List of Russian inventors: Difference between revisions
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|'''[[Pyotr Kapitsa]]'''<br> (1894–1984)<br> {{flag|Russian Empire}}<br>{{flag|Soviet Union}}<br><small>(left on portrait by [[Boris Kustodiev]], with [[Nikolay Semyonov]] right)</small> |
|'''[[Pyotr Kapitsa]]'''<br> (1894–1984)<br> {{flag|Russian Empire}}<br>{{flag|Soviet Union}}<br><small>(left on portrait by [[Boris Kustodiev]], with [[Nikolay Semyonov]] right)</small> |
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|first ultrastrong [[magnetic field]] creating techniques, basic [[low-temperature physics]] inventions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/kapitsa-bio.html|title=Pyotr Kapitsa |
|first ultrastrong [[magnetic field]] creating techniques, basic [[low-temperature physics]] inventions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/kapitsa-bio.html|title=Pyotr Kapitsa – Biographical|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> |
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|align=center|[[File:Liquid helium Rollin film.jpg|thumb|center|80px|The [[liquid helium]] in the [[superfluidity|superfluid]] phase]] |
|align=center|[[File:Liquid helium Rollin film.jpg|thumb|center|80px|The [[liquid helium]] in the [[superfluidity|superfluid]] phase]] |
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|align=center|[[File:Linear Homeoscope.png|center|thumb|100px|[[Semen Korsakov|Korsakov]]'s linear homeoscope]] |
|align=center|[[File:Linear Homeoscope.png|center|thumb|100px|[[Semen Korsakov|Korsakov]]'s linear homeoscope]] |
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|'''[[Mikhail Koshkin]]'''<br> (1898–1940)<br> {{flag|Russian Empire}}<br>{{flag|Soviet Union}} |
|'''[[Mikhail Koshkin]]'''<br> (1898–1940)<br> {{flag|Russian Empire}}<br>{{flag|Soviet Union}} |
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|[[T-34]] medium tank, the best and most produced tank of World War II<ref>George Parada (n.d.), "[http://www.achtungpanzer.com/t34.htm Panzerkampfwagen T-34(r)]" at ''Achtung Panzer!'' website, retrieved on 17 November 2008.</ref> |
|[[T-34]] medium tank, the best and most produced tank of World War II<ref>George Parada (n.d.), "[http://www.achtungpanzer.com/t34.htm Panzerkampfwagen T-34(r)]" at ''Achtung Panzer!'' website, retrieved on 17 November 2008.</ref> |
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Revision as of 06:58, 30 December 2023
This is a list of inventors from the Russian Federation, Soviet Union, Russian Empire, Tsardom of Russia and Grand Duchy of Moscow, including both ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities.
This list also includes those who were born in Russia or its predecessor states but later emigrated, and those who were born elsewhere but immigrated to the country or worked there for a considerable time, (producing inventions on Russian soil).
For Russian inventions in chronological order, see the Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records.
Alphabetical list
A
B
.jpg)
C
| Portrait | Person | Inventions | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vladimir Chelomey (1914–1984)  Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
first space station (Salyut 1), further space stations of Salyut series, Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch system)[36] | ||
|
Pavel Cherenkov (1904–1990) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
Cherenkov detector[37] |  |
| Evgeniy Chertovsky (1902–?) Russian Empire Soviet Union Russian Federation
|
pressure suit[38] |  | |
| Alexander Chizhevsky (1897–1964) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
air ionizer (Chizhevsky's chandelier)[39] |  | |
| Andrey Chokhov (c. 1545–1629) Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia |
Tsar Cannon, the largest bombard by caliber but inoperative[40] |  |
D
E
| Portrait | Person | Inventions | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ivan Elmanov Russian Empire
|
first monorail (the so-called "Road on Pillars" near Moscow, with horse-drawn carriages)[48] |  |
F
| Portrait | Person | Inventions | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Peter Carl Fabergé (1846–1920) Russian Empire
|
Fabergé Eggs[49] |  |
| Nicolas Florine (1891–1972) Russian Empire  Belgium(born in Georgia) |
first tandem rotor helicopter to fly freely[50] |  | |
| Ivan Fyodorov (c. 1510–1583) Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia  Poland-Lithuania
|
invented multibarreled mortar, introduced printing in Russia[51] |  | |
| Svyatoslav Fyodorov (1927–2000) Soviet Union Russian Federation
|
radial keratotomy[52] |  | |
|
Vladimir Fyodorov (1874–1966) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
Fedorov Avtomat (first self-loading battle rifle, arguably the first assault rifle)[53] |
G
H
| Portrait | Person | Inventions | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Waldemar Haffkine (1860–1930) Russian Empire Switzerland
|
developed and used first vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague[69][70] |  |
I
| Portrait | Person | Inventions | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gavriil Ilizarov (1921–1992) Soviet Union Russian Federation
|
Ilizarov apparatus, external fixation, distraction osteogenesis[71][72] |  | |
| Sergey Ilyushin (1894–1977) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
Il-series fighter aircraft, including Ilyushin Il-2 bomber (the most produced military aircraft in history)[73] | ||
| Aleksei Isaev (1908–1971) Russian Empire Soviet Union(second left on photo) |
first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Bereznyak)[25] |  | |
| Isidore Grand Duchy of Moscow |
Russian vodka[74] | ||
| Vladislav Ivanov (1936–2007) Soviet Union Russian Federation
|
Pioneer of Magnetic resonance imaging[75][76][77] |  |
J
| Portrait | Person | Inventions | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Boris Jacobi (1801–1874)  Prussia Russian Empire
|
electrotyping (an application of electroplating to typography), electric boat[78] |  |
K
L
.jpg)
M
_SLBM.jpg)
N
O
| Portrait | Person | Inventions | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Theophil Wilgodt Odhner (1845–1903)  Sweden Russian Empire
|
the Odhner Arithmometer (a mechanical pinwheel calculator) |  |
| Lucien Olivier (1838–1883) Russian Empire(Belgian or French origin) |
Russian salad (Olivier salad) |  |
P
.jpg)
R
| Portrait | Person | Inventions | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Leonid Ramzin (1887–1948) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
straight-flow boiler (Ramzin boiler)[128] | |
|
Peter I of Russia (Romanov) (1672–1725) Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire
|
decimal currency, yacht club, sounding line with separating plummet (sounding weight probe)[129][130][131] |  |
| Ida Rosenthal (1886–1973) Russian Empire United States(born in Belarus, Jewish descent) |
modern brassiere (Maidenform), the standard of cup sizes, nursing bra, full-figured bra, the first seamed uplift bra (all with her husband William)[132][133][134] |  | |
|
Boris Rosing (1869–1933) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
CRT television (first TV system using cathode ray tube on the receiving side)[135][136] |  |
| Eugene Roshal (born 1972) Soviet Union Russian Federation
|
FAR file manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver[137] |  |
S
T
.jpg)
U
| Portrait | Person | Inventions | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vladimir Utkin (1923–2000) Soviet Union Russian Federation
|
railcar-launched ICBM (RT-23 Molodets), other Soviet rockets[153] |  |
V
| Portrait | Person | Inventions | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vladimir Vakhmistrov (1897–1972) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
first bomber with a parasite aircraft (Zveno project) | ||
|
Viktor Vasnetsov (1848–1926) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
budenovka military hat | |
| Vladimir Veksler (1907–1966) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron[34][154] |  |
W
| Portrait | Person | Inventions | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Paul Walden (1863–1957) Russian Empire Germany(born in Latvia, Baltic German descent) |
Walden inversion, Ethylammonium nitrate (the first room temperature ionic liquid) |  |
Y
| Portrait | Person | Inventions | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Pavel Yablochkov (1847–1894) Russian Empire
|
Yablochkov candle (first commercially viable electric carbon arc lamp) |  |
| Alexander Yakovlev (1906–1989) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
Yak-series aircraft, including Yakovlev Yak-40 (the first regional jet) |  | |
|
Vladimir Yourkevitch (1885–1964) Russian Empire France United States
|
modern ship hull design |  |
| Sergei Yudin (1891–1954) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
cadaveric blood transfusion and other medical operations[155] |  |
Z
| Portrait | Person | Inventions | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof (1859–1917) Russian Empire(Poland) |
Esperanto language |  |
|
Yevgeny Zavoisky (1907–1976) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
EPR spectroscopy, co-developer of NMR spectroscopy[156] |  |
| Nikolay Zelinsky (1861–1953) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
the first effective filtering activated charcoal gas mask in the world |  | |
|
Nikolai Zhukovsky (1847–1921) Russian Empire Russian SFSR
|
an early wind tunnel, co-developer of the Tsar Tank[98][157] |  |
|
Vladimir Zvorykin (1889–1982) Russian Empire United States
|
pioneer of television technology Iconoscope, kinescope |  |
|
Vasily Zvyozdochkin (1876–1956) Russian Empire Soviet Union
|
matryoshka doll (together with painter Sergey Malyutin)[158] |  |
See also
References
- ^ Bruno Abdank-Abakanowicz (1886). Les intégraphes (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
- ^ "Invention of the Aerowagon". What Poll?. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
- ^ "Mechanical Advantage". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ "404. Page Not Found". Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
{{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help) - ^ Адамян Ованес Абгарович, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- ^ Alexandrov's biography (in Russian)
- ^ Alexandrov's biography Archived 3 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1995). Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation. Paris, France: Indiana University Press. ISBN 2-910027-75-9
- ^ Biography of Alexeev Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Low Orbit Helium Assisted Navigator; Lohan; Iss; Nasa; Google; purity, Brexit threatens Cornish pasty's racial; home, Grim-faced 'naut Malenchenko prepares to return; $1m+, One entire US spook base: Yours for. "In search of the Caspian Sea Monster". The Register. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
{{cite web}}:|last5=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 – Information for the Public
- ^ "Zhores I. Alferov - Biographical". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Altshuller's biography (in Russian)
- ^ Vasily Andreyev Archived 4 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine article on the city site of Bezhetsk (in Russian)
- ^ History of balalaika (in Russian)
- ^ Antonov's biographyArchived 22 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Artsimovich's biography (in Russian)
- ^ Babakin's Biography (in Russian)
- ^ "Biography". 24 December 2012. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Barmin's biography (in Russian)
- ^ Basov Nikolay Gennadiyevich Archived 26 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Ernest Beaux, Perfumer -- From 'Bouquet of Napoleon' to 'Chanel No.5' to 'Mademoiselle Chanel No.1' (???)". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ БЕХТЕРЕВА МИКСТУРА (MixturaBechtereva) at medicinelib.ru Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Biography of Bernardos by A. A. Chekanov Archived 30 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ a b Bereznyak-Isayev BI (in Russian)
- ^ The inventor of tractor (in Russian)
- ^ Our armor is strong and our tanks are fast and our people are full of courage (in Russian)
- ^ "Our History - Just Born - PA Candy Manufacturer". Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ "Helicopter Development in the Early Twentieth Century" Archived 5 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. centennialofflight.gov. Accessed 10 May 2010.
- ^ "BBC NEWS - Business - Profile: The Google founders". 30 April 2004. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Вестник Регистра морского судоходства России[permanent dead link] (in Russian)
- ^ Russian Virtual Computer Museum – Hall of Fame – Nikolay Petrovich Brusentsov. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
- ^ Academician Gersh Itckovich Budker (in Russian)
- ^ a b The brief history of particle accelerators (in Russian)
- ^ Read, J. (1935), Text-Book of Organic Chemistry, London: G Bell & Sons.
- ^ The history of Chelomey's OKB (in Russian)
- ^ "Pavel A. Cherenkov - Biographical". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Vita Germetika: A Brief History of Creating and Development of Soviet-Russian space suits Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ "The A.L.Chizhevsky Science Memorial Cultural Center in Kaluga, Russia". Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Guinness Book of Records
- ^ Degtyaryov's biography (in Russian)
- ^ The office of the first Russian oligarch Archived 19 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Virtual Museum: Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk (in Russian)
- ^ "Michael D. Gordin, J. Chem Education 83 (2006), 561–565" (PDF). Archived from the original on 13 September 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Доливо-Добровольский Михаил Осипович, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- ^ "Nikolay A. Dollezhal". Brief History (in Russian). N.A. Dollezhal Research and Development Institute of Power Engineering. Archived from the original on 10 August 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
- ^ Mayakovskaya at the official site of the Moscow Metro Archived 29 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Unknown Russian Monorail (in Russian)
- ^ The House of Fabergé Archived 3 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Jean Boulet, Histoire de l'hélicoptère : racontée par ses pionniers, 1907–1956, Paris : Ed. France-Empire, 1982 (in French)
- ^ Ivan Fyodorov's biography Archived 13 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Ophthalmology for all (in Russian)
- ^ C. Taylor The fighting rifle – A complete study of the rifle in combat, ISBN 0-87947-308-8
- ^ "Ya.M.Gakkel. The designer of the first Soviet diesel locomotives" @ Innovation Digest.
- ^ About Prince B. B. Galitzine Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine by Alexey Krylov (in Russian)
- ^ Investigation of the influence of the AlGaAs-GaAs heterostructure parameters on the laser threshold current and the realization of the continuous emission at the room temperature, Zh. I. Alferov, V.M. Andreev, D.Z. Garbuzov, and others, Sov. Phys. Semiconductors 4
- ^ Gause, GF. 1960. The search for new antibiotics. New Haven: Yale University Press. 97pp.
- ^ A Brief History of Diving (in Russian)
- ^ History of diving in Russia Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ a b It’s a thinner winner bbc.co.uk 19 October 2006
- ^ Genko's Forest Belt[permanent dead link] at the site dedicated to protected areas of Ulyanovsk Oblast (in Russian)
- ^ "Valentin Glushko biography". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2006.
- ^ Gobyato's biography Archived 26 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Gorynin's biography on the web page of Prometey[permanent dead link] (in Russian)
- ^ Igor Gorynin's article on Personalities of Saint Petersburg (in Russian)
- ^ "Television in Uzbekistan". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Grabovsky Boris Pavlovich and his "Telephote". Myths and reality Archived 31 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Yury Rubchenko (in Russian)
- ^ a b Migavia.ru Archived 5 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine – official site of MiG "OKB" successor enterprise
- ^ History of Haffkine Institute Archived 4 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Haffkine's biography (in Russian)
- ^ A Genius of Osteogenesis Archived 20 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Lee Beadling "Ilizarov discovered the miracle of distraction osteogenesis"
- ^ Ilyushin's biography at The Heroes of the Country site (in Russian)
- ^ Pokhlebkin V. V. / Похлёбкин В. В. (2007). The history of vodka / История водки. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraph / Центрполиграф. p. 272. ISBN 978-5-9524-1895-0.
- ^ MacWilliams B (November 2003). "Russian claims first in magnetic imaging". Nature. 426 (6965): 375. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..375M. doi:10.1038/426375a. PMID 14647349.
- ^ ПРИВЕТ НОБЕЛЮ ОТ ИВАНОВА
- ^ Patents by Ivan Vladislav
- ^ Jacobi's biography (in Russian)
- ^ Poyer, Joe. The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations. North Cape Publications. 2004.
- ^ Kuznetsov, G.I.OKB Kamov. 50 years
- ^ "Pyotr Kapitsa – Biographical". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Karpechenko, G.D., Polyploid hybrids of Raphanus sativus X Brassica oleracea L., Bull. Appl. Bot. 17:305–408 (1927)
- ^ Biotechnomogy timeline at bio.org Archived 12 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Kaspersky Personal & Family Security Software". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Derela, Michal. "Citroën-Kegresse halftracks in Polish service". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Creation of Sambo Archived 15 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine – by Michail Lukashev, first published in Physical Culture and Sport magazine N9-10/91.(in Russian)
- ^ "Kibalchich". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ School Encyclopedia Russica (in Russian)
- ^ George Parada (n.d.), "Panzerkampfwagen T-34(r)" at Achtung Panzer! website, retrieved on 17 November 2008.
- ^ Ognjeslav Kostović – čovek koji je živeo u budućnosti (in Serbian) Archived 13 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Manojlo srpski Ikar (in Serbian)
- ^ Parachuting – who invented the first parachute (in Russian)
- ^ Russian parachute of Kotelnikov Archived 1 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Samokatka of Kulibin (in Russian)
- ^ a b Коляски Шамшуренкова и самокатка Кулибина / The carriages of Shamshurenkov and samokatka of Kulibin[permanent dead link] (in Russian)
- ^ "Trident › Mobile-Friendly Social Network Software Platform". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Rzhosnitsky B. N. Dmitry Aleksandrovich Lachinov. Moscow-Leningrad: Gosenergoizdat, 1955 / Ржонсницкий Б. Н. Дмитрий Александрович Лачинов. — М.—Л.: Госэнергоиздат, 1955 (in Russian)
- ^ a b c d "Site Disabled - FreeServers". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Самовары Лисицыных / Samovars of Lisitsyns Archived 1 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine at the site of Sloboda, a Tula-based newspaper (in Russian)
- ^ "early helicopter technology". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Heywood, Anthony, Modernising Lenin's Russia: Economic Reconstruction, Foreign Trade, and the Railways, 1917–1924, p. 209. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-62178-X
- ^ Loran and the fire extinguisher Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine at p-lab.org (in Russian)
- ^ "Lozino-Lozinskiy". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Lozino-Lozinskiy's biography at Encyclopedia Astronautica
- ^ Lyulka's biography (in Russian)
- ^ Hu Q, Noll RJ, Li H, Makarov A, Hardman M, Graham Cooks R (2005). "The Orbitrap: a new mass spectrometer". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 40 (4): 430–443. Bibcode:2005JMSp...40..430H. doi:10.1002/jms.856. PMID 15838939. S2CID 14756501.
- ^ Malyutin's biography Archived 20 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Mamyrin, B. A.; Karataev, V. I.; Shmikk, D. V.; Zagulin, V. A. (1973). "The mass-reflectron, a new nonmagnetic time-of-flight mass spectrometer with high resolution". Sov. Phys. JETP. 37: 45. Bibcode:1973JETP...37...45M.
- ^ The short history of naval science Archived 7 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Mikulin's biography at The Heroes of the Country (in Russian)
- ^ Morozov's biography at the Heroes of the country (in Russian)
- ^ Halberstadt, Hans Inside the Great Tanks The Crowood Press Ltd. Wiltshire, England 1997 94–96 ISBN 1-86126-270-1
"The T-54/T-55 series is the hands down, all-time most popular tank in history." - ^ Slobodskoy, Archpriest Seraphim (1996), "Bells and Russian Orthodox Peals", The Law of God, Jordanville, N.Y.: Holy Trinity Monastery, p. 624, ISBN 0-88465-044-8
- ^ The history of welding Archived 11 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Nadiradze's biography Archived 16 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Nartov Andrey Konstantinovich (in Russian)
- ^ Nartov's biography at hronos.km.ru Archived 14 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Nartov's biography (in Russian)
- ^ Sergei Pavlovich Nepobedimiy at astronautix.com
- ^ Tolf, Robert W. (1976). "4: The World's First Oil Tankers". The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry. Hoover Press. ISBN 0-8179-6581-5.
- ^ Sample, Ian (5 October 2010). "Nobel prize for physics goes to Manchester University scientists". The Guardian. London.
- ^ 4 maart 2009. "Tetris 1985 History of Games part 07". YouTube. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[dead YouTube link] - ^ Pavlov and, I. P. (1927/1960). Conditional Reflexes. New York: Dover Publications (the 1960 edition is an unaltered republication of the 1927 translation by Oxford University Press http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/).
- ^ Petrov Vasily Vladimirovich at weldworld.ru (in Russian)
- ^ Kirza (in Russian)
- ^ Chief designer of the T-80 tank dies (in Russian)
- ^ "Site Disabled - FreeServers". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ "Леонид Константинович Рамзин Leonid Konstantinovich Ramzin". Leonid. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ The history of Russian ruble and kopeck Archived 19 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine at the law-theory.ru (in Russian)
- ^ "Oldest International Yacht Clubs". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Monarchs can be good at anything (in Russian)
- ^ Lin, Patricia. Ida Kaganovich Rosenthal Archived 8 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Maidenform Inc., company website, company history section. Retrieved June 2004 from http://www.maidenform.com/custserv/custserv.jsp?sectionId=33
- ^ "Maidenform, Inc. – Company History". Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ "History of the Cathode Ray Tube". About.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
- ^ The beginnings of a blue screen (in Russian)
- ^ Interview with Roshal (in Russian)
- ^ A History of Mechanical Fan Archived 20 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ "family San Galli: a European success". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ The hot boxes of San Galli Archived 7 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Virtual Museum of Information technology Archived 20 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Severin, Guy Ilich at the Russian Academy of Sciences website (in Russian)
- ^ Leonty Luk'yanovich Shamshurenkov Archived 19 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ "Wolseley Register - The Club for Wolseley Car Owners and Enthusiasts". Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov's biography at Shukhov Tower Foundation site.
- ^ SPP-1 Archived 14 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Modern weapons of underwater fighters (in Russian)
- ^ Slavyanov's biography Archived 15 August 2007 at archive.today (in Russian)
- ^ The Day of Granenyi Stakan Archived 20 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine at hronograf.narod.ru (in Russian)
- ^ An illustrated biography of Starevich Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
- ^ Entomology and Animation: A Portrait of an Early Master Ladislaw Starewicz (May 2000 6-page article from Animation World Magazine)
- ^ Stechkin's biography at The Heroes of the Country (in Russian)
- ^ Utkin's biography at the Heroes of the Country site (in Russian)
- ^ Who and when invented synchrophasotron? (in Russian)
- ^ Shamov V.N. The transfusion of stored cadaver blood Lancet 1937; 2, August 7:306–309
- ^ Gareth R. Eaton; et al. (1998). Foundations of modern EPR. World Scientific. pp. 45–46. ISBN 981-02-3295-0. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ Zhukovsky's biography Archived 3 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Vasily Zvyozdochkin – the father of Russian Matryoshka Archived 1 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)