Goans: Difference between revisions

Goans
Goenkar, Goeses
	(Some notable Goans) Some notable Goans (including those of ancestral descent)
Regions with significant populations
Goa; Maharashtra; United Kingdom; Portugal; ; ; Rest of India; Rest of the world	450,000; 150,000; 149,000 (of which 25,000 in Swindon alone); 100,000 (of which the overwhelming majority are Goan Catholics) ; 200,000; 350,000
Languages
	Primary:; Goan Konkani; Additional:; Marathi (incl. Bombay Mahratti), Hindi–Urdu, Portuguese & English
Religion
	Global Predominance:; Christianity; Global Minority:; Hinduism, Islam and others
Related ethnic groups
	Other Konkani people:; Bombayites, Bombay East Indians, Basseinites, Mangaloreans Norteiro people & Luso-Indians
	Due to mass emigration of people (mainly Goan Catholics) from Goa, as well as mass migration from mainland India, since 1961, the Ethnic, Religious and Cultural Demographics of Goa State have been severely altered. This exchange of population has made the natives a virtual minority in their homeland. Note: This article is for information on the ethnic Goan people (many in diaspora), and not residents living within the Indian State of Goa.;

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Goans (Template:Lang-kok, Romi Konkani: Goenkar, Template:Lang-pt) is the demonym used to describe the people native to Goa, India, who form an ethno-linguistic group resulting from the assimilation of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Indo-Portuguese, Austro-Asiatic ethnic and/or linguistic ancestries.^[7]^[8] They speak different dialects of the Konkani language, collectively known as Goan Konkani. "Goanese", although sometimes used, is an incorrect term for Goans.^[9]

Language

Goans are generally multilingual, but mainly speak the Konkani language, a Prakrit based language belonging to the Southern group of Indo-Aryan Languages. Various dialects of Konkani spoken by the Goans include Bardezkari, Saxtti, Pednekari and Antruz. The Konkani spoken by the Catholics is notably different from those of the Hindus, since it has a lot of Portuguese influence in its vocabulary.^[10]

Konkani was suppressed for official documentation use only not for unofficial use under the Portuguese governance, playing a minor part in education of the past generations. All Goans were educated in Portuguese in the past when Goa was an overseas province of Portugal. A small minority of Goans are descendants of the Portuguese (Luso-Indian ethnicity) and speak Portuguese.^[11] However, a number of native Christians also used Portuguese as their first language prior to 1961.

Goans use Devanagari (official) and Latin script (liturgical and historical) for education as well as communication (personal, formal and religious). However the entire liturgy of the Catholic church is solely in the Latin script, having been influenced by the Portuguese colonial rule. In the past other scripts such as Goykanadi, Modi, Kannada and Persian were also used, but later fell into disuse owing to many social, political and religious reasons.^[12]^[13]

Portuguese is still spoken as a first language by a number of Goans, though it is mainly restricted to upper-class Catholic families and the older generation. However, the annual number of Goans learning Portuguese as a second language has been continuously increasing in the 21st century through introduction in schools and the opening of Instituto Camões.^[14]^[15]^[16]

The Marathi language has played a significant role for Hindus near the northern borders of Goa close to Maharashtra and parts of Novas Conquistas (lit. new conquests). This is due to the influx of ethnic Marathi people since the 20th century.^[17]^{[better source needed]}

Religion

Ethnic Goans are predominantly Roman Catholics followed by Hindus and a tiny Muslim community.

As per the 1909 statistics, the Catholic population stood at 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%).^[18]

Within Goa, there has been a steady decline of Christianity as a percentage of the total population due to Goan emigration to other Indian cities (especially Mumbai) and foreign countries,^[19] and a rise of other religions due to non-Goan migration from the other states of India.^[20] Religious conversion seems to play little role in the demographic change.

According to the 2011 census, out of the Indian population residing in Goa (1,458,545 persons), 66.1% were Hindu, 25.1% were Christian, 8.32% were Muslim, and 0.1% were Sikh.^[21]

Christianity

The Catholics display Portuguese influence, due to over 451 years of direct rule and interaction with the Portuguese people as an overseas province.^[22] Portuguese names are common among the Goan Catholics.^[23] A variation of the caste system is followed, but not rigidly due to Portuguese efforts to abolish caste discrimination among the local converts and homogenise them into a single entity.^[24] There are some distinct Bamonn, Chardó, Gauddo and Sudir communities in Goa that are mainly endogamous.^[25] Most Catholic families also share Portuguese ancestry, and some openly count themselves as 'mestiço' (lit. mixed-race).^[26]

Hinduism

Goan Hindus refer to themselves as "Konkane" (Devanagari Konkani: कोंकणे), meaning the residents of an area broadly identified as Konkan.^[27] Hindus in Goa are divided into many different castes and sub-castes, known as Jatis. They use their village names to identify their clans, some of them use titles. Some are known by the occupation their ancestors have been practising; Nayak, Borkar, Raikar, Keni, Prabhu, Kamat, Lotlikar, Chodankar, Mandrekar, Naik, Bhat, Tari, Gaude are some examples.

Islam

Only a small number of native Muslims remain and are known as Moir, the word is derived from the Portuguese Mouro, which means Moor. Muçulmano was the word later used in Portuguese to identify them, which is still the world used in today's Portuguese.^[28]^[29]

Geographical distribution

Goans have been migrating all along the Konkan region and across the Anglosphere, Lusosphere and Persian Gulf countries for the last six centuries because of socio-religious and economic reasons. The Indian diaspora have been assimilated with other Konkani people of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala. Goans across the globe refer to the publication, Goan Voice for news about members from their community.

Many overseas Goans have settled in the erstwhile British Empire and the United Kingdom mainly in south-west town of Swindon, Leicester in the East Midlands and in London (especially Wembley and Southall).^[30] Many Goans have migrated to the UK on Portuguese passports due to the UK being an EU member country up until the Brexit. According to the Office for National Statistics, as of June 2020, the population of EU Nationals (Indian-born Portuguese citizens) in UK was about 35,000.^[31]

Many Goans have also chosen to migrate to the former Portuguese territories (especially Mozambique) and to Portugal itself.

Pre-Portuguese migrations

There are no definitive records of Goan migration prior to the Portuguese conquests in the region corresponding to nowadays Goa. One reason being that the Goan people were not a distinct ethnic group as yet.

Migrations from 1510–1700s (first phase)

The first recorded instances of significant emigrations of Goans could be traced back to the Portuguese conquest of Goa in 1510 and the subsequent flight of the surviving Muslim residents to the territories ruled by the Sultanate of Bijapur.^[32] Sizable numbers of Hindus also later fled to Mangalore and Kanara during the 16th–17th centuries due to the increasing Christianization of Goa. They were soon followed by some newly-converted Catholics, who fled the Goa Inquisition.^[22] There were also emigrations from Goa to Kanara to escape the War of the League of the Indies, the Dutch–Portuguese War, the Maratha Invasion of Goa (1683), taxation as well as epidemics during the same time period.^[33] Goan Catholics also started traveling overseas during the latter part of this time period. There were migrations of Goan Catholics to other parts of the global Portuguese Empire, such as Portugal, Mozambique,^[26] Ormuz, Muscat, Timor, Brasil, Malaca, Pegu, and Colombo. 48 Goan Catholics permanently migrated to Portugal during the 18th century.^[34] Goan involvement in Portuguese trade around the Indian Ocean involved both Hindu and Catholic Goan communities.^[35] However, upper-caste Goan Hindus did not travel to foreign countries due to the religious prohibition imposed by the Dharmaśāstras, which states that crossing salt water would corrupt oneself.^[36]

Migrations from 1800s–1950s (second phase)

During the Napoleonic Wars Goa was occupied by the British Raj, and many of their vessels were anchored in the Morumugão harbour.^[37] These ships were serviced by native Goans, who then left for British India once the ships had moved on.^[36] The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878 played an important role in speeding the emigration of Goans in the latter half of the 19th Century, since it gave the British the authority to construct the West of India Portuguese Railway, which connected the Velhas Conquistas to the Bombay Presidency. They primarily moved to the cities of Bombay (now Mumbai), Poona (now Pune), Calcutta (now Kolkata)^[38] and Karachi.^[39] Goans who moved to mainland India were of both, Christian as well as Hindu, origin.^[40]

A small number of Goans moved to Burma, to join the already established community in Pegu (now Bago). Another destination for mainly the Catholic community, was Africa. Most of the emigrants hailed from the province of Bardes, due to their high literacy rate, and the Velhas Conquistas region in general.^[38] Immigration into Africa came to end after the Decolonisation of Africa, during the 1950-60s.

In 1880, there were already 29,216 Goans living outside of Goa. By 1954, the number had risen to 180,000.^[41]

Migration from 1960s–present (current phase)

After the Annexation of Goa in 1961 by the Republic of India, there has been a steep rise in the number of emigrants of Goan origin. Many had applied and were granted Portuguese passports in order to obtain a European residence. The educated class found it difficult to get jobs within Goa due to the high influx of non-Goans into Goa, and this encouraged many of them to move to the Gulf states.^[22]

Until the early 1970s there were substantial populations of Goans in the Middle East, Africa and Europe. There have also, historically, been Goans in former British colonies of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, and Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola. The end of colonial rule brought a subsequent process of Africanisation and a wave of expulsion of South Asians from Uganda (1972) and Malawi (1974) forced the community to migrate elsewhere.^[40]

Currently it is estimated that there are around 600,000 Goans living outside India.^[42]

Professions

Since the Second Phase of migrations, Goans have had a variety of professions. In British India they were personal butlers or physicians to the English and Parsi elite in India. On the Ships and Cruise liners they were sailors, stewards, chefs, musicians and dancers. Many have also been working on oil rigs. Many Goan doctors worked in African colonies of Portugal, as well as being also active in British India.^[43]

References

^ "Postcard from Goa".
^ "Goa Swindon Association: Uniting, supporting Goans in Swindon".
^ "Goeses em Portugal".
^ "Goan Catholics in Portugal".
^ ^a ^b Rajesh Ghadge (2015), The story of Goan Migration.
^ "Goans abroad".
^ Pereira, José (2000). Song of Goa: mandos of yearning. Aryan Books International. pp. 234 pages. ISBN 9788173051661.
^ Cabral e Sá, Mário (1997). Wind of fire: the music and musicians of Goa. Promilla & Co. pp. 373 pages(see page 62). ISBN 9788185002194.
^ Pinto, Cecil (2003-11-07). "Goanese & non-Goans". Goa Today magazine. Goa Publications. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
^ Anvita Abbi; R. S. Gupta; Ayesha Kidwai (2001). Linguistic structure and language dynamics in South Asia: papers from the proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable. Motilal Banarsidass, 2001 – Language Arts & Disciplines -. pp. 409 pages (Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax). ISBN 9788120817654.
^ "Publications". COSPAR Information Bulletin. 2003 (156): 106. April 2003. Bibcode:2003CIBu..156..106.. doi:10.1016/s0045-8732(03)90031-3. ISSN 0045-8732.
^ National Archives of India. Vol. 34. National Archives of India. p. 1985.
^ Kamat, Krishnanand Kamat. "The origin and development of Konkani language". www.kamat.com. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
^ "1.500 pessoas estudam português em Goa". Revista MACAU. 2 June 2014.
^ Lusa, Agência. "Fundação Oriente quer valorização de língua portuguesa em Goa e apoia 800 alunos". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ "Goa - Universidade de Goa - Camões - Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua". www.instituto-camoes.pt. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ Malkarnekar, Gauree (14 August 2019). "After Karnataka & Maha, UP gives Goa the most migrants". Times of India.
^ Hull, Ernest (1909). Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
^ Saldhana, Arun (2007). Psychedelic White: Goa Trance and the Viscosity of Race. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4994-5.
^ Rajesh Ghadge (2015). The story of Goan Migration.
^ "India's religions by numbers". The Hindu (published 26 August 2015). 29 March 2016. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c da Silva Gracias, Fatima (1997). "The Impact of Portuguese Culture in Goa: A Myth or Reality". In Charles J. Borges (ed.). Goa and Portugal: Their Cultural Links. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 41–51.
^ Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992. Sahitya Akademi. p. 24. ISBN 81-7201-664-6.
^ Boxer, C. R. (1963). Race Relations in the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1825. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 75.
^ Gomes, Olivinho (1987). Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change. S. Chand. pp. 78–79.
^ ^a ^b McPherson, Kenneth (1987). "A Secret People of South Asia. The Origins, Evolution and Role of the Luso-Indian Goan Community from the Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries" (PDF). Itinerario. 11 (2): 72–86. doi:10.1017/S016511530001545X. S2CID 162400316.
^ Kulakarṇī, A. Rā (2006). Explorations in the Deccan history Volume 9 of Monograph series. Pragati Publications in association with Indian Council of Historical Research. pp. 217 pages(see page 129). ISBN 9788173071089.
^ Śiroḍakara, Pra. Pā; Mandal, H. K. (1993). People of India: Goa Volume 21 of People of India, Kumar Suresh Singh Volume 21 of State Series, Kumar Suresh Singh. Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 283 pages. ISBN 9788171547609.
^ S.A, Priberam Informática. "Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa". Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ Sonwalkar, Prasun. "The long read: Britain's Goan flavour". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
^ Mergulhao, Marcus (August 22, 2021). "All for tradition: Goans pack coconuts to UK to break them | Goa News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
^ Crowley, Roger (2015). Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. Random House. ISBN 978-0-571-29090-1.
^ de Souza, Teotónio (1979). Medieval Goa. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 116.
^ Disney, Anthony (1996). The Gulf Route from India to Portugal in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Actas do XII Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa. p. 532.
^ Sequeira Anthony, Philomena (2008). "Hindu dominance of Goa-based Long Distance Trade during the Eighteenth Century". In Stephen S. Jeyaseela (ed.). The Indian Trade at the Asian Frontier. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House. pp. 225–256.
^ ^a ^b da Silva Gracias, Fatima (2000). "Goans Away From Goa: Migration to the Middle East". Lusotopie. 7: 423–432.
^ Fernandes, Paul (2017). "Dona Paula's forgotten British cemetery gets a new lease of life". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
^ ^a ^b Pinto, J. B. (1962). J. B. Pinto (1962), Goan Emigration. Panjim.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Khan, Haward R. (1980). Haward, R. Khan, 1980, 'An Urban Minority: The Goan Christian Community in Karachi'. London: University of London.
^ ^a ^b De Souza, Teotonio R. (1989). Essays in Goan history. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 219 pages(see pages 187–190). ISBN 9788170222637.
^ Paco Patriarcal (Patriarchal Archives), Rois de Cristandade : Rois de Ilhas, 1870-1889. Rois de Ilhas. 1870–1889.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Pereira, José (2000). Song of Goa: mandos of yearning. Aryan Books International. pp. 234 pages. ISBN 9788173051661.
^ Fatima da Silva Gracias (1994). Health and Hygiene in Colonial Goa, 1510-1961. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 199, 225–226. ISBN 978-81-7022-506-5.

[1] "Postcard from Goa".

[2] "Goa Swindon Association: Uniting, supporting Goans in Swindon".

[3] "Goeses em Portugal".

[4] "Goan Catholics in Portugal".

[Rajesh_Ghadge_2015-5] Rajesh Ghadge (2015), The story of Goan Migration.

[6] "Goans abroad".

[ethncty-7] Pereira, José (2000). Song of Goa: mandos of yearning. Aryan Books International. pp. 234 pages. ISBN 9788173051661.

[SYC-8] Cabral e Sá, Mário (1997). Wind of fire: the music and musicians of Goa. Promilla & Co. pp. 373 pages(see page 62). ISBN 9788185002194.

[9] Pinto, Cecil (2003-11-07). "Goanese & non-Goans". Goa Today magazine. Goa Publications. Retrieved 2008-07-04.

[porin-10] Anvita Abbi; R. S. Gupta; Ayesha Kidwai (2001). Linguistic structure and language dynamics in South Asia: papers from the proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable. Motilal Banarsidass, 2001 – Language Arts & Disciplines -. pp. 409 pages (Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax). ISBN 9788120817654.

[11] "Publications". COSPAR Information Bulletin. 2003 (156): 106. April 2003. Bibcode:2003CIBu..156..106.. doi:10.1016/s0045-8732(03)90031-3. ISSN 0045-8732.

[archives-12] National Archives of India. Vol. 34. National Archives of India. p. 1985.

[13] Kamat, Krishnanand Kamat. "The origin and development of Konkani language". www.kamat.com. Retrieved 31 August 2011.

[14] "1.500 pessoas estudam português em Goa". Revista MACAU. 2 June 2014.

[15] Lusa, Agência. "Fundação Oriente quer valorização de língua portuguesa em Goa e apoia 800 alunos". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-02-24.

[16] "Goa - Universidade de Goa - Camões - Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua". www.instituto-camoes.pt. Retrieved 2024-02-24.

[17] Malkarnekar, Gauree (14 August 2019). "After Karnataka & Maha, UP gives Goa the most migrants". Times of India.

[18] Hull, Ernest (1909). Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.

[19] Saldhana, Arun (2007). Psychedelic White: Goa Trance and the Viscosity of Race. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-4994-5.

[20] Rajesh Ghadge (2015). The story of Goan Migration.

[THReligion-21] "India's religions by numbers". The Hindu (published 26 August 2015). 29 March 2016. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.

[:0-22] Silva Gracias, Fatima (1997). "The Impact of Portuguese Culture in Goa: A Myth or Reality". In Charles J. Borges (ed.). Goa and Portugal: Their Cultural Links. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. pp. 41–51.

[23] Saradesāya, Manohararāya (2000). A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992. Sahitya Akademi. p. 24. ISBN 81-7201-664-6.

[24] Boxer, C. R. (1963). Race Relations in the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1825. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 75.

[25] Gomes, Olivinho (1987). Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change. S. Chand. pp. 78–79.

[auto-26] McPherson, Kenneth (1987). "A Secret People of South Asia. The Origins, Evolution and Role of the Luso-Indian Goan Community from the Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries" (PDF). Itinerario. 11 (2): 72–86. doi:10.1017/S016511530001545X. S2CID 162400316.

[konkane2-27] Kulakarṇī, A. Rā (2006). Explorations in the Deccan history Volume 9 of Monograph series. Pragati Publications in association with Indian Council of Historical Research. pp. 217 pages(see page 129). ISBN 9788173071089.

[people-28] Śiroḍakara, Pra. Pā; Mandal, H. K. (1993). People of India: Goa Volume 21 of People of India, Kumar Suresh Singh Volume 21 of State Series, Kumar Suresh Singh. Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 283 pages. ISBN 9788171547609.

[29] S.A, Priberam Informática. "Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa". Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-02-24.

[30] Sonwalkar, Prasun. "The long read: Britain's Goan flavour". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 2022-08-06.

[31] Mergulhao, Marcus (August 22, 2021). "All for tradition: Goans pack coconuts to UK to break them | Goa News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2022-08-06.

[32] Crowley, Roger (2015). Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. Random House. ISBN 978-0-571-29090-1.

[33] Souza, Teotónio (1979). Medieval Goa. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 116.

[34] Disney, Anthony (1996). The Gulf Route from India to Portugal in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Actas do XII Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa. p. 532.

[35] Sequeira Anthony, Philomena (2008). "Hindu dominance of Goa-based Long Distance Trade during the Eighteenth Century". In Stephen S. Jeyaseela (ed.). The Indian Trade at the Asian Frontier. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House. pp. 225–256.

[:1-36] Silva Gracias, Fatima (2000). "Goans Away From Goa: Migration to the Middle East". Lusotopie. 7: 423–432.

[37] Fernandes, Paul (2017). "Dona Paula's forgotten British cemetery gets a new lease of life". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 September 2020.

[:2-38] Pinto, J. B. (1962). J. B. Pinto (1962), Goan Emigration. Panjim.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[39] Khan, Haward R. (1980). Haward, R. Khan, 1980, 'An Urban Minority: The Goan Christian Community in Karachi'. London: University of London.

[migr-40] De Souza, Teotonio R. (1989). Essays in Goan history. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 219 pages(see pages 187–190). ISBN 9788170222637.

[41] Paco Patriarcal (Patriarchal Archives), Rois de Cristandade : Rois de Ilhas, 1870-1889. Rois de Ilhas. 1870–1889.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[ethncty2-42] Pereira, José (2000). Song of Goa: mandos of yearning. Aryan Books International. pp. 234 pages. ISBN 9788173051661.

[Gracias1994-43] Fatima da Silva Gracias (1994). Health and Hygiene in Colonial Goa, 1510-1961. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 199, 225–226. ISBN 978-81-7022-506-5.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 | region1          = India
 | region2          = &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;→[[Goa]] (2001)
-| region3          = [[Goa]]<br>[[Maharashtra]]<br>[[United Kingdom]]<br>[[Swindon]]<br>Rest of India<br>Outside Republic of India
+| region3          = [[Goa]]<br>[[Maharashtra]]<br>[[United Kingdom]]<br>[[Portugal]]<br><br><br>Rest of India<br>Rest of the world
+| pop3             = 450,000<br>150,000<br>149,000{{small| (of which 25,000 in [[Swindon]] alone)}}<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.icwa.org/postcard-from-goa/|title = Postcard from Goa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.thegoan.net/global-goenkar/goa-swindon-association-uniting-supporting-goans-in-swindon/92708.html|title = Goa Swindon Association: Uniting, supporting Goans in Swindon}}</ref><br>100,000 {{small| (of which the overwhelming majority are [[Goan Catholics]])}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ccmm.madeira.gov.pt/index.php/publicacoes/noticias/761-milhares-de-goeses-pediram-nacionalidade-portuguesa-para-ir-para-o-reino-unido|title=Goeses em Portugal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604122920/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/22/stories/1322106l.html|title=Goan Catholics in Portugal}}</ref><br>200,000<ref name="Rajesh Ghadge 2015">Rajesh Ghadge (2015), The story of Goan Migration.</ref><br>350,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oneindiaonepeople.com/the-goan-footprint-abroad/|title=Goans abroad}}</ref>
-| pop3             = 450,000<br>150,000<br>35,000<br>20,000<br>200,000<br>600,000<ref name="Rajesh Ghadge 2015">Rajesh Ghadge (2015), The story of Goan Migration.</ref>
 | langs            = '''Primary:'''<br>[[Konkani language|Goan Konkani]]<br>'''Additional:'''<br>[[Marathi language|Marathi]] (incl. [[Bombay Mahratti]]), [[Hindustani language|Hindi–Urdu]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] & [[English language|English]]
 | rels             = '''Global Predominance''':<br>[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Goan Catholics|Christianity]]<br>'''Global Minority:'''<br>[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism in Goa|Hinduism]], [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Goan Muslims|Islam]] and others
@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 {{transliteration|gom|Goeses}}
 | native_name_lang = knn
-| image            = {{image array|perrow=3|width=85|height=70
+| image            = {{image array|perrow=4|width=70|height=60
 | image1           = Jaime Rangel ILO.jpg
 | caption1         = [[Jaime Valfredo Rangel|Jaime Rangel]]
-| image2           = JC Lisboa.jpg
+| image2           = Leena Dias (née Fernandes).jpg
-| caption2         = [[José Camillo Lisboa|José Lisboa]]
+| caption2         = [[Leena Dias]]
-| image3           = António Fortunato de Figueiredo.jpg
+| image3           = JC Lisboa.jpg
-| caption3         = [[António Fortunato de Figueiredo|António Figueiredo]]
+| caption3        = [[José Camillo Lisboa|José Lisboa]]
-| image4           = Narana Coissoró.jpg
+| image4           = Angela Trindade.jpg
-| caption4         = [[Narana Coissoró]]
+| caption4         = [[Angela Trindade]]
-| image5           = Retrato de António Maria de Bettencourt Rodrigues - Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro.png
+| image5          = Frederika Menezes, author from Goa, India.jpg
-| caption5         = [[António Maria de Bettencourt Rodrigues|António Rodrigues]]
+| caption5        = [[Frederika Menezes]]
-| image6           = Artist Vamona Navelcar, in Goa, India..JPG
+| image6           = António Fortunato de Figueiredo.jpg
-| caption6         = [[Vamona Navelcar]]
+| caption6         = [[António Fortunato de Figueiredo|António Figueiredo]]
-| image7           = Sebastao Rodolfo Dalgado.jpg
+| image7           = Vimala Devi Portrait.jpg
-| caption7         = [[Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado|Sebastião Dalgado]]
+| caption7         = [[Vimala Devi]]
-| image8           = Vimala Devi Portrait.jpg
+| image8           = Narana Coissoró.jpg
-| caption8         = [[Vimala Devi]]
+| caption8         = [[Narana Coissoró]]
-| image9           = Braz Fernandes.jpg
+| image9           = Retrato de António Maria de Bettencourt Rodrigues - Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro.png
-| caption9         = [[Braz Fernandes]]
+| caption9         = [[António Maria de Bettencourt Rodrigues|António Rodrigues]]
-| image10          = Joze-Vaz.jpg
+| image10           = Norma Alvares.jpg
-| caption10        = [[Joseph Vaz]]
+| caption10         = [[Norma Alvares]]
-| image11          = Charles Correa.jpg
+| image11           = Artist Vamona Navelcar, in Goa, India..JPG
-| caption11        = [[Charles Correa]]
+| caption11         = [[Vamona Navelcar]]
-| image12          = Frederika Menezes, author from Goa, India.jpg
+| image12           = Ivana Maria Furtado 1 (cropped).jpg
-| caption12        = [[Frederika Menezes]]
+| caption12        = [[Ivana Maria Furtado]]
+| image13           =Ileana D'Cruz 60th Filmfare Awards (cropped).jpg
+| caption13        = [[Ileana D'Cruz]]
+| image14           = Sebastao Rodolfo Dalgado.jpg
+| caption14         = [[Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado|Sebastião Dalgado]]
+| image15           = Miss World 1966, Dr. Reita Faria in Africa.jpg
+| caption15         = [[Reita Faria]]
+| image16           = Braz Fernandes.jpg
+| caption16         = [[Braz Fernandes]]
+| image17          = Joze-Vaz.jpg
+| caption17       = [[Joseph Vaz]]
+| image18           = Suella Braverman Official Cabinet Portrait, September 2022 (cropped).jpg
+| caption18         = [[Suella Braverman]]
+| image19          = Charles Correa.jpg
+| caption19        = [[Charles Correa]]
+| image20          = Catarina Furtado 2019.jpg
+| caption20        = [[Catarina Furtado]]
 }}
 | genealogy        = Some notable Goans
@@ Line 43: / Line 59: @@
 }}
-'''Goans''' ({{lang-kok|गोंयकार}}, [[Konkani in the Roman script|Romi Konkani]]: {{transliteration|gom|Goenkar}}, {{lang-pt|Goeses}}) is the [[demonym]] used to describe the people native to [[Goa]], [[India]], who form an ethno-linguistic group resulting from the assimilation of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], [[Indo-Portuguese]], and [[Proto-Australoid|Austro-Asiatic]] ethnic and/or linguistic ancestries.<ref name=ethncty>{{cite book|last=Pereira|first=José|title=Song of Goa: mandos of yearning|year=2000|publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn= 9788173051661|pages=234 pages}}</ref><ref name=SYC>{{cite book|last=Cabral e Sá|first=Mário|title=Wind of fire: the music and musicians of Goa|year=1997|publisher=Promilla & Co.|isbn= 9788185002194|pages=373 pages(see page 62)}}</ref> They speak different dialects of the [[Konkani language]], collectively known as Goan Konkani. "Goanese" is an incorrect term for Goans.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://goanet.org/post.php?name=News&list=goanet&info=2003-November/thread&post_id=007022|title = Goanese & non-Goans|access-date = 2008-07-04|last = Pinto|first = Cecil|date = 2003-11-07|work = Goa Today magazine|publisher = Goa Publications}}</ref>
+'''Goans''' ({{lang-kok|गोंयकार}}, [[Konkani in the Roman script|Romi Konkani]]: {{transliteration|gom|Goenkar}}, {{lang-pt|Goeses}}) is the [[demonym]] used to describe the people native to [[Goa]], [[India]], who form an ethno-linguistic group resulting from the assimilation of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], [[Luso-Indian|Indo-Portuguese]], [[Proto-Australoid|Austro-Asiatic]] ethnic and/or linguistic ancestries.<ref name=ethncty>{{cite book|last=Pereira|first=José|title=Song of Goa: mandos of yearning|year=2000|publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn= 9788173051661|pages=234 pages}}</ref><ref name=SYC>{{cite book|last=Cabral e Sá|first=Mário|title=Wind of fire: the music and musicians of Goa|year=1997|publisher=Promilla & Co.|isbn= 9788185002194|pages=373 pages(see page 62)}}</ref> They speak different dialects of the [[Konkani language]], collectively known as Goan Konkani. "Goanese", although sometimes used, is an incorrect term for Goans.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://goanet.org/post.php?name=News&list=goanet&info=2003-November/thread&post_id=007022|title = Goanese & non-Goans|access-date = 2008-07-04|last = Pinto|first = Cecil|date = 2003-11-07|work = Goa Today magazine|publisher = Goa Publications}}</ref>
 ==Language==
 [[File:Geographic Distribution of Native Konkani Speakers.png|alt=Konkani is the native language of the Konkan Coast, and is the official and primary language of Goa|left|thumb|211x211px|Geographic Distribution of Native Konkani Speakers within India]]
-Goans are multilingual, but mainly speak the [[Konkani language]], a [[Prakrit]] based language belonging to the [[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern group of Indo-Aryan Languages]]. Various dialects of Konkani spoken by the Goans which include ''Bardezkari'', ''Saxtti'', ''Pednekari and'' ''Antruz''. The Konkani spoken by the Catholics is notably different from those of the Hindus, since it has a lot of [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] influence in its vocabulary.<ref name=porin>{{cite book
+Goans are generally multilingual, but mainly speak the [[Konkani language]], a [[Prakrit]] based language belonging to the [[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern group of Indo-Aryan Languages]]. Various dialects of Konkani spoken by the Goans include ''Bardezkari'', ''Saxtti'', ''Pednekari and'' ''Antruz''. The Konkani spoken by the Catholics is notably different from those of the Hindus, since it has a lot of [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] influence in its vocabulary.<ref name=porin>{{cite book
 |author1=[[Anvita Abbi]]
 |author2=R. S. Gupta
@@ Line 54: / Line 70: @@
 |year=2001
 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, 2001&nbsp;– Language Arts & Disciplines -
+|isbn= 9788120817654|pages=409 pages (Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax)}}</ref>
-|isbn= 9788120817654|pages=409 pages (Chapter 4 Portuguese influence on Konkani syntax)}}</ref> Konkani was suppressed for official documentation use only not for unofficial use under the Portuguese governance, playing a minor part in education of the past generations. All Goans were educated in Portuguese in the past when Goa was an overseas province of Portugal. A small minority of Goans are descendants of the Portuguese, speak Portuguese and are of [[Luso-Indian]] ethnicity,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2003|title=Publications|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-8732(03)90031-3|journal=COSPAR Information Bulletin|volume=2003|issue=156|pages=106|doi=10.1016/s0045-8732(03)90031-3|bibcode=2003CIBu..156..106.|issn=0045-8732}}</ref> however a number of native [[Christians]] also used Portuguese as their first language prior to 1961.
+Konkani was suppressed for official documentation use only not for unofficial use under the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese governance]], playing a minor part in education of the past generations. All Goans were educated in Portuguese in the past when Goa was an overseas province of Portugal. A small minority of Goans are descendants of the Portuguese ([[Luso-Indian]] ethnicity) and speak Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2003|title=Publications|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-8732(03)90031-3|journal=COSPAR Information Bulletin|volume=2003|issue=156|pages=106|doi=10.1016/s0045-8732(03)90031-3|bibcode=2003CIBu..156..106.|issn=0045-8732}}</ref> However, a number of native [[Christians]] also used Portuguese as their first language prior to 1961.
-Goans use [[Devanagari]] (official) and [[Latin script]] (liturgical and historical) for education as well as communication (personal, formal and religious). However the entire liturgy of the Catholic church is solely in the Latin script. In the past [[Goykanadi]], [[Modi script|Modi]], [[Kannada]] and [[Persian script|Persian]] scripts were also used which later fell into disuse owing to many social, political and religious reasons.<ref name="archives">{{cite book|title=National Archives of India|publisher=National Archives of India|volume=34|pages=1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kamat|first=Krishnanand Kamat|title=The origin and development of Konkani language|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/konkani.htm|work=www.kamat.com|access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref>
+Goans use [[Devanagari]] (official) and [[Latin script]] (liturgical and historical) for education as well as communication (personal, formal and religious). However the entire liturgy of the [[Catholic Church|Catholic church]] is solely in the Latin script, having been influenced by the Portuguese colonial rule. In the past other scripts such as [[Goykanadi]], [[Modi script|Modi]], [[Kannada]] and [[Persian script|Persian]] were also used, but later fell into disuse owing to many social, political and religious reasons.<ref name="archives">{{cite book|title=National Archives of India|publisher=National Archives of India|volume=34|pages=1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kamat|first=Krishnanand Kamat|title=The origin and development of Konkani language|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/konkani/konkani.htm|work=www.kamat.com|access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref>
-[[Portuguese language in Goa|Portuguese]] is still spoken as a first language by a number of Goans, though it is mainly restricted to upper-class Catholic families and the older generation. However, the annual number of Goans learning Portuguese as a second language has been continuously increasing in the 21st century through introduction in schools.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.revistamacau.com/2014/06/02/1-500-pessoas-estudam-portugues-em-goa/|date=2 June 2014|title=1.500 pessoas estudam português em Goa|work=Revista MACAU}}</ref>
+[[Portuguese language in Goa|Portuguese]] is still spoken as a first language by a number of Goans, though it is mainly restricted to upper-class [[Catholic Church in India|Catholic families]] and the older generation. However, the annual number of Goans learning Portuguese as a second language has been continuously increasing in the 21st century through introduction in schools and the opening of [[Instituto Camões]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.revistamacau.com/2014/06/02/1-500-pessoas-estudam-portugues-em-goa/|date=2 June 2014|title=1.500 pessoas estudam português em Goa|work=Revista MACAU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=Agência |title=Fundação Oriente quer valorização de língua portuguesa em Goa e apoia 800 alunos |url=https://observador.pt/2023/03/26/fundacao-oriente-quer-valorizacao-de-lingua-portuguesa-em-goa-e-apoia-800-alunos/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa - Universidade de Goa - Camões - Instituto da Cooperação e da Língua |url=https://www.instituto-camoes.pt/en/?view=article&id=16890:leitorado-india-goa&catid=1149 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.instituto-camoes.pt}}</ref>
-The [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language has played a significant role for Hindus near the northern borders of Goa close to [[Maharashtra]] and parts of [[Novas Conquistas]]. This is due to the influx of ethnic [[Marathi people]] since the 20th century.<ref>{{cite news|first=Gauree|last=Malkarnekar|date=14 August 2019|title=After Karnataka & Maha, UP gives Goa the most migrants|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/goa/after-ktaka-maha-up-gives-goa-the-most-migrants/articleshow/70666598.cms|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=source has nothing on 20th century migration.|date=September 2022}}
+The [[Marathi language|Marathi]] language has played a significant role for [[Hindus]] near the northern borders of Goa close to [[Maharashtra]] and parts of [[Novas Conquistas]] (lit. new conquests). This is due to the influx of ethnic [[Marathi people]] since the 20th century.<ref>{{cite news|first=Gauree|last=Malkarnekar|date=14 August 2019|title=After Karnataka & Maha, UP gives Goa the most migrants|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/goa/after-ktaka-maha-up-gives-goa-the-most-migrants/articleshow/70666598.cms|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=source has nothing on 20th century migration.|date=September 2022}}
 ==Religion==
 {{See also|Christianisation of Goa|Goan Catholics}}
-Ethnic Goans are predominantly [[Roman Catholics]] followed by [[Hindus]] and a tiny [[Goan Muslims|Muslim]] community. As per the 1909 statistics, the Catholic population were 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hull |first1=Ernest |title=Catholic Encyclopedia |date=1909 |publisher=Robert Appleton Company}}</ref> Within Goa, there has been a steady decline of Christianity as a percentage of the total population due to Goan emigration to cosmopolitan Indian cities and foreign countries,<ref>{{cite book
+Ethnic Goans are predominantly [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]] followed by [[Hindus]] and a tiny [[Goan Muslims|Muslim]] community.
+As per the 1909 statistics, the Catholic population stood at 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hull |first1=Ernest |title=Catholic Encyclopedia |date=1909 |publisher=Robert Appleton Company}}</ref>
+Within Goa, there has been a steady decline of Christianity as a percentage of the total population due to Goan emigration to other Indian cities (especially [[Bombay East Indians|Mumbai]]) and foreign countries,<ref>{{cite book
 |last=Saldhana
 |first=Arun
@@ Line 70: / Line 92: @@
 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press
 |date=2007
-|isbn=978-0-8166-4994-5}}</ref> and a rise of other religions due to non-Goan migration from the other states of India.<ref>Rajesh Ghadge (2015). ''The story of Goan Migration.''</ref> [[Religious conversion]] seems to play little role in the demographic change. According to the 2011 census, out of the Indian population residing in Goa (1,458,545 persons), 66.1% were [[Hindu]], 25.1% were [[Christians|Christian]], 8.32% were [[Muslim]], and 0.1% were [[Sikh]].<ref name="THReligion">{{cite news
+|isbn=978-0-8166-4994-5}}</ref> and a rise of other religions due to non-Goan migration from the other states of India.<ref>Rajesh Ghadge (2015). ''The story of Goan Migration.''</ref> [[Religious conversion]] seems to play little role in the demographic change.
+According to the 2011 census, out of the Indian population residing in Goa (1,458,545 persons), 66.1% were [[Hindu]], 25.1% were [[Christians|Christian]], 8.32% were [[Muslim]], and 0.1% were [[Sikh]].<ref name="THReligion">{{cite news
  |url              = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece
  |title            = India's religions by numbers
@@ Line 83: / Line 107: @@
 === Christianity ===
-The [[Goan Catholics|Catholics]] display Portuguese influence, due to over 451 years of direct rule by, and interaction with, the [[Portuguese people]] as an overseas province.<ref name=":0"/> [[Portuguese names]] are common among the Goan Catholics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saradesāya |first=Manohararāya |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC
+The [[Goan Catholics|Catholics]] display Portuguese influence, due to over 451 years of direct rule and interaction with the [[Portuguese people]] as an overseas province.<ref name=":0"/> [[Portuguese name|Portuguese names]] are common among the Goan Catholics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saradesāya |first=Manohararāya |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC
-|title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 |year=2000 |isbn=81-7201-664-6 |page=24 }}</ref> A variation of the [[caste system]] is followed, but not rigidly due to Portuguese efforts to abolish caste discrimination among the local converts and homogenise them into a single entity.<ref>{{cite book
+|title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 |year=2000 |isbn=81-7201-664-6 |page=24 }}</ref> A variation of the [[Caste|caste system]] is followed, but not rigidly due to Portuguese efforts to abolish caste discrimination among the local converts and homogenise them into a single entity.<ref>{{cite book
 |last=Boxer
 |first=C. R.
@@ Line 91: / Line 115: @@
 |location = Oxford
 |publisher = Clarendon Press
-|year = 1963}}</ref> There are some distinct ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonn]], [[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardó]], Gauddo'' and ''Sudir'' communities in Goa that are mainly [[endogamous]].<ref>{{Cite book
+|year = 1963}}</ref> There are some distinct ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonn]], [[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardó]], Gauddo'' and ''Sudir'' communities in Goa that are mainly [[Endogamy|endogamous]].<ref>{{Cite book
 |last=Gomes
 |first=Olivinho
@@ Line 98: / Line 122: @@
 |publisher=S. Chand
 |pages=78–79
-}}</ref> Most Catholic families also share [[Luso-Asians|Portuguese]] ancestry, and some openly count themselves as 'mestiço' or mixed-race.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal
+}}</ref> Most Catholic families also share [[Luso-Asians|Portuguese]] ancestry, and some openly count themselves as '<nowiki/>''mestiço''<nowiki/>' (lit. mixed-race).<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal
 |title=A Secret People of South Asia. The Origins, Evolution and Role of the Luso-Indian Goan Community from the Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries
 |first1=Kenneth
@@ Line 115: / Line 139: @@
 === Islam ===
-Only a small number of native Muslims remain and are known as ''[[Goan Muslims|Moir]],'' the word is derived from the Portuguese ''Mouro'', which means [[Moors|Moor]]. Muçulmano was the word later used in Portuguese to identify them.<ref name="people">{{cite book|last1=Śiroḍakara |first1=Pra. Pā |last2=Mandal |first2=H. K.|title=People of India: Goa Volume 21 of People of India, Kumar Suresh Singh Volume 21 of State Series, Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|year=1993|isbn= 9788171547609|pages=283 pages}}</ref>
+Only a small number of native Muslims remain and are known as ''[[Goan Muslims|Moir]],'' the word is derived from the Portuguese ''Mouro'', which means [[Moors|Moor]]. Muçulmano was the word later used in Portuguese to identify them, which is still the world used in today's Portuguese.<ref name="people">{{cite book|last1=Śiroḍakara |first1=Pra. Pā |last2=Mandal |first2=H. K.|title=People of India: Goa Volume 21 of People of India, Kumar Suresh Singh Volume 21 of State Series, Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|year=1993|isbn= 9788171547609|pages=283 pages}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Priberam Informática |title=Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa |url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/mu%C3%A7ulmano |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa |language=pt-br}}</ref>
 ==Geographical distribution==
-Goans have been migrating all along the [[Konkan region]] and across the [[Anglosphere]], [[Lusosphere]] and [[Persian Gulf countries]] for the last six centuries because of socio-religious and economic reasons. The Indian diaspora have been assimilated with other [[Konkani people]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. Goans across the globe refer to the publication, '''[http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/ Goan Voice]''' for news about members from their community.
+Goans have been migrating all along the [[Konkan|Konkan region]] and across the [[Anglosphere]], [[Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers|Lusosphere]] and [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf countries]] for the last six centuries because of socio-religious and economic reasons. The Indian diaspora have been assimilated with other [[Konkani people]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]]. Goans across the globe refer to the publication, '''[http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/ Goan Voice]''' for news about members from their community.
+Many overseas Goans have settled in the erstwhile [[British Empire]] and the [[United Kingdom]] mainly in south-west town of [[Swindon]], [[Leicester]] in the [[East Midlands]] and in [[London]] (especially [[Wembley]] and [[Southall]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sonwalkar |first=Prasun |title=The long read: Britain's Goan flavour |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/long-reads/the-long-read-britains-goan-flavour |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> Many Goans have migrated to the UK on Portuguese passports due to the UK being an [[European Union|EU member country]] up until the [[Brexit]]. According to the [[Office for National Statistics]], as of June 2020, the population of EU Nationals (Indian-born Portuguese citizens) in UK was about 35,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |date=August 22, 2021 |title=All for tradition: Goans pack coconuts to UK to break them {{!}} Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/all-for-tradition-goans-pack-coconuts-to-uk-to-break-them/articleshow/85528574.cms |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
+Many Goans have also chosen to migrate to the former Portuguese territories (especially [[Mozambique]]) and to [[Portugal]] itself.
-Many overseas Goans have settled in the erstwhile [[British Empire]] and the [[United Kingdom]] mainly in south-west town of [[Swindon]], [[Leicester]] in the east Midlands and in [[London]] areas such as [[Wembley]] and [[Southall]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sonwalkar |first=Prasun |title=The long read: Britain's Goan flavour |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/long-reads/the-long-read-britains-goan-flavour |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> as well as the former Portuguese territories and [[Portugal]] itself. According to [[Office for National Statistics]], as of June 2020, the population of EU Nationals (Indian-born Portuguese citizens) in UK was about 35,000 with significant population in Swindon having approximately 20,000 Goan origin residents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2021 |first=Marcus |last=Mergulhao |title=All for tradition: Goans pack coconuts to UK to break them {{!}} Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/all-for-tradition-goans-pack-coconuts-to-uk-to-break-them/articleshow/85528574.cms |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
 === Pre-Portuguese migrations ===
-There are no definitive records of Goan migration prior to the Portuguese conquests in the region of Goa. One reason being that the Goan people were not a distinct ethnic group as yet.
+There are no definitive records of Goan migration prior to the Portuguese conquests in the region corresponding to nowadays Goa. One reason being that the Goan people were not a distinct ethnic group as yet.
 === Migrations from 1510–1700s (first phase) ===
-The first recorded instances of significant emigrations of Goans could be traced back to the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] in 1510 and the subsequent flight of the surviving Muslim residents to the territories ruled by the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]].<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire]]|last1=Crowley|first1=Roger|publisher=Random House|year=2015|isbn=978-0-571-29090-1|author1-link=Roger Crowley}}</ref> Sizable numbers of Hindus also later fled to [[Mangalore]] and [[Kanara|Canara]] during the 16th–17th centuries due to the increasing [[Christianization of Goa]]. They were soon followed by some newly-converted Catholics, who fled the [[Goa Inquisition]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book
+The first recorded instances of significant emigrations of Goans could be traced back to the [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]] in 1510 and the subsequent flight of the surviving Muslim residents to the territories ruled by the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Sultanate of Bijapur]].<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire]]|last1=Crowley|first1=Roger|publisher=Random House|year=2015|isbn=978-0-571-29090-1|author1-link=Roger Crowley}}</ref> Sizable numbers of Hindus also later fled to [[Mangalore]] and [[Kanara]] during the 16th–17th centuries due to the increasing [[Christianization of Goa]]. They were soon followed by some newly-converted Catholics, who fled the [[Goa Inquisition]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book
 |chapter=The Impact of Portuguese Culture in Goa: A Myth or Reality
 |first=Fatima
@@ Line 135: / Line 161: @@
 |pages=41–51
 |location=New Delhi
-|publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}</ref> There were also emigrations from Goa to Canara to escape the [[War of the League of the Indies]], the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]], the [[Maratha Invasion of Goa (1683)]], taxation as well as epidemics during the same time period.<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Souza|first=Teotónio|title=Medieval Goa|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1979|location=New Delhi|pages=116}}</ref> Goan Catholics also started traveling overseas during the latter part of this time period. There were migrations of Goan Catholics to other parts of the global [[Portuguese Empire]], such as [[Portugal]], [[Mozambique]],<ref name="auto"/> [[Ormus|Ormuz]], [[Muscat]], [[Portuguese Timor|Timor]], [[Colonial Brazil|Brasil]], [[Portuguese Malacca|Malaca]], [[Bago, Myanmar|Pegu]], and [[Portuguese Ceylon|Colombo]]. 48 Goan Catholics permanently migrated to Portugal during the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|first=Anthony|last= Disney|date=1996|title=The Gulf Route from India to Portugal in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries|publisher=Actas do XII Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa|pages=532}}</ref>
+|publisher=Concept Publishing Company}}</ref> There were also emigrations from Goa to Kanara to escape the [[War of the League of the Indies]], the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]], the [[Maratha–Portuguese War (1683–1684)|Maratha Invasion of Goa (1683)]], taxation as well as epidemics during the same time period.<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Souza|first=Teotónio|title=Medieval Goa|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1979|location=New Delhi|pages=116}}</ref> Goan Catholics also started traveling overseas during the latter part of this time period. There were migrations of Goan Catholics to other parts of the global [[Portuguese Empire]], such as [[Portugal]], [[Mozambique]],<ref name="auto"/> [[Ormus|Ormuz]], [[Muscat]], [[Portuguese Timor|Timor]], [[Colonial Brazil|Brasil]], [[Portuguese Malacca|Malaca]], [[Bago, Myanmar|Pegu]], and [[Portuguese Ceylon|Colombo]]. 48 Goan Catholics permanently migrated to Portugal during the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|first=Anthony|last= Disney|date=1996|title=The Gulf Route from India to Portugal in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries|publisher=Actas do XII Seminário Internacional de História Indo-Portuguesa|pages=532}}</ref> Goan involvement in Portuguese trade around the Indian Ocean involved both Hindu and Catholic Goan communities.<ref>
-Goan involvement in Portuguese trade around the Indian Ocean involved both Hindu and Catholic Goan communities.<ref>
 {{cite book
 |chapter=Hindu dominance of Goa-based Long Distance Trade during the Eighteenth Century
@@ Line 156: / Line 181: @@
 === Migrations from 1800s–1950s (second phase) ===
-During the [[Napoleonic Wars]] Goa was occupied by the [[British Empire|British Raj]], and many of their vessels were anchored in the [[Mormugao Port Trust|Morumugão harbour]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fernandes|first=Paul|date=2017|title=Dona Paula's forgotten British cemetery gets a new lease of life|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dona-paulas-forgotten-british-cemetery-gets-a-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/58485876.cms|access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref> These ships were serviced by native Goans, who then left for [[British Raj|British India]] once the ships had moved on.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878]] played an important role in speeding the emigration of Goans in the latter half of the 19th Century, since it gave the British the authority to construct the [[West of India Portuguese Railway]], which connected the [[Velhas Conquistas]] to the [[Bombay Presidency]]. They primarily moved to the cities of [[History of Bombay under British rule (1661–1947)|Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), [[History of Pune|Poona]] (now [[Pune]]), [[History of Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]])<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Pinto|first=J. B.|title=J. B. Pinto (1962), Goan Emigration|year=1962|location=Panjim}}</ref> and [[Karachi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Haward R.|title=Haward, R. Khan, 1980, 'An Urban Minority: The Goan Christian Community in Karachi'|publisher=University of London|year=1980|location=London}}</ref> The Goans who moved to mainland India were of both, Christian as well as Hindu, origin.<ref name="migr">{{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R.|title=Essays in Goan history|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1989|isbn=9788170222637|pages=219 pages(see pages 187–190)}}</ref>
+During the [[Napoleonic Wars]] Goa was occupied by the [[British Empire|British Raj]], and many of their vessels were anchored in the [[Mormugao Port Authority|Morumugão harbour]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fernandes|first=Paul|date=2017|title=Dona Paula's forgotten British cemetery gets a new lease of life|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dona-paulas-forgotten-british-cemetery-gets-a-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/58485876.cms|access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref> These ships were serviced by native Goans, who then left for [[British Raj|British India]] once the ships had moved on.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1878]] played an important role in speeding the emigration of Goans in the latter half of the 19th Century, since it gave the British the authority to construct the [[Guntakal–Vasco da Gama section|West of India Portuguese Railway]], which connected the [[Velhas Conquistas]] to the [[Bombay Presidency]]. They primarily moved to the cities of [[History of Bombay under British rule (1661–1947)|Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), [[History of Pune|Poona]] (now [[Pune]]), [[History of Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]])<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Pinto|first=J. B.|title=J. B. Pinto (1962), Goan Emigration|year=1962|location=Panjim}}</ref> and [[Karachi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Haward R.|title=Haward, R. Khan, 1980, 'An Urban Minority: The Goan Christian Community in Karachi'|publisher=University of London|year=1980|location=London}}</ref> Goans who moved to mainland India were of both, Christian as well as Hindu, origin.<ref name="migr">{{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R.|title=Essays in Goan history|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1989|isbn=9788170222637|pages=219 pages(see pages 187–190)}}</ref>
-A small number of Goans moved to [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], to join the already established community in Pegu (now Bago). Another destination for mainly the Catholic community, was [[Portuguese Africa (disambiguation)|Africa]]. Most of the emigrants hailed from the province of [[Bardez|Bardes]], due to their high literacy rate, and the Velhas Conquistas region in general.<ref name=":2" /> Immigration into Africa came to end after the [[Decolonisation of Africa]], during the 1950-60s.
+A small number of Goans moved to [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], to join the already established community in Pegu (now Bago). Another destination for mainly the Catholic community, was [[Portuguese Africa (disambiguation)|Africa]]. Most of the emigrants hailed from the province of [[Bardez|Bardes]], due to their [[Literacy in India|high literacy rate]], and the Velhas Conquistas region in general.<ref name=":2" /> Immigration into Africa came to end after the [[Decolonisation of Africa]], during the 1950-60s.
-In 1880, there were 29,216 Goans that left Goa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paco Patriarcal (Patriarchal Archives), Rois de Cristandade : Rois de Ilhas, 1870-1889|year=1870–1889|location=Rois de Ilhas}}</ref> By 1954, the number rose to 180,000.
+In 1880, there were already 29,216 Goans living outside of Goa. By 1954, the number had risen to 180,000.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paco Patriarcal (Patriarchal Archives), Rois de Cristandade : Rois de Ilhas, 1870-1889|year=1870–1889|location=Rois de Ilhas}}</ref>
 === Migration from 1960s–present (current phase) ===
-After the [[Annexation of Goa]] in 1961 by the [[India|Republic of India]], there has been a steep rise in the number of emigrants of Goan origin. Many had applied and were granted Portuguese passports in order to obtain a European residence. The educated class found it difficult to get jobs within Goa due to the high influx of non-Goans into Goa, and this encouraged many of them to move to the Gulf states.<ref name=":0" />
+After the [[Annexation of Goa]] in 1961 by the [[India|Republic of India]], there has been a steep rise in the number of emigrants of Goan origin. Many had applied and were granted [[Portuguese passport|Portuguese passports]] in order to obtain a European residence. The educated class found it difficult to get jobs within Goa due to the high influx of non-Goans into Goa, and this encouraged many of them to move to the Gulf states.<ref name=":0" />
-Until the early 1970s there were substantial populations of Goans in the Middle East, Africa and Europe. There have also, historically, been Goans in former British colonies of  [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], and [[Tanzania]], and Portuguese colonies of  [[Mozambique]] and [[Angola]]. The end of colonial rule brought a subsequent process of [[Africanisation]] and a wave of expulsion of [[South Asians]] from Uganda (1972) and [[Malawi]] (1974) forced the community to migrate elsewhere.<ref name="migr" />
+Until the early 1970s there were substantial populations of Goans in the Middle East, Africa and Europe. There have also, historically, been Goans in former British colonies of  [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], and [[Tanzania]], and Portuguese colonies of  [[Mozambique]] and [[Angola]]. The end of colonial rule brought a subsequent process of [[Africanization|Africanisation]] and a wave of expulsion of [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asians]] from [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|Uganda]] (1972) and [[Malawi]] (1974) forced the community to migrate elsewhere.<ref name="migr" />
 Currently it is estimated that there are around 600,000 Goans living outside India.<ref name="ethncty2">{{cite book|last=Pereira|first=José|title=Song of Goa: mandos of yearning|publisher=Aryan Books International|year=2000|isbn=9788173051661|pages=234 pages}}</ref>
 === Professions ===
-Since the Second Phase of migrations, the Goans have had a variety of professions. In British India they were personal butlers or physicians to the [[English people|English]] and [[Parsis|Parsi]] elite in India. On the Ships and Cruise liners they were sailors, stewards, chefs, musicians and dancers.Many have also been working on oil rigs.Many Goan doctors worked in African colonies of Portugal. Goan doctors were also active in British India.<ref name="Gracias1994">{{cite book|author=Fatima da Silva Gracias|title=Health and Hygiene in Colonial Goa, 1510-1961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DxZE03zaHKwC&pg=PA11|year=1994|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-506-5|pages=199, 225–226}}</ref>
+Since the Second Phase of migrations, Goans have had a variety of professions. In British India they were personal butlers or physicians to the [[English people|English]] and [[Parsis|Parsi]] elite in India. On the Ships and Cruise liners they were sailors, stewards, chefs, musicians and dancers. Many have also been working on oil rigs. Many Goan doctors worked in African colonies of Portugal, as well as being also active in British India.<ref name="Gracias1994">{{cite book|author=Fatima da Silva Gracias|title=Health and Hygiene in Colonial Goa, 1510-1961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DxZE03zaHKwC&pg=PA11|year=1994|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-506-5|pages=199, 225–226}}</ref>
 ==See also==

v t e Ethnic groups, social groups and tribes of Goa and the Konkan region
Maratha and associated groups	Maratha Gomantak Maratha Samaj Naik Maratha Samaj Kharvi
Saraswats	Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmins Gaud Saraswat Brahmins Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins
Karhades	Karhade Padhye Bhatt Prabhu
Konkanasthas	Chitpavan Brahmins
Daivadnya	Daivadnya Shett
Vaishya	Vaishya Vani
Prabhus	Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu
Others	Bhandari Chamar Dhangar Gabit Gauda and Kunbi Gavli Koli Komarpant Madval Mahar (Mhar) Siddis of Karnataka
Roman Catholics	Bombay East Indians Goan Catholics Karwari Catholics Koli Christians Mangalorean Catholics
Islam	Goan Muslims Konkani Muslims Nawayath
Related articles	Caste system in Goa Goans Konkani people