7) 		28.1
(82.6) 		26.8
(80.2) 		25.9
(78.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		19.3
(66.7) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.5
(49.1) 		18.5
(65.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.2
(36.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.6
(45.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		17.4
(63.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		21.2
(70.2) 		20.6
(69.1) 		17.1
(62.8) 		11.3
(52.3) 		6.1
(43.0) 		3.1
(37.6) 		12.0
(53.6)
Record low °C (°F) −3
(27) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−1
(30) 		3.9
(39.0) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		13.3
(55.9) 		10.0
(50.0) 		5.2
(41.4) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−3
(27)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 105.4
(4.15) 		156.1
(6.15) 		195.9
(7.71) 		122.5
(4.82) 		80.5
(3.17) 		107.3
(4.22) 		384.3
(15.13) 		311.4
(12.26) 		100.8
(3.97) 		48.9
(1.93) 		44.0
(1.73) 		87.5
(3.44) 		1,744.6
(68.68)
Source: NOAA (1971–1990)[2]

Administration

Balakot is one of the main cities in Mansehra District. It serves as the chief city of Balakot Tehsil, which is the largest Tehsil in Mansehra District. It also has a Union Council and administers the many surrounding smaller towns and villages.[3]

History

Early history

The known history of the city was not well recorded before the British period. Archaeologists from Hazara University, however, have found terracotta remains and terracotta figurines from distant points in the high altitudes around the area.[4] They might shed light on earlier inhabitants of the area. Old graveyards also suggest linkages towards pre-Muslim occupants who later converted to Islam.[5]

Battle of Balakot (1831)

The battle of Balakot (1831) was the defining battle of Syed Ahmad Barelvi's Tehreek-ul-Mujahideen against the Sikh empire, in which he and Shah Ismail Dehlvi were killed.[6][7][8] Balakot was a refuge for Mujahideen after being ousted from Swabi and Amb. The Sikhs, who outnumbered the ill-prepared Mujahideen, defeated them. For the sake of this event, Balakot City is sometimes also referred to as Sarzameen-e-Shuhada ("The Land of Martyrs").[9]

Mahtab Singh, a writer of the history of Hazara, writes that Sikhs, to stop the movement from continuing any further, reopened the grave of Syed Ahmad and set the body into the Kunhar River, probably in Talhatta, 10 km down stream.[10]

Sikh rule was brutal and fearsome and ended after James Abbot's capture of Hazara. There have been many skirmishes between locals and Sikh forces. One famous event happened in 1844 when Gulab Singh, Maharaja of Kashmir, sent a campaign to the Chilas under Diwan Ibrahim, which was effectively destroyed by local populations in Kaghan Valley at Diwan Bela, named after him.

War of Independence (1857)

After James Abbot's coming to the region in the early 1840s, Sikhs were kept in check in upper Hazara, and he was able to wage war on Sikhs with this local support in Haripur.[11]

During the War of Independence in 1857, no local chief is reported to have revolted. Instead, local chiefs helped the British Army bring down mutineers in Hoti Garrission, Mardan. In another incident, 55th Native Infantry mutineers were trying to seek refuge in Kashmir State, however, they were only able to cross the Indus in Kohistan, and were caught near Lake Dudipatsar by local forces of the Kaghan chiefs, Kohistanis, and Gujjars. The whole gorge is now known as Purbi Nar (the gorge of Eastern People, or Bengalis). A few escaped to Kashmir State ,where they were handed over to the British Army for execution.[11]

2005 earthquake

Main article: 2005 Kashmir earthquake

The hillside town of Balakot, comprising 12 union councils with a population of 30,000 people, was completely destroyed by the earthquake on October 8,2005. The fault line passes through Balakot. It follows the hilly area to the north up to Allai and leads to the Bagh in Azad Jammu and Kashmir from the villages of Balakot. This fault line – the Balakot-Bagh fault – is said to be the source of the Kashmir earthquake.[12] The estimated death toll from the Balakot town and the districts in the affected Kashmir area was between 73,000, with some sources stating it to be more than 80,000.[13]

The United Arab Emirates volunteered to rebuild this town into an improved one with housing colonies, schools, hospitals, and other civic facilities. Saudi Public Assistance for Pakistan Earthquake Victims (SPAPEV), a Saudi relief organisation, also provided much assistance.[14] Late, the Pakistani government announced that the city would be relocated about 20 km away at a safer spot with more earthquake-proof buildings.[15]

Jaish-e-Mohammed militant group had presence near the town.[16][17] A 2004 United States Department of Defense document also stated that there was a JeM training camp in Balakot.[18] However, according to analysts, the militants left Balakot after the earthquake in 2005 to avoid detection by the international aid groups arriving to provide relief.[19]

New Balakot City

After the earthquake, it was discovered that the city was built on geological fault lines and the government recommended moving the residents 15 miles away to Bakarial.[20] The new site was decided to be renamed to "New Balakot City" and the original town of Balakot to be preserved as "national heritage".[21]

In 2011, it was reported that many residents of Balakot had been rebuilding their homes and businesses in the town, despite a government ban.[22]

A decade after the earthquake, the New Balakot City was still being constructed and many residents still lived in temporary earthquake-resistant shelters.[23] Amid the locals' discontent, the Pakistani government cited the problem of acquiring the land at Bakrayal as a reason for the delay due to a dispute between the national and provincial government as well as the landowners.[23] There are observers who also note that political patronage diverted aid away from those who need it.[13] There are those who started rebuilding their houses in the old city. By 2006, construction of New Balakot City had resumed.[24]

2019 bombing by the Indian Air Force

Main article: 2019 Balakot airstrike

In the early morning hours of 26 February, Indian warplanes crossed the de facto border in the disputed region of Kashmir,[25] and dropped bombs in the vicinity of Balakot.[26][27]

Pakistan's military, the first to announce the airstrike on 26 February morning,[28] described the Indian planes as dropping their payload in an uninhabited wooded hilltop area near Balakot.[29]

India, confirming the airstrike later the same day, characterised it to be a preemptive strike directed against a terrorist training camp, and causing the deaths of more than 100 terrorists.[30] Analysis of open-source satellite imagery by the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensics Laboratory,[31] San Francisco-based Planet Labs,[32] European Space Imaging,[33] and the Australian Strategic Policy Institute,[34] has concluded that India did not hit any targets of significance on the Jaba hilltop site in the vicinity of Balakot.[35][36]

Villagers from the area spoke of four bombs striking a nearby forest and field around 3 am, damaging a building, and injuring a local man.[37][38] Journalists associated with the Associated Press visited the area on 26 February and saw craters and damaged trees. The villagers they met reported no casualties.[39] A team from Al Jazeera visited the site two days after the strikes and noted "splintered pine trees and rocks" which were strewn across the four blast craters. The local hospital officials and residents asserted that they did not come across any casualty or wounded people. The reporters located the facility,[40] a school run by Jaish-e-Mohammed, at around a kilometre to the east of one of the bomb craters, atop a steep ridge but were unable to access it.[40] Reporters from Reuters were repeatedly denied access to the madrassa by the military citing security issues but they noted the structure (and its vicinity) to be intact from the back.[38][41] The press wing of the Pakistan military had twice postponed scheduled visits to the site.[41] However, on 29 March 2019, Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) took journalists to the site where the strike took place. There were around 375 students present in the Madrasa. Journalists were allowed to interview the students. They were also allowed to take photos and record videos of the site.[42]

On 10 April, some international journalists, who were taken to the Jaba hilltop in a tightly controlled trip after 45 days of the strike arranged by Pakistani government, found the largest building of the site to show no evidence of damage.[43][44][45][46]

Demographics

The majority of the population is speaker of Hindko and Gujari, Indo-Aryan languages closely related to Punjabi, which are also spoken in the rest of Mansehra district.[47]

Transportation

In 1965, a bridge was built in Balakot over the Kunhar river called the Ayub Bridge. The bridge connects Balakot, as well as the Kaghan valley, with the rest of Pakistan.[48]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balakot (town).

References

  1. ^ a b Gilles, Bridget O'Brien (2008). Balakot, Pakistan: Reconstruction and Rehabilitation. Clemson University.
  2. ^ "Balakot Climate Normals 1971–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  3. ^ Tehsils & Unions in the District of Mansehra Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ "Index of /culture/documents/publications". unesco.org.pk. Retrieved 30 November 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ Ali1, Shah2, Hameed3,Ashfaq4, Muhammad5 (2011). "Archaeological Explorations in Balakot, District Mansehra, 2006–07: A Preliminary Report" (PDF). Pakistan Heritage. 3: 149–160.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "Shah Ismail Shaheed". Rekhta.
  7. ^ Shaheed, Shah Ismail. "Strengthening of the Faith - English - Shah Ismail Shaheed". IslamHouse.com.
  8. ^ Profile of Dehlvi on books.google.com website Retrieved 16 August 2018
  9. ^ Dasgupta, Reshmi. "Balakot Pakistan: Balakot witnessed an anti-terror strike 188 years ago too, here's a slice from history". The Economic Times.
  10. ^ Panni, Sherbahadur Khan. Tareekh-i-Hazara. Lahore.
  11. ^ a b Watson, H.D. (1908). Gazetteer Of The Hazara District, 1907. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 160–161.
  12. ^ "Learning from Earthquakes: The Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005: Impacts in Pakistan" (PDF). EERI. February 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  13. ^ a b "The Balakot Earthquake: Ten years on – OpenLearn – Open University". open.edu. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  14. ^ "Saudi Public Assistance for Pakistan Earthquake Victims". Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  15. ^ Over 80% of the building collapsed and several schools where most of the students were buried alive.BBC NEWS – Pakistan to move quake-hit town
  16. ^ "Treasury Targets Pakistan-Based Terrorist Organizations Lashkar-E Tayyiba and Jaish-E Mohammed". treasury.gov.
  17. ^ VanSickle, Abbie (19 November 2016). "Small-Town "Terrorists" : The Infamous Post-9/11 California "Sleeper Cell" Case Continues to Unravel".
  18. ^ Hashim, Asad. "India air raids hit near Jaish-e-Mohammad-run school". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  19. ^ Maria Abi-Habib, After India's Strike on Pakistan, Both Sides Leave Room for De-escalation, The New York Times
  20. ^ Quake-Stricken Town Is to Move, Saddening Survivors, The New York Times
  21. ^ "New Balakot City: an unfulfilled promise to earthquake survivors". www.geo.tv.
  22. ^ Ban on reconstruction violated in Balakot, The Dawn
  23. ^ a b "Broken city, broken promises in Kashmir". BBC News. 8 October 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  24. ^ Sadaqat, Muhammad (28 January 2016). "New Balakot project: Construction of Bakriyal city to resume in a week – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  25. ^ Joanna Slater; Niha Masih (15 February 2019), "Modi vows action after dozens die in deadliest attack in Indian-held Kashmir in 3 decades", Washington Post Quote: "Both India and Pakistan claim the Himalayan region of Kashmir, but it has been divided between them for more than 70 years."
  26. ^ Joanna Slater (26 February 2019), "India strikes Pakistan in severe escalation of tensions between nuclear rivals", Washington Post
  27. ^ Michael Safi; Mehreen Zahra-Malik; Azar Farooq (26 February 2019), "'Get ready for our surprise': Pakistan warns India it will respond to airstrikes", Guardian Quote: "Pakistan, ... said the war planes made it up to five miles inside its territory"
  28. ^ Michael Safi; Mehreen Zahra-Malik; Azar Farooq (26 February 2019), "'Get ready for our surprise': Pakistan warns India it will respond to airstrikes", Guardian Quote: "Pakistan, which was the first to announce the incursion, ..."
  29. ^ Maria Abi-Habib; Austin Ramzy (25 February 2019), "Indian Jets Strike in Pakistan in Revenge for Kashmir Attack", The New York Times Quote: "A spokesman for Pakistan’s armed forces, Maj. Gen. Asif Ghafoor, on Tuesday posted on Twitter four images of a forested area pockmarked with small craters and debris, which he said was the site of Indian airstrikes."
  30. ^ Slater, Joanna; Constable, Pamela (27 February 2019). "Pakistan captures Indian pilot after shooting down aircraft, escalating hostilities". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  31. ^ @DFRLab (28 February 2019), "Surgical Strike in Pakistan a Botched Operation? Indian jets carried out a strike against JEM targets inside Pakistani territory, to questionable effect", Medium Quote: "Indian fighter jets carried out strikes against targets inside undisputed Pakistani territory, but open-source evidence suggested that the strike was unsuccessful."
  32. ^ Martin Howell; Gerry Doyle; Simon Scarr (May 2019), Satellite images show buildings still standing at Indian bombing site, Reuters Quote: "The images produced by Planet Labs Inc, a San Francisco-based private satellite operator, show at least six buildings on the madrasa site on 4 March, six days after the airstrike. ... There are no discernible holes in the roofs of buildings, no signs of scorching, blown-out walls, displaced trees around the madrasa or other signs of an aerial attack."
  33. ^ European Space Imaging (8 March 2019), PAKISTAN: Satellite Imagery confirms India missed target in Pakistan airstrike Quote: " ... said Managing Director Adrian Zevenbergen. '... The image captured with Worldiew-2 of the buildings in question shows no evidence of a bombing having occurred. There are no signs of scorching, no large distinguishable holes in the roofs of buildings and no signs of stress to the surrounding vegetation.' "
  34. ^ Marcus Hellyer; Nathan Ruser; Aakriti Bachhawat (27 March 2019), "India's strike on Balakot: a very precise miss?", The Strategist, Australian Strategic Policy Institute Quote: "But India’s recent air strike on a purported Jaish-e-Mohammad terrorist camp in Balakot in Pakistan on 26 February suggests that precision strike is still an art and science that requires both practice and enabling systems to achieve the intended effect. Simply buying precision munitions off the shelf is not enough."
  35. ^ Sameer Lalwani; Emily Tallo (17 April 2019), "Did India shoot down a Pakistani F-16 in February? This just became a big deal.", Washington Post Quote: " Open-source satellite imagery suggests India did not hit any targets of consequence in the airstrikes it conducted after the terrorist attack on the paramilitaries.
  36. ^ Michael Safi; Mehreen Zahra-Malik (5 March 2019), "Kashmir's fog of war: how conflicting accounts benefit both sides:India and Pakistan's differing narratives are not unusual in the social media age, say experts", Guardian Quote: "Analysis of open-source satellite imagery has also cast doubt on India’s claims. A report by the Atlantic Council’s Digital Forensic Research Lab was able to geolocate the site of the attack and provide a preliminary damage assessment. It compared satellite images from the days before and after India’s strike and concluded there were only impacts in the wooded areas with no damage visible to surrounding structures."
  37. ^ "No blood. No bodies. No debris. No tragedy". The Express Tribune. 27 February 2019. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  38. ^ a b "Pakistani village asks: Where are bodies of militants India says it..." Reuters. 1 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  39. ^ Tensions escalate as Indian airstrike hits inside Pakistan Archived 2 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Associated Press
  40. ^ a b "At raid site, no casualties and a mysterious school". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  41. ^ a b "No access to Pakistan religious school that India says it bombed". Reuters. 8 March 2019. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  42. ^ "Pakistan allows media to visit Balakot air strike location". The Week. 29 March 2019.
  43. ^ Martin Howell; Salahuddin (11 April 2019), "Inside the Pakistani Madrasa Where India Said It Killed Hundreds of 'Terrorists", The New York Times, Reuters Quote: "Those visiting the site on Wednesday didn't see any signs that there had been significant building work to either clear structures or erect new ones. And the vegetation didn't appear to have suffered the stress that might be expected from a missile attack."
  44. ^ BBC (10 April 2019), "Balakot air strike: Pakistan shows off disputed site on eve of India election", BBC News Quote: "They were given access to an Islamic school in Balakot, where Indian media say militants were killed in retaliation for an attack in Kashmir. The large building appeared to be fully intact ..."
  45. ^ Agence France Presse (11 April 2019), "Pakistan takes media, diplomats on visit to Indian strike site", france24, AFP Quote: "International outlets which visited the Indian air strike site in Pakistan found no evidence of a major terrorist training camp – or of any infrastructure damage at all."
  46. ^ Siobhan Heanue (14 April 2019), "The remote school at the centre of a dispute between nuclear neighbours Pakistan and India", Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) Quote: "One thing is clear: India's claim that it destroyed a militant training camp and killed more than 300 extremists cannot be backed up by the evidence. More than a month after India launched airstrikes inside Pakistan in retaliation for a militant attack that killed 40 paramilitary troops in Kashmir, foreign media have been allowed to see the areas hit."
  47. ^ Hallberg, Calinda E.; O'Leary, Clare F. (1992). "Dialect Variation and Multilingualism among Gujars of Pakistan". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 91–196. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. p. 135.
  48. ^ "Balakot bridge's repair restores KP-GB traffic," Dawn.
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