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The [[Italian language|Italian]] word '''''luogotenente''''' ({{IPA-it|ˌlwɔɡoteˈnɛnte|lang}}; plural ''luogotenenti'') is an etymological parallel to '''[[lieutenant]]''', deriving from the Latin ''[[locum tenens]]'' "holding a place", i.e. someone who fills a position instead of another, as a substitute, deputy, et cetera. |
The [[Italian language|Italian]] word '''''luogotenente''''' ({{IPA-it|ˌlwɔɡoteˈnɛnte|lang}}; plural ''luogotenenti'') is an etymological parallel to '''[[lieutenant]]''', deriving from the Latin ''[[locum tenens]]'' "holding a place", i.e. someone who fills a position instead of another, as a substitute, deputy, et cetera (king's lieutenant). |
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It has a few specific historical uses: |
It has a few specific historical uses: |
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Revision as of 10:23, 27 December 2023
The Italian word luogotenente (Italian: [ˌlwɔɡoteˈnɛnte]; plural luogotenenti) is an etymological parallel to lieutenant, deriving from the Latin locum tenens "holding a place", i.e. someone who fills a position instead of another, as a substitute, deputy, et cetera (king's lieutenant).
It has a few specific historical uses:
Military post
The knightly officer who is in daily command of the Grand Master's own regimental company, to which the famigliari (closest personal staff) belonged.
Venice
The title of luogotenente was also used as a senior provincial gubernatorial title by the Republic of Venice, alongside duke (duca) or provveditore generale.[1] This was the case in:
- Udine, as governor of the Patria del Friuli from 1418 to 1797, except for the cases where a provveditore generale with more sweeping powers was appointed.[2]
- Nicosia, as the Venetian viceroy of Cyprus, from 1489 to the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus in 1570.[3]
Compound and derived titles
In the Neapolitan Two Sicilies Kingdom there was a Luogotenente generale dei reali domini al di là del Faro (Kindom of Sicily) meaning Lieutenant-general of the royal domains beyond the Lighthouse, i.e. the Governor appointed by the King for Sicily (Statute of 11 December 1816).
- 1816 Niccolò Filangieri, prince of Cutò
- 1817 Francis, duke of Calabria
- 1820 Diego Naselli d'Aragona
- 1820 - 1821 Pietro Colletta, then Vito Nunziante
- 1821 Niccolò Filangieri, prince of Cutò
- 1824 - 1830 Pietro Ugo, marchese delle Favare
- 1830 - 1835 Prince Leopold, Count of Syracuse
- 1835 - 1837 Antonio Lucchesi-Palli, prince of Campofranco
- 1840 - 1848 Lt.-Gen. Luigi Nicola De Majo, duke of San Pietro
- 1848 - 1855 General Carlo Filangieri, prince of Satriano, duke of Taormina
- 1855 - 1860 Paolo Ruffo, prince of Castelcicala
- 1860 General Ferdinando Lanza
Austria-Hungary
Imperiale Regio Luogotenente was the official title for imperial-royal stadtholders in Austro-Hungarian crown lands using Italian as an official language, such as Dalmatia, Lombardo-Venetia (two luogotenenti, one each for Lombardy and Venetia), Gorizia and Gradisca, Istria and the Imperial Free City of Trieste, with the latter three lands combined under the one luogotenente of the Littoral. The title was in use between 1849 and 1918. Its equivalents in other official languages were namjesnik (Croatian), místodržitel (Czech), Statthalter (German), helytartó (Hungarian), namiestnik (Polish) or namesnik (Slovenian).
Kingdom of Sardinia and Kingdom of Italy
In the Savoy dynasty's Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and later united Kingdom of Italy, when the King was away from his office for some reason (e.g. to follow the war on the battlefield) he could appoint a Luogotenente Generale del Regno (Lieutenant-general of the realm) (chosen from members of royal family) to carry out some of the King's duties as a Viceroy.
It happened in 1848, when king Charles Albert reached the battlefield in Lombardia; Eugenio Savoia-Carignano was 'Luogotenente Generale del Regno' and it was up to him to announce the year after that the defeated king abdicated and succession passed to his son Vittorio Emanuele II. Eugenio Savoia-Carignano covered again the same role in 1859 and in 1866 when Victor Emmanuel II was involved in the second and third War of Independence. Finally in 1860/1861 he was appointed Luogotenential duties but limited to Toscana and to southern Italy, when those regions passed under the Kingdom of Sardinia.
Again on 25 May 1915 during World War I when King Victor Emmanuel III, leaving Rome in order to reach the war headquarters in North Italy and to assume Supreme War Command, he appointed his uncle, Tomaso di Savoia Duca di Genova, 'Luogotenente Generale del Regno' with delegate powers for ordinary and urgent administration (excluding grave importance affairs) until 1919.
In 1939, when Italy annexed Albania, an Italian viceroy was installed in the country under the title of 'Luogotenente Generale del Regno'.
Near the end of World War II, the same King appointed his son, Umberto, as 'Luogotenente Generale del Regno' under Allied and Italian pressure. It was believed that Victor Emmanuel was too compromised by his earlier support of the fascist regime to have any further role in state affairs.
References
- ^ Da Mosto 1940, p. 4.
- ^ Da Mosto 1940, pp. 12, 13.
- ^ Da Mosto 1940, p. 23.
Sources
- Da Mosto, Andrea (1940). L'Archivio di Stato di Venezia. Indice Generale, Storico, Descrittivo ed Analitico. Tomo II: Archivi dell'Amministrazione Provinciale della Repubblica Veneta, archivi delle rappresentanze diplomatiche e consolari, archivi dei governi succeduti alla Repubblica Veneta, archivi degli istituti religiosi e archivi minori (PDF) (in Italian). Rome: Biblioteca d'arte editrice. OCLC 889222113.
- WorldStatesmen - here Cyprus