Rimush: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Stone tablet. List of various garments dedicated to the temple of E-ninnu by the Akkadian king Rimush. 23rd century BCE. From Nippur, Iraq. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.jpg|thumb|Stone tablet. List of various garments dedicated to the temple of E-ninnu by the Akkadian king Rimush. 23rd century BC. From Nippur, Iraq. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul]] |
[[File:Stone tablet. List of various garments dedicated to the temple of E-ninnu by the Akkadian king Rimush. 23rd century BCE. From Nippur, Iraq. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul.jpg|thumb|Stone tablet. List of various garments dedicated to the temple of E-ninnu by the Akkadian king Rimush. 23rd century BC. From Nippur, Iraq. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul]] |
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To some extent his reign was typical of a ruler of Mesopotamia with proper attention paid to the various deities and their temples. A number of his votive offerings have been found in excavated temples in several Mesopotamian cities including Ur, Sippar, Khafajah, and Brak.<ref>[https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/oic16.pdf] OIC 16. Tell Asmar, Khafaje and Khorsabad: Second Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition, Henri Frankfort, 1933</ref><ref>Eppihimer, Melissa, "Assembling King and State: The Statues of Manishtushu and the Consolidation of Akkadian Kingship", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 365–80, 2010</ref> After the conquest of Elan he dedicated 30 mana (a mana was about a half kilogram) of gold, 3,600 mana of copper, and 360 slaves to Enlil, the chief deity of Nippur.<ref>E. Sollberger and J.R. Kupper, "Inscriptions royales sumeriennes et akkadiennes", Paris, 1971</ref><ref>Ratnagar, Shereen F., "Theorizing Bronze-Age Intercultural Trade : The Evidence of the Weights", Paléorient, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 79–92, 2003</ref> Another example of devotional activity was a statue given by Rimush at Nippur (known only from an inscription). The statue's composition is subject to how it is translated. Tin has been suggested, as well as bronze (a tin and copper alloy) as well as meteoric iron.<ref>B. R. Foster, The Age of Agade, Inventing Empire in Ancient Mesopotamia, London, New York 2016 {{ISBN|978-1138909755}}</ref><ref>Dayton, J. E., "The Problem of Tin in the Ancient World", World Archaeology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 49–70, 1971</ref> |
To some extent his reign was typical of a ruler of Mesopotamia with proper attention paid to the various deities and their temples. A number of his votive offerings have been found in excavated temples in several Mesopotamian cities including Ur, Sippar, Khafajah, and Brak.<ref>[https://isac.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/uploads/shared/docs/oic16.pdf] OIC 16. Tell Asmar, Khafaje and Khorsabad: Second Preliminary Report of the Iraq Expedition, Henri Frankfort, 1933</ref><ref>Eppihimer, Melissa, "Assembling King and State: The Statues of Manishtushu and the Consolidation of Akkadian Kingship", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 365–80, 2010</ref> After the conquest of Elan he dedicated 30 mana (a mana was about a half kilogram) of gold, 3,600 mana of copper, and 360 slaves to Enlil, the chief deity of Nippur.<ref>E. Sollberger and J.R. Kupper, "Inscriptions royales sumeriennes et akkadiennes", Paris, 1971</ref><ref>Ratnagar, Shereen F., "Theorizing Bronze-Age Intercultural Trade : The Evidence of the Weights", Paléorient, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 79–92, 2003</ref> Another example of devotional activity was a statue given by Rimush at Nippur (known only from an inscription). The statue's composition is subject to how it is translated. Tin has been suggested, as well as bronze (a tin and copper alloy) as well as meteoric iron.<ref>B. R. Foster, The Age of Agade, Inventing Empire in Ancient Mesopotamia, London, New York 2016 {{ISBN|978-1138909755}}</ref><ref>Dayton, J. E., "The Problem of Tin in the Ancient World", World Archaeology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 49–70, 1971</ref> |
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{{blockquote|"[Rimus, king of the world:] [from ancient times n]o one had fashioned a statue (made) of meteoric iron for the god Enlil. (But) Rimus, king of the world, fashioned a statue of himself (made) of meteoric iron Enlil and it (now) stands before the god Enlil. He placed his name at the side of the gods. As for the one who removes this inscription, maygods Enlil and Samas tear out his foundations and destroy his progeny."<ref name="Frayne1993" /> |
{{blockquote|"[Rimus, king of the world:] [from ancient times n]o one had fashioned a statue (made) of meteoric iron for the god Enlil. (But) Rimus, king of the world, fashioned a statue of himself (made) of meteoric iron Enlil and it (now) stands before the god Enlil. He placed his name at the side of the gods. As for the one who removes this inscription, maygods Enlil and Samas tear out his foundations and destroy his progeny."<ref name="Frayne1993" >Douglas R. Frayne, "Akkad", The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113), University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-218, 1993 {{ISBN|0-8020-0593-4}}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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Various texts indicated economic activity continued during his reign, despite military activity, which was possibly encompassed by a short period of time.<ref>Foster, B. R., "Management and Administration in the Sargonic Period", in: M. Liverani (ed.) Akkad, the First World Empire: Structure, Ideology, Traditions HANES 5, Padova: Sargon srl., pp. 25–39, 1993</ref><ref>Foster, Benjamin R., "New Light on the ‘Mu-Iti’ Texts", Orientalia, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 153–62, 1979</ref> |
Various texts indicated economic activity continued during his reign, despite military activity, which was possibly encompassed by a short period of time.<ref>Foster, B. R., "Management and Administration in the Sargonic Period", in: M. Liverani (ed.) Akkad, the First World Empire: Structure, Ideology, Traditions HANES 5, Padova: Sargon srl., pp. 25–39, 1993</ref><ref>Foster, Benjamin R., "New Light on the ‘Mu-Iti’ Texts", Orientalia, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 153–62, 1979</ref> |
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[[File:Empire akkad.svg|thumb|Akkadian Empire at the time of Rimush]] |
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Most of his short reign was taken up consolidating the empire created by his father, Sargon, first ruler of the Akkadian Empire. This empire stretched in the west to Syria in places like [[Tell Brak]] and [[Tell Leilan]], to the east in Elam and associated polities in that region, to southern Anatolia in the north, and to the "lower sea" in the south encompassing all the traditional Sumerian powers like Uruk, Ur, and Lagash. All of these political entities had long histories as independent powers and would periodically re-assert their interests throughout the lifetime of the Akkadian Empire.<ref>Weiss, Harvey, " Excavations at Tell Leilan and the Origins of North Mesopotamian cities in the Third Millennium B.C.", Paléorient, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 39–52, 1983</ref> |
Most of his short reign was taken up consolidating the empire created by his father, Sargon, first ruler of the Akkadian Empire. This empire stretched in the west to Syria in places like [[Tell Brak]] and [[Tell Leilan]], to the east in Elam and associated polities in that region, to southern Anatolia in the north, and to the "lower sea" in the south encompassing all the traditional Sumerian powers like Uruk, Ur, and Lagash. All of these political entities had long histories as independent powers and would periodically re-assert their interests throughout the lifetime of the Akkadian Empire.<ref>Weiss, Harvey, " Excavations at Tell Leilan and the Origins of North Mesopotamian cities in the Third Millennium B.C.", Paléorient, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 39–52, 1983</ref> |
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===Campaigns against Elam and Marhashi=== |
===Campaigns against Elam and Marhashi=== |
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⚫ | There are also records of victorious campaigns against [[Elam]] and [[Marhashi]] (Sumerian name for the Akkadian "Parahshum") in a longer (CBS 13972 and Ni 3200) and shorter (AO 5476) version.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005714277]G. A. Barton, "The Royal Inscriptions of Sumer and Akkad", Yale Univ. Press, pp. 100-150, 1939</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CDLI-Archival View|url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P461952|access-date=2020-10-23|website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref> According to the account, troops from ([[Meluhha]]) also participated in the conflict:<ref name="WLH93"/> After the victorious campaigns of Rimush, under his successor [[Manishtushu]], Elam would be ruled by Akkadian Military Governors, starting with [[Eshpum]], and [[Pashime]], on the Iranian coast, was ruled by an Akkadian Governor named [[Ilshu-rabi]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Potts |first1=D. T. |title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-09469-7 |pages=96–97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WE62CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |language=en}}</ref> |
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{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center |
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| align = right |
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| header=Conquest of Elam and Marhashi |
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| image1 = AO 5476 (front, with transcription).jpg |
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| image2 = Empire_akkad.svg |
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| footer=Account of the victories of Rimush, king of Akkad, upon [[Abalgamash]], king of Marhashi, and Emahsini, King of Elam. [[Louvre Museum]] AO5476.<ref>{{cite web |title=CDLI-Found Texts |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&ObjectID=P220618 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref><ref name="Frayne1993" >Douglas R. Frayne, "Akkad", The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113), University of Toronto Press, pp. 5-218, 1993 {{ISBN|0-8020-0593-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P461954 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref> |
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}} |
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⚫ | There are also records of victorious campaigns against [[Elam]] and [[Marhashi]] (Sumerian name for the Akkadian "Parahshum") in a longer (CBS 13972 and Ni 3200) and shorter (AO 5476) version.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005714277]G. A. Barton, "The Royal Inscriptions of Sumer and Akkad", Yale Univ. Press, pp. 100-150, 1939</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CDLI-Archival View|url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P461952|access-date=2020-10-23|website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref> According to the account, troops from ([[Meluhha]]) also participated in the conflict:<ref name="WLH93"/> |
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After the victorious campaigns of Rimush, under his successor [[Manishtushu]], Elam would be ruled by Akkadian Military Governors, starting with [[Eshpum]], and [[Pashime]], on the Iranian coast, was ruled by an Akkadian Governor named [[Ilshu-rabi]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Potts |first1=D. T. |title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-09469-7 |pages=96–97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WE62CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |language=en}}</ref> |
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{{quote|"<Rimus, king of the world, in battle> was victorious over Abalgamas, king of Parahsum. Zahar, Elam, [G]upin, and [Me]luhha assembled in Pa[rah]sum for battle, but he, (Rimus) captured S[idga'u], general of [Parahsum] (and) [the king(?) of] Elam i[nbetwe]en (the cities of) [Aw]an and [Susa], by the '[Mid]dle Ri[ver]'. [Further], he [h]eaped up over [them] a [burial mo]und i[n] the [are]a of the city. In addition, he tore out the [fo]undation of Parahsum from the land of Elam and (thereby) Rimus, king of the world, rule[d] Elam. The god Enlil showed (him the way). By the gods [Samas] and [Ilaba] I swe[ar] that (these) are not falsehoods, (but) are indeed [t]ru[e]. As for the o[ne who] re[moves this inscription, may the gods Enlil and Sam]as [te]ar out [his] foundation] an [dest]roy [his progeny]. Caption - Diorite, dusu-stone and (various) stones which I took ... as booty of Parahsum."<ref>{{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P461954 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref><ref name="Frayne1993" />}} |
{{quote|"<Rimus, king of the world, in battle> was victorious over Abalgamas, king of Parahsum. Zahar, Elam, [G]upin, and [Me]luhha assembled in Pa[rah]sum for battle, but he, (Rimus) captured S[idga'u], general of [Parahsum] (and) [the king(?) of] Elam i[nbetwe]en (the cities of) [Aw]an and [Susa], by the '[Mid]dle Ri[ver]'. [Further], he [h]eaped up over [them] a [burial mo]und i[n] the [are]a of the city. In addition, he tore out the [fo]undation of Parahsum from the land of Elam and (thereby) Rimus, king of the world, rule[d] Elam. The god Enlil showed (him the way). By the gods [Samas] and [Ilaba] I swe[ar] that (these) are not falsehoods, (but) are indeed [t]ru[e]. As for the o[ne who] re[moves this inscription, may the gods Enlil and Sam]as [te]ar out [his] foundation] an [dest]roy [his progeny]. Caption - Diorite, dusu-stone and (various) stones which I took ... as booty of Parahsum."<ref>{{cite web |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P461954 |website=cdli.ucla.edu}}</ref><ref name="Frayne1993" />}} |
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File:Prisoner of the Akkadian Empire period possibly Warka ancient Uruk LOUVRE AO 5683 (detail).jpg|Prisoner of the [[Akkadian Empire]], nude, fettered, drawn by nose ring, with pointed beard and vertical braid. 2350-2000 BC, [[Louvre Museum]] AO 5683. |
File:Prisoner of the Akkadian Empire period possibly Warka ancient Uruk LOUVRE AO 5683 (detail).jpg|Prisoner of the [[Akkadian Empire]], nude, fettered, drawn by nose ring, with pointed beard and vertical braid. 2350-2000 BC, [[Louvre Museum]] AO 5683. |
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File:Seal impression of Liburbeli in the service of Epirmupi Governor of Elam and vassal of Rimush and Manishtushu.jpg|Seal impression of Liburbeli in the service of Epirmupi Governor of Elam and vassal of Rimush and Manishtushu |
File:Seal impression of Liburbeli in the service of Epirmupi Governor of Elam and vassal of Rimush and Manishtushu.jpg|Seal impression of Liburbeli in the service of Epirmupi Governor of Elam and vassal of Rimush and Manishtushu |
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File:AO 5477 (photograph and transcription).jpg|IMage and transcription of shorter version -AO 5476 |
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</gallery> |
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File:Rimush name inscription.jpg|Name of Rimush on an inscription. |
File:Rimush name inscription.jpg|Name of Rimush on an inscription. |
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File:AO 5477 (photograph and transcription).jpg|The first known Sumerian-Akkadian bilingual tablet dates from the reign of Rimush. Louvre Museum AO 5477. The top column is in Sumerian, the bottom column is its translation in Akkadian.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=THUREAU-DANGIN|first1=F.|title=Notes Assyriologiques|journal=Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale|date=1911|volume=8|issue=3|pages=138–141|jstor=23284567|issn=0373-6032}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Site officiel du musée du Louvre|url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=12108|website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}</ref> |
File:AO 5477 (photograph and transcription).jpg|The first known Sumerian-Akkadian bilingual tablet dates from the reign of Rimush. Louvre Museum AO 5477. The top column is in Sumerian, the bottom column is its translation in Akkadian.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=THUREAU-DANGIN|first1=F.|title=Notes Assyriologiques|journal=Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale|date=1911|volume=8|issue=3|pages=138–141|jstor=23284567|issn=0373-6032}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Site officiel du musée du Louvre|url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=12108|website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}</ref> |
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File:Jar fragment Rimush Ur 116435.jpg|Jar fragment Rimush Ur 116435 |
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Revision as of 20:15, 4 November 2023
Rimush 𒌷𒈬𒍑 | |
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King of the Akkadian Empire | |
Reign | c. 2279 BC – 2270 BC |
Predecessor | Sargon of Akkad |
Successor | Manishtushu |
Dynasty | Dynasty of Akkad |
Father | Sargon of Akkad |
Mother | Tashlultum |
Rimush (or Rimuš, 𒌷𒈬𒍑 Ri-mu-uš) c. 2279–2270 BC (middle chronology) was the second king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of Sargon of Akkad and Queen Tashlultum. He was succeeded by his brother Manishtushu, and was an uncle of Naram-Sin of Akkad. Naram-Sin posthumously deified Sargon and Manishtushi but not his uncle.[2] His sister was Enheduana, considered earliest known named author in world history.[3] Little is known about his brother Shu-Enlil. There was a city, Dur-Rimuš (Fortress of Rimush), located near Tell Ishchali and Khafajah. It was known to be a cult center of the storm god Adad.[4][5]
Biography
According to the Sumerian King List, his reign lasted 9 years (though variant copies read 7 or 15 years.)[6] There is one surviving year-name for an unknown year in his reign: "mu ud-nun{ki} / adab{ki} hul-a = Year in which Adab was destroyed".[7] Tradition gives that he was assassinated, as the Bārûtu, “art of the diviner”, a first millennium BC compendium of extispicy, records “If the heart is like a testicle - an omen of king Rimuš, whom his courtiers killed with their cylinder seals”.[8][9] He was succeeded by his brother Manishtushu.[10][11] The Ur III version of the Sumerian King List inverts the order of Rimush and Manishtushu.[12][13]
To some extent his reign was typical of a ruler of Mesopotamia with proper attention paid to the various deities and their temples. A number of his votive offerings have been found in excavated temples in several Mesopotamian cities including Ur, Sippar, Khafajah, and Brak.[14][15] After the conquest of Elan he dedicated 30 mana (a mana was about a half kilogram) of gold, 3,600 mana of copper, and 360 slaves to Enlil, the chief deity of Nippur.[16][17] Another example of devotional activity was a statue given by Rimush at Nippur (known only from an inscription). The statue's composition is subject to how it is translated. Tin has been suggested, as well as bronze (a tin and copper alloy) as well as meteoric iron.[18][19]
"[Rimus, king of the world:] [from ancient times n]o one had fashioned a statue (made) of meteoric iron for the god Enlil. (But) Rimus, king of the world, fashioned a statue of himself (made) of meteoric iron Enlil and it (now) stands before the god Enlil. He placed his name at the side of the gods. As for the one who removes this inscription, maygods Enlil and Samas tear out his foundations and destroy his progeny."[20]
Various texts indicated economic activity continued during his reign, despite military activity, which was possibly encompassed by a short period of time.[21][22]
Most of his short reign was taken up consolidating the empire created by his father, Sargon, first ruler of the Akkadian Empire. This empire stretched in the west to Syria in places like Tell Brak and Tell Leilan, to the east in Elam and associated polities in that region, to southern Anatolia in the north, and to the "lower sea" in the south encompassing all the traditional Sumerian powers like Uruk, Ur, and Lagash. All of these political entities had long histories as independent powers and would periodically re-assert their interests throughout the lifetime of the Akkadian Empire.[23]
Consolidation of Sumerian cities
According to his inscriptions, he faced widespread revolts, and had to reconquer the cities of Ur, Umma, Adab, Lagash, Der, and Kazallu from rebellious ensis:[24]
"Rimuš, king of the world, in battle over Adab and Zabalam was victorious, and 15,718 men he struck down, and 14,576 captives he took. Further, Meskigala, governor of Adab, he captured, and Lugalgalzu, governor of Zabalam, he captured. He conqu[ered] their two cities [and destroyed the walls of both of them]. [Further], he expelled [so many men from their two cities] and annihilated them. As for the one who removes this inscription], may the [gods] Enlil and Samas [tear out his foundations] and destroy his [pro]geny."[20][25]
"RImus, [k]in[g] of th wor[ld], was victor[iou]s over Umma and KI.AN in battle and struck down 8,900 men. He [took] 3,540 captives. Further, he captured En-x, governor of Umma, and Lugal-KA, governor of KI.AN. Further, he conquered their two cities and destroyed the walls of both of them. Further, he expelled 3,600 men from their two cities and annihilated them. As for the one who removes this inscription, may the gods Enlil and [Samas tear out his foundations and destroy his progeny]."[20][26]
Rimush introduced mass slaughter and large scale destruction of the Sumerian city-states, and maintained meticulous records of his destructions. Most of the major Sumerian cities were destroyed, and Sumerian human losses were enormous:[24] It appears that the city of Shuruppak was spared.[27]
Sumerian casualties from the campaigns of Rimush[24][28] | ||||||
Destroyed cities: | Adab and Zabala | Umma and KI.AN | Ur and Lagash | Kazallu | (Three battles in Sumer) | TOTAL |
Killed | 15,718 | 8,900 | 8,049 | 12,052 | 11,322 | 56,041 |
Captured and enslaved | 14,576 | 3,540 | 5,460 | 5,862 | _ | 29,438 |
"Expelled and annihilated" | _ | 5,600 | 5,985 | _ | 14,100 | 25,685 |
Campaigns against Elam and Marhashi
There are also records of victorious campaigns against Elam and Marhashi (Sumerian name for the Akkadian "Parahshum") in a longer (CBS 13972 and Ni 3200) and shorter (AO 5476) version.[29][30] According to the account, troops from (Meluhha) also participated in the conflict:[24] After the victorious campaigns of Rimush, under his successor Manishtushu, Elam would be ruled by Akkadian Military Governors, starting with Eshpum, and Pashime, on the Iranian coast, was ruled by an Akkadian Governor named Ilshu-rabi.[31]
"<Rimus, king of the world, in battle> was victorious over Abalgamas, king of Parahsum. Zahar, Elam, [G]upin, and [Me]luhha assembled in Pa[rah]sum for battle, but he, (Rimus) captured S[idga'u], general of [Parahsum] (and) [the king(?) of] Elam i[nbetwe]en (the cities of) [Aw]an and [Susa], by the '[Mid]dle Ri[ver]'. [Further], he [h]eaped up over [them] a [burial mo]und i[n] the [are]a of the city. In addition, he tore out the [fo]undation of Parahsum from the land of Elam and (thereby) Rimus, king of the world, rule[d] Elam. The god Enlil showed (him the way). By the gods [Samas] and [Ilaba] I swe[ar] that (these) are not falsehoods, (but) are indeed [t]ru[e]. As for the o[ne who] re[moves this inscription, may the gods Enlil and Sam]as [te]ar out [his] foundation] an [dest]roy [his progeny]. Caption - Diorite, dusu-stone and (various) stones which I took ... as booty of Parahsum."[32][20]
Inscriptions of Elamite campaign
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"Abalgamash, King of Marhashi" (𒀀𒁀𒀠𒂵𒈦 𒈗 𒁀𒊏𒄴𒋳𒆠 Abalgamash Lugal Paraahshum-ki) on one of the Rimush inscriptions (Louvre Museum, AO 5476)
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Prisoner of the Akkadian Empire, nude, fettered, drawn by nose ring, with pointed beard and vertical braid. 2350-2000 BC, Louvre Museum AO 5683.
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Seal impression of Liburbeli in the service of Epirmupi Governor of Elam and vassal of Rimush and Manishtushu
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IMage and transcription of shorter version -AO 5476
Victory Stele of Rimush over Lagash
A Victory Stele in several fragments, possibly three in total. Two (found in Tell K at Girsu) are in the Louvre Museum, AO 2678 (34 cm high, 28 cm wide) for the relief and AO 2679 (9 cm high, 26 cm wide) for the inscriptions are generally thought to be part of the same stele, though this is not certain. The inscription is much damaged and the only readable portion of AO 2679 not pertaining to land distribution reads "after Akkade received the kingship". Another fragment, of unknown provenance but thought to be from the Lagash region, from the Yale Babylonian Collection YBC 2409 (20 cm high, 21 cm wide, 12 cm deep) has been proposed as a join to the first two but this is in dispute.[35][36] The stele has been attributed to Rimush on stylistic and epigraphical grounds but this is also in dispute with a counter proposal dating it to the time of Naram-Sin.[37] One of the fragments mentions Akkad and Lagash.[33] One fragment in the main inscription probably contains parts of the name of Rimush himself.[36]
It is thought that the stele represents the defeat of Lagash by the troops of Akkad.[34] The prisoners depicted in the relief are visibly Mesopotamian, and their slaughtering at the hand of Akkadian soldiers is consistent with the known accounts of Rimush.[36] The stele was excavated in ancient Girsu, one of the main cities of the territory of Lagash.[33] The inscription acts as a land kudurru and describes the attribution of large plots of land (totaling an area of about 40 kilometers by 40 kilometers) from Lagash to the Akkadian nobility, following the victory. Almost all the personal names in the inscription are known from the Lagash and Girsu areas.[38]
Fragments from stele
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Possible victory stele of king Rimush (front) Generally attributed to Rimush on stylistic grounds.[39]
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Possible victory stele of king Rimush (back)[40]
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Detail of the slaughtering of prisoners by Akkadian troops.[36]
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Detail of a soldier escorting a prisoner
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A prisoner from Lagash, c. 2270 BC, on the Victory Stele.[34] The same hairstyle can be seen in other statues from Lagash.[36][34]
Artifacts in the name of Rimush
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Vase in the name of "Rimush, King of Kish", albaster, Tello ancient Girsu.
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Name of Rimush on an inscription.
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Jar fragment Rimush Ur 116435
See also
References
- ^ Inscription of Rimush from Tell Brak at British Museum
- ^ William W. Hallo, "Royal Titles from the Mesopotamian Periphery", Anatolian Studies 30, pp. 89–19, 1980
- ^ Helle, Sophus, "Enheduana’s World", Enheduana: The Complete Poems of the World's First Author, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 103-133, 2023 ISBN 9780300264173
- ^ Harris, Rivkah, "The Archive of the Sin Temple in Khafajah (Tutub)", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 31–58, 1955
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