Routledge: Difference between revisions

Routledge
Parent company	Taylor & Francis
Status	Active
Founded	1851; 173 years ago
Founder	George Routledge
Country of origin	United Kingdom
Headquarters location	Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, UK
Distribution	World wide
Key people	Jeremy North; (MD Books)
Publication types	Books and academic journals
Nonfiction topics	Humanities, social science, behavioral science, education, law
Official website	routledge.com

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Routledge (/ˈraʊtlɪdʒ/ ROWT-lij)^[2] is a British multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanities, behavioural science, education, law, and social science. The company publishes approximately 1,800 journals and 5,000 new books each year and their backlist encompasses over 70,000 titles.^[3] Routledge is claimed to be the largest global academic publisher within humanities and social sciences.^[4]^[5]

In 1998, Routledge became a subdivision and imprint of its former rival, Taylor & Francis Group (T&F), as a result of a £90-million acquisition deal from Cinven, a venture capital group which had purchased it two years previously for £25 million.^[6] Following the merger of Informa and T&F in 2004, Routledge became a publishing unit and major imprint within the Informa "academic publishing" division.^[7] Routledge is headquartered in the main T&F office in Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire and also operates from T&F offices globally including in Philadelphia, Melbourne, New Delhi, Singapore, and Beijing.^[8]

History

The firm originated in 1836, when the London bookseller George Routledge published an unsuccessful guidebook, The Beauties of Gilsland, with his brother-in-law W. H. (William Henry) Warne as assistant. In 1848, the pair entered the booming market for selling inexpensive imprints of works of fiction to rail travellers, in the style of the German Tauchnitz family, which became known as the "Railway Library".^[9]^[10]

The venture was a success as railway usage grew, and it eventually led to Routledge, along with W H Warne's brother Frederick Warne, to found the company, George Routledge & Co. in 1851.^[11] The following year in 1852, the company gained lucrative business through selling reprints of Uncle Tom's Cabin, (in the public domain in the UK) which in turn enabled it to pay author Edward Bulwer-Lytton £20,000 for a 10-year lease allowing sole rights to print all 35 of his works^[9]^[12] including 19 of his novels to be sold cheaply as part of their "Railway Library" series.^[13]

The company was restyled in 1858 as Routledge, Warne & Routledge when George Routledge's son, Robert Warne Routledge, entered the partnership. Frederick Warne eventually left the company after the death of his brother W. H. Warne in May 1859 (died aged 37).^[14] Gaining rights to some titles, he founded Frederick Warne & Co. in 1865, which became known for its Beatrix Potter books.^[15] In July 1865, George Routledge's son Edmund Routledge became a partner, and the firm became George Routledge & Sons.^[16]

By 1899, the company was running close to bankruptcy. Following a successful restructuring in 1902 by scientist Sir William Crookes, banker Arthur Ellis Franklin, William Swan Sonnenschein as managing director, and others, however, it was able to recover and began to acquire and merge with other publishing companies including J. C. Nimmo Ltd. in 1903. In 1912, the company took over the management of Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., the descendant of companies founded by Charles Kegan Paul, Alexander Chenevix Trench, Nicholas Trübner, and George Redway.^[17]

These early 20th-century acquisitions brought with them lists of notable scholarly titles, and from 1912 onward, the company became increasingly concentrated in the academic and scholarly publishing business under the imprint "Kegan Paul Trench Trubner", as well as reference, fiction and mysticism. In 1947, George Routledge and Sons finally merged with Kegan Paul Trench Trubner (the umlaut had been quietly dropped in the First World War) under the name of Routledge & Kegan Paul.^[18] Using C. K. Ogden and later Karl Mannheim as advisers the company was soon particularly known for its titles in philosophy, psychology and the social sciences.

In 1985, Routledge & Kegan Paul joined with Associated Book Publishers (ABP),^[19] which was later acquired by International Thomson in 1987. Under Thomson's ownership, Routledge's name and operations were retained, with the additions of backlists from Methuen, Tavistock Publications, Croom Helm and Unwin Hyman.^[20] In 1996, a management buyout financed by the European private equity firm Cinven saw Routledge operating as an independent company once again. In 1997, Cinven acquired journals publisher Carfax and book publisher Spon.^[21] In 1998, Cinven and Routledge's directors accepted a deal for Routledge's acquisition by Taylor & Francis Group (T&F), with the Routledge name being retained as an imprint and subdivision.^[22]

In 2004, T&F became a division within Informa plc after a merger. Routledge continues as a primary publishing unit and imprint within Informa's 'academic publishing' division, publishing academic humanities and social science books, journals, reference works and digital products. Routledge has grown considerably as a result of organic growth and acquisitions of other publishing companies and other publishers' titles by its parent company.^[23]^[24]^[25] Humanities and social sciences titles acquired by T&F from other publishers are rebranded under the Routledge imprint.^[24]

People

The English publisher Fredric Warburg was a commissioning editor at Routledge during the early 20th century. Novelist Nina Stibbe, author of Love, Nina, worked at the company as a commissioning editor in the 1990s.^[26] Cultural studies editor William Germano served as vice-president and publishing director for two decades before becoming dean of the humanities at Cooper Union.^[27]

Authors

Routledge has published works from Adorno, Bohm, Butler, Derrida, Einstein, Foucault, Freud, Al Gore, Hayek, Jung, Levi-Strauss, McLuhan, Malinowski, Marcuse, Popper, Johan Rockström, Russell, Sartre, and Wittgenstein. The republished works of some of these authors have appeared as part of the Routledge Classics^[28] and Routledge Great Minds series. Competitors to the series are Verso Books' Radical Thinkers, Penguin Classics, and Oxford World's Classics.

Publications

Routledge has been criticised for a pricing structure which "will limit readership to the privileged few", as opposed to options for open access offered by DOAJ, Unpaywall, and DOAB.^[29]

Reference works

Taylor and Francis closed down the Routledge print encyclopaedia division in 2006. Some of its publications were:

Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by Edward Craig (1998), in 10 volumes, but now online.^[30]
Encyclopedia of Ethics, by Lawrence C. Becker and Charlotte B. Becker (2002), in three volumes.

Reference works by Europa Publications, published by Routledge:

Many of Routledge's reference works are published in print and electronic formats as Routledge Handbooks and have their own dedicated website: Routledge Handbooks Online.^[34] The company also publishes several online encyclopedias and collections of digital content such as Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy,^[30] Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism,^[35] Routledge Performance Archive,^[36] and South Asia Archive.^[37]

Book series

The Broadway Travellers (1926–37)^[38] edited by Eileen Power and Edward Denison Ross.
Colloquial Series of Multimedia Language Courses^[39]
Essential Grammars (since 1999)^[40]
Morley's Universal Library (also known as: Routledge's Universal Library) (1883–88)^[41]
The Muses' Library (1904–1940; 1950–1980)
established in 1891 by Lawrence & Bullen as a series of fine editions of poetry until L&B folded in 1900, Routledge revived the series in 1904 with reprints and new titles. Over the years parallel editions were published in the US by Charles Scribner's Sons, E.P. Dutton and Harvard University Press^[42]
The Republic of Letters^[43]
Routledge's Railway Library (1848–99)
were sold through W. H. Smith's bookstalls on railway platforms; in 50 years 1,277 books were published, most as pictorial hardbacks, with some bestsellers re-released as cheaper paperbacks. Authors included Edward Bulwer Lytton, James Fenimore Cooper, Jane Austen, Benjamin Disraeli, Henry Fielding, Frances Trollope, William Harrison Ainsworth, Alexandre Dumas, and Victor Hugo^[10]

References

Citations

^ "Managing Director, Humanities & Social Science Books, Taylor & Francis Group". Informa. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 1164. ISBN 978-1-138-12566-7.
^ "About Us – Routledge". Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
^ "Publishing With Us – Routledge". Taylor & Francis Group. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
^ "Outsell HSS Market Size Share Forecast" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Books merger yields windfall of £6m". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
^ "Academic Publishing". Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "T&F Group Global Offices". Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Yellowbacks: III – Routledge's Railway Library". Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
^ ^a ^b Wagner, David Paul. "Routledge's Railway Library (George Routledge)". Book Series List. Publishing History. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
^ "UCL Library Services: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd Archives – 1850–1984". Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
^ Sutherland (2009:527,553).
^ Barnes, James J.; Barnes, Patience P. (2004). "Routledge, George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24184. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Geni – William Henry Warne (1822–1859) – Genealogy". Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
^ "ketupa.net – Taylor and Francis Informa". Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
^ "Routledge, George (DNB00)". DNB. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
^ "The Lucile Project,"PUBLISHER: Kegan Paul, Trench & Company; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company, London"". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
^ Franklin (1987),
^ Whipp (1992:47)
^ Richardson, Jean (13 May 1996). "U.K. venture firm to buy Routledge". Publishers Weekly. 243 (20): 16–17. ISSN 0000-0019. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
^ Kernan, M. A. (2013). "Routledge as a global publisher: A case study, 1980-2010". Publishing Research Quarterly. 29 (1): 52–72. doi:10.1007/s12109-013-9304-9. ISSN 1053-8801. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^ Clark & Phillips (2008:xvi); Cope (1998)
^ Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition Archived 18 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine - Taylor & Francis.
^ ^a ^b Taylor & Francis
^ "Results for 12 months to 31st December 2015" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "About Nina Stibbe". Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "William Germano, Editor and Key Figure in Rise of Cultural Studies, Is Ousted by Publishing House". Chronicle of Higher Education. 15 September 2005. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
^ "Routledge Classics and Routledge Great Minds". Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Barbara Fister. "The Writing on the Unpaywall". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Europa World Online". Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "World Who's Who". Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "The Europa World of Learning". Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
^ "Routledge Handbooks Online". Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism". Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "Routledge Performance Archive". Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ "South Asia Archive". Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
^ Stone, Thomas E. "Collecting The Broadway Travellers Series". The Books In My Life blog. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
^ Colloquial Series Archived 6 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine, routledge.com. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ "Routledge Essential Grammars - Book Series - Routledge & CRC Press". www.routledge.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
^ Morley's Universal Library (George Routledge) - Book Series List Archived 24 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
^ Krygier, John (28 March 2016). "Muses' Library". A Series of Series. Ohio Wesleyan University. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019 – via WordPress.
^ Krygier, John (December 2017). "Republic of Letters". A Series of Series. Ohio Wesleyan University. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.

Sources

Boynton, Robert (March–April 1995). "The Routledge Revolution: Has Academic Publishing Gone Tabloid?". Lingua Franca: the review of academic life. Vol. 5, no. 3. Mamaroneck, NY: Lingua Franca, Inc. pp. 24–32. OCLC 61311445. Archived from the original (online reproduction, by author [n.pag.]) on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
Clark, Giles N.; Angus Phillips (2008). Inside Book Publishing. Taylor & Francis-Library collection (4th ed.). Abingdon, England; New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-34154-4. OCLC 182573667.
Cope, Nigel (5 November 1998). "Books merger yields windfall of £6m" (online edition). The Independent. London: Independent News & Media. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
Franklin, Norman (1986). Routledge & Kegan Paul: 150 years of Great Publishing. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Sutherland, John (2009). The Longman Companion to Victorian Fiction (2nd ed.). Abingdon, England; New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-1408203903.
Warburg, Fredric (1960). An Occupation for Gentlemen (1st American ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 1201220.
Whipp, Richard (1992). "Human Resource Management, Competition and Strategy: Some Productive Tensions". In Paul Blyton; Peter Turnbull (eds.). Reassessing Human Resource Management. London: SAGE Publications. pp. 33–55. ISBN 0-8039-8697-1. OCLC 28325927.

External links

Official website
History of Routledge
Routledge Revivals: Reprints from humanities and social sciences publications, from the backlists of Routledge imprints.
Routledge & Kegan Paul Archives: Ledgers, authors' agreements, printed catalogues and other papers 1853–1973, University College London.
Records of Routledge & Kegan Paul: Correspondence files covering the period 1935 to 1990, as well as review files 1950s–1990s, Special Collections, University of Reading Library.
Archives of George Routledge & Company 1853-1902, Chadwyck-Healey Ltd, 1973. 6 reels of microfilm and printed index. (Available from ProQuest)
Archives of Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Henry S. King 1858-1912, Chadwyck-Healey Ltd,1973. 27 reels of microfilm with index on microfiche. (Available from Proquest)

[1] "Managing Director, Humanities & Social Science Books, Taylor & Francis Group". Informa. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.

[2] Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 1164. ISBN 978-1-138-12566-7.

[aboutus-3] "About Us – Routledge". Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.

[4] "Publishing With Us – Routledge". Taylor & Francis Group. 2016. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2016.

[5] "Outsell HSS Market Size Share Forecast" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[independent-6] "Books merger yields windfall of £6m". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2015.

[Informa-7] "Academic Publishing". Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[8] "T&F Group Global Offices". Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[railwaylibrary-9] "Yellowbacks: III – Routledge's Railway Library". Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.

[Railway_Library_history-10] Wagner, David Paul. "Routledge's Railway Library (George Routledge)". Book Series List. Publishing History. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2019.

[UCL-11] "UCL Library Services: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd Archives – 1850–1984". Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.

[12] Sutherland (2009:527,553).

[oxford-13] Barnes, James J.; Barnes, Patience P. (2004). "Routledge, George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24184. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[censusrecord-14] "Geni – William Henry Warne (1822–1859) – Genealogy". Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.

[ketupa-15] "ketupa.net – Taylor and Francis Informa". Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2015.

[DNB-16] "Routledge, George (DNB00)". DNB. Archived from the original on 14 September 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015.

[17] "The Lucile Project,"PUBLISHER: Kegan Paul, Trench & Company; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company, London"". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.

[18] Franklin (1987),

[19] Whipp (1992:47)

[20] Richardson, Jean (13 May 1996). "U.K. venture firm to buy Routledge". Publishers Weekly. 243 (20): 16–17. ISSN 0000-0019. Retrieved 30 October 2022.

[21] Kernan, M. A. (2013). "Routledge as a global publisher: A case study, 1980-2010". Publishing Research Quarterly. 29 (1): 52–72. doi:10.1007/s12109-013-9304-9. ISSN 1053-8801. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2023.

[22] Clark & Phillips (2008:xvi); Cope (1998)

[T&F-23] Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition Archived 18 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine - Taylor & Francis.

[Taylor_&_Francis-24] Taylor & Francis

[informa2015-25] "Results for 12 months to 31st December 2015" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[26] "About Nina Stibbe". Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[:0-27] "William Germano, Editor and Key Figure in Rise of Cultural Studies, Is Ousted by Publishing House". Chronicle of Higher Education. 15 September 2005. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2022.

[28] "Routledge Classics and Routledge Great Minds". Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[29] Barbara Fister. "The Writing on the Unpaywall". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2020.

[rep.routledge.com-30] "Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[31] "Europa World Online". Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[32] "World Who's Who". Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[33] "The Europa World of Learning". Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2006.

[34] "Routledge Handbooks Online". Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[35] "Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism". Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[36] "Routledge Performance Archive". Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[37] "South Asia Archive". Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2016.

[38] Stone, Thomas E. "Collecting The Broadway Travellers Series". The Books In My Life blog. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.

[39] Colloquial Series Archived 6 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine, routledge.com. Retrieved 14 January 2018.

[40] "Routledge Essential Grammars - Book Series - Routledge & CRC Press". www.routledge.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2021.

[41] Morley's Universal Library (George Routledge) - Book Series List Archived 24 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

[42] Krygier, John (28 March 2016). "Muses' Library". A Series of Series. Ohio Wesleyan University. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019 – via WordPress.

[43] Krygier, John (December 2017). "Republic of Letters". A Series of Series. Ohio Wesleyan University. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.

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@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 |title=About Us – Routledge
 |url=http://www.routledge.com/info/about_us/
+|access-date=14 February 2015
-|access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref> Routledge is claimed to be the largest global academic publisher within humanities and social sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.routledge.com/resources/authors/publishing|title=Publishing With Us – Routledge|year=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis Group}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digest.sagepub.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Outsell_Market_Performance_16jan2015_HSS_Market_Size_Share_Forecast.pdf|title=Outsell HSS Market Size Share Forecast}}</ref>
+|archive-date=12 February 2015
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212005033/http://www.routledge.com/info/about_us/
+|url-status=live
+}}</ref> Routledge is claimed to be the largest global academic publisher within humanities and social sciences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/resources/authors/publishing|title=Publishing With Us – Routledge|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group|access-date=24 January 2016|archive-date=21 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721084337/https://www.routledge.com/resources/authors/publishing|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digest.sagepub.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Outsell_Market_Performance_16jan2015_HSS_Market_Size_Share_Forecast.pdf|title=Outsell HSS Market Size Share Forecast|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505150622/http://digest.sagepub.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Outsell_Market_Performance_16jan2015_HSS_Market_Size_Share_Forecast.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 In 1998, Routledge became a subdivision and imprint of its former rival, [[Taylor & Francis|Taylor & Francis Group]] (T&F), as a result of a £90-million acquisition deal from [[Cinven]], a venture capital group which had purchased it two years previously for £25 million.<ref name=independent>{{cite web
@@ Line 32: / Line 36: @@
 |work=The Independent
 |date=23 October 2011
+|access-date=14 February 2015
-|access-date= 14 February 2015}}</ref> Following the merger of [[Informa]] and T&F in 2004, Routledge became a publishing unit and major imprint within the Informa "academic publishing" division.<ref name=Informa>{{cite web
+|archive-date=15 April 2019
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415152255/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/books-merger-yields-windfall-of-pounds-6m-1182898.html
+|url-status=live
+}}</ref> Following the merger of [[Informa]] and T&F in 2004, Routledge became a publishing unit and major imprint within the Informa "academic publishing" division.<ref name=Informa>{{cite web
 |title=Academic Publishing
 |url=http://informa.com/divisions/academic-publishing/
@@ Line 41: / Line 49: @@
 }}</ref> Routledge is headquartered in the main T&F office in [[Milton Park]], [[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]], [[Oxfordshire]] and also operates from T&F offices globally including in [[Philadelphia]], [[Melbourne]], [[New Delhi]], [[Singapore]], and [[Beijing]].<ref>{{cite web
 |title=T&F Group Global Offices
-|url=http://taylorandfrancis.com/contact/global-offices/}}</ref>
+|url=http://taylorandfrancis.com/contact/global-offices/
+|access-date=22 December 2016
+|archive-date=28 September 2018
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928122833/https://taylorandfrancis.com/contact/global-offices/
+|url-status=live
+}}</ref>
 ==History==
 The firm originated in 1836, when the London bookseller [[George Routledge]] published an unsuccessful guidebook, ''The Beauties of Gilsland'', with his brother-in-law W. H. (William Henry) Warne as assistant. In 1848, the pair entered the booming market for selling inexpensive imprints of works of fiction to rail travellers, in the style of the German [[Tauchnitz]] family, which became known as the "Railway Library".<ref name=railwaylibrary>{{cite web
 |title= Yellowbacks: III – Routledge's Railway Library
-|url=http://www.bl.uk/collections/early/victorian/yellow/yellow3.html
+|url= http://www.bl.uk/collections/early/victorian/yellow/yellow3.html
-|access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Railway Library history"/>
+|access-date= 15 February 2015
+|archive-date= 16 February 2015
+|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150216061157/http://www.bl.uk/collections/early/victorian/yellow/yellow3.html
+|url-status= live
+}}</ref><ref name="Railway Library history"/>
-The venture was a success as railway usage grew, and it eventually led to Routledge, along with W H Warne's brother [[Frederick Warne]], to found the company, '''George Routledge & Co.''' in 1851.<ref name=UCL>{{cite web
+The venture was a success as railway usage grew, and it eventually led to Routledge, along with W H Warne's brother [[Frederick Warne]], to found the company, '''George Routledge & Co.''' in 1851.<ref name=UCL>{{cite web |title= UCL Library Services: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd Archives – 1850–1984 |url= http://archives.ucl.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo==%27ROUTLEDGE%27&dsqDb=Catalog |access-date= 15 February 2015 |archive-date= 16 February 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150216063752/http://archives.ucl.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo==%27ROUTLEDGE%27&dsqDb=Catalog |url-status= live }}</ref>
-|title= UCL Library Services: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd Archives – 1850–1984 |url=http://archives.ucl.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqSearch=RefNo==%27ROUTLEDGE%27&dsqDb=Catalog
-|access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>
 The following year in 1852, the company gained lucrative business through selling reprints of ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'', (in the [[public domain]] in the UK) which in turn enabled it to pay author [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton]] £20,000 for a 10-year [[lease]] allowing sole rights to print all 35 of his works<ref name=railwaylibrary/><ref>Sutherland (2009:527,553).</ref> including 19 of his novels to be sold cheaply as part of their "Railway Library" series.<ref name=oxford>{{cite ODNB|id=24184|title=Routledge, George|year=2004|last=Barnes|first=James J.|last2=Barnes|first2=Patience P.}}</ref>
 [[File:Routledge stand at Senate House History Day 2018.jpg|thumb|Routledge stand at Senate House History Day 2018]]
 The company was restyled in 1858 as '''Routledge, Warne & Routledge''' when George Routledge's son, Robert Warne Routledge, entered the partnership. Frederick Warne eventually left the company after the death of his brother W. H. Warne in May 1859 (died aged 37).<ref name=censusrecord>{{cite web
 |title=Geni – William Henry Warne (1822–1859) – Genealogy
-|url= http://www.geni.com/people/William-Warne/6000000012518167353
+|url=http://www.geni.com/people/William-Warne/6000000012518167353
+|access-date=16 February 2015
-|access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> Gaining rights to some titles, he founded [[Frederick Warne & Co.]] in 1865, which became known for its [[Beatrix Potter]] books.<ref name=ketupa>{{cite web
+|archive-date=16 February 2015
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216060357/http://www.geni.com/people/William-Warne/6000000012518167353
+|url-status=live
+}}</ref> Gaining rights to some titles, he founded [[Frederick Warne & Co.]] in 1865, which became known for its [[Beatrix Potter]] books.<ref name=ketupa>{{cite web
 |title=ketupa.net – Taylor and Francis Informa
-|url= http://ketupa.net/tfinforma.htm
+|url=http://ketupa.net/tfinforma.htm
+|access-date=16 February 2015
-|access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> In July 1865, George Routledge's son [[Edmund Routledge]] became a partner, and the firm became '''George Routledge & Sons'''.<ref name=DNB>{{cite web|title=Routledge, George (DNB00)|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Routledge,_George_%28DNB00%29|website=DNB|access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
+|archive-date=9 April 2016
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409074957/http://ketupa.net/tfinforma.htm
+|url-status=dead
+}}</ref> In July 1865, George Routledge's son [[Edmund Routledge]] became a partner, and the firm became '''George Routledge & Sons'''.<ref name=DNB>{{cite web|title=Routledge, George (DNB00)|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Routledge,_George_%28DNB00%29|website=DNB|access-date=10 November 2015|archive-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914134430/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Routledge,_George_%28DNB00%29|url-status=live}}</ref>
-By 1899, the company was running close to [[bankruptcy]]. Following a successful restructuring in 1902 by scientist [[Sir William Crookes]], banker [[Arthur Ellis Franklin]], [[William Swan Sonnenschein]] as managing director, and others, however, it was able to recover and began to acquire and merge with other publishing companies including J. C. Nimmo Ltd. in 1903. In 1912, the company took over the management of '''Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.''', the descendant of companies founded by [[Charles Kegan Paul]], Alexander Chenevix Trench, [[Nicholas Trübner]], and George Redway.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Lucile Project,"PUBLISHER: Kegan Paul, Trench & Company; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company, London" |url=http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/lucile/publishers/kegan/kegan.htm |website=[[University of Iowa]]|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref>
+By 1899, the company was running close to [[bankruptcy]]. Following a successful restructuring in 1902 by scientist [[Sir William Crookes]], banker [[Arthur Ellis Franklin]], [[William Swan Sonnenschein]] as managing director, and others, however, it was able to recover and began to acquire and merge with other publishing companies including J. C. Nimmo Ltd. in 1903. In 1912, the company took over the management of '''Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.''', the descendant of companies founded by [[Charles Kegan Paul]], Alexander Chenevix Trench, [[Nicholas Trübner]], and George Redway.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Lucile Project,"PUBLISHER: Kegan Paul, Trench & Company; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company, London" |url=http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/lucile/publishers/kegan/kegan.htm |website=[[University of Iowa]] |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106104908/http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/lucile/publishers/kegan/kegan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 These early 20th-century acquisitions brought with them lists of notable scholarly titles, and from 1912 onward,  the company became increasingly concentrated in the academic and scholarly publishing business under the imprint "Kegan Paul Trench Trubner", as well as reference, fiction and mysticism. In 1947, George Routledge and Sons finally merged with Kegan Paul Trench Trubner (the [[Germanic umlaut|umlaut]] had been quietly dropped in the [[World War I|First World War]]) under the name of '''Routledge & Kegan Paul'''.<ref>Franklin (1987),</ref> Using [[C. K. Ogden]] and later [[Karl Mannheim]] as advisers the company was soon particularly known for its titles in [[philosophy]], [[psychology]] and the [[social sciences]].
-In 1985, Routledge & Kegan Paul joined with [[Associated Book Publishers]] (ABP),<ref>Whipp (1992:47)</ref> which was later acquired by [[International Thomson]] in 1987. Under Thomson's ownership, Routledge's name and operations were retained, with the additions of backlists from [[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]], [[Tavistock Publications]], Croom Helm and [[Unwin Hyman]].<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 0000-0019| volume = 243| issue = 20| pages = 16–17| last = Richardson| first = Jean| title = U.K. venture firm to buy Routledge| journal = Publishers Weekly| accessdate = 2022-10-30| date = 1996-05-13| url = http://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&sw=w&issn=00000019&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA18283959&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs}}</ref> In 1996, a [[management buyout]] financed by the European [[private equity]] firm [[Cinven]] saw Routledge operating as an independent company once again. In 1997, Cinven acquired journals publisher Carfax and book publisher Spon.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/s12109-013-9304-9| issn = 1053-8801| volume = 29| issue = 1| pages = 52–72| last = Kernan| first = M. A.| title = Routledge as a global publisher: A case study, 1980-2010| journal = Publishing Research Quarterly| accessdate = 2023-03-23| date = 2013| url = http://link.springer.com/journal/12109}}</ref> In 1998, Cinven and Routledge's directors accepted a deal for Routledge's acquisition by [[Taylor & Francis|Taylor & Francis Group]] (T&F), with the Routledge name being retained as an imprint and subdivision.<ref>Clark & Phillips (2008:xvi); Cope (1998)</ref>
+In 1985, Routledge & Kegan Paul joined with [[Associated Book Publishers]] (ABP),<ref>Whipp (1992:47)</ref> which was later acquired by [[International Thomson]] in 1987. Under Thomson's ownership, Routledge's name and operations were retained, with the additions of backlists from [[Methuen Publishing|Methuen]], [[Tavistock Publications]], Croom Helm and [[Unwin Hyman]].<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 0000-0019| volume = 243| issue = 20| pages = 16–17| last = Richardson| first = Jean| title = U.K. venture firm to buy Routledge| journal = Publishers Weekly| accessdate = 2022-10-30| date = 1996-05-13| url = http://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&sw=w&issn=00000019&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA18283959&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs}}</ref> In 1996, a [[management buyout]] financed by the European [[private equity]] firm [[Cinven]] saw Routledge operating as an independent company once again. In 1997, Cinven acquired journals publisher Carfax and book publisher Spon.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/s12109-013-9304-9| issn = 1053-8801| volume = 29| issue = 1| pages = 52–72| last = Kernan| first = M. A.| title = Routledge as a global publisher: A case study, 1980-2010| journal = Publishing Research Quarterly| accessdate = 2023-03-23| date = 2013| url = http://link.springer.com/journal/12109| archive-date = 20 December 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191220213311/https://link.springer.com/journal/12109| url-status = live}}</ref> In 1998, Cinven and Routledge's directors accepted a deal for Routledge's acquisition by [[Taylor & Francis|Taylor & Francis Group]] (T&F), with the Routledge name being retained as an imprint and subdivision.<ref>Clark & Phillips (2008:xvi); Cope (1998)</ref>
-In 2004, T&F became a division within [[Informa plc]] after a merger. Routledge continues as a primary publishing unit and imprint within Informa's 'academic publishing' division, publishing academic [[humanities]] and [[social science]] books, journals, reference works and digital products. Routledge has grown considerably as a result of [[organic growth]] and acquisitions of other publishing companies and other publishers' titles by its parent company.<ref name="T&F">[http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/taylorfrancis.htm ''Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618175801/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/TaylorFrancis.htm |date=18 June 2012 }} - Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref name="Taylor & Francis">[[Taylor & Francis]]</ref><ref name="informa2015">{{cite web |title= Results for 12 months to 31st December 2015|url= http://www.informa.com/Documents/Investor%20Relations/2016/FY2015/20160210%20FY%20Results%20Statement%20-%20Final.pdf}}</ref> Humanities and social sciences titles acquired by T&F from other publishers are [[Rebranding|rebranded]] under the Routledge [[imprint (trade name)|imprint]].<ref name="Taylor & Francis"/>
+In 2004, T&F became a division within [[Informa plc]] after a merger. Routledge continues as a primary publishing unit and imprint within Informa's 'academic publishing' division, publishing academic [[humanities]] and [[social science]] books, journals, reference works and digital products. Routledge has grown considerably as a result of [[organic growth]] and acquisitions of other publishing companies and other publishers' titles by its parent company.<ref name="T&F">[http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/taylorfrancis.htm ''Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618175801/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/TaylorFrancis.htm |date=18 June 2012 }} - Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref name="Taylor & Francis">[[Taylor & Francis]]</ref><ref name="informa2015">{{cite web|title= Results for 12 months to 31st December 2015|url= http://www.informa.com/Documents/Investor%20Relations/2016/FY2015/20160210%20FY%20Results%20Statement%20-%20Final.pdf|access-date= 22 December 2016|archive-date= 27 September 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180927125456/https://informa.com/Documents/Investor%20Relations/2016/FY2015/20160210%20FY%20Results%20Statement%20-%20Final.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref> Humanities and social sciences titles acquired by T&F from other publishers are [[Rebranding|rebranded]] under the Routledge [[imprint (trade name)|imprint]].<ref name="Taylor & Francis"/>
 ==People==
-The English publisher [[Fredric Warburg]] was a [[commissioning editor]] at Routledge during the early 20th century. Novelist Nina Stibbe, author of ''[[Love, Nina]]'', worked at the company as a commissioning editor in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Nina Stibbe |url=http://www.ninastibbe.com/about}}</ref> [[Cultural studies]] editor [[William Germano]] served as vice-president and publishing director for two decades before becoming dean of the humanities at [[Cooper Union]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=William Germano, Editor and Key Figure in Rise of Cultural Studies, Is Ousted by Publishing House |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/william-germano-editor-and-key-figure-in-rise-of-cultural-studies-is-ousted-by-publishing-house/?emailConfirmed=true&supportSignUp=true&supportForgotPassword=true&email=zf2148@columbia.edu&success=true&code=success&bc_nonce=atbbaolc1ojnm7zlh3acvi&cid=gen_sign_in |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Chronicle of Higher Education| date=15 September 2005 }}</ref>
+The English publisher [[Fredric Warburg]] was a [[commissioning editor]] at Routledge during the early 20th century. Novelist Nina Stibbe, author of ''[[Love, Nina]]'', worked at the company as a commissioning editor in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Nina Stibbe |url=http://www.ninastibbe.com/about |access-date=22 December 2016 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204122431/https://www.ninastibbe.com/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Cultural studies]] editor [[William Germano]] served as vice-president and publishing director for two decades before becoming dean of the humanities at [[Cooper Union]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=William Germano, Editor and Key Figure in Rise of Cultural Studies, Is Ousted by Publishing House |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/william-germano-editor-and-key-figure-in-rise-of-cultural-studies-is-ousted-by-publishing-house/?emailConfirmed=true&supportSignUp=true&supportForgotPassword=true&email=zf2148@columbia.edu&success=true&code=success&bc_nonce=atbbaolc1ojnm7zlh3acvi&cid=gen_sign_in |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Chronicle of Higher Education |date=15 September 2005 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417152003/https://www.chronicle.com/article/william-germano-editor-and-key-figure-in-rise-of-cultural-studies-is-ousted-by-publishing-house/?emailConfirmed=true&supportSignUp=true&supportForgotPassword=true&email=zf2148@columbia.edu&success=true&code=success&bc_nonce=atbbaolc1ojnm7zlh3acvi&cid=gen_sign_in |url-status=live }}</ref>
 == Authors ==
-Routledge has published works from [[Theodor W. Adorno|Adorno]], [[David Bohm|Bohm]], [[Judith Butler|Butler]], [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida]], [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]], [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]], [[Al Gore]], [[Friedrich Hayek|Hayek]], [[Carl Jung|Jung]], [[Claude Levi-Strauss|Levi-Strauss]], [[Marshall McLuhan|McLuhan]], [[Bronisław Malinowski|Malinowski]], [[Herbert Marcuse|Marcuse]], [[Karl Popper|Popper]], [[Johan Rockström]], [[Bertrand Russell|Russell]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]]. The republished works of some of these authors have appeared as part of the Routledge Classics<ref>{{cite web |title=Routledge Classics and Routledge Great Minds|url=https://www.routledge.com/classics }}</ref> and Routledge Great Minds series. Competitors to the series are [[Verso Books]]' [[List of Radical Thinkers releases|Radical Thinkers]], [[Penguin Classics]], and [[Oxford World's Classics]].
+Routledge has published works from [[Theodor W. Adorno|Adorno]], [[David Bohm|Bohm]], [[Judith Butler|Butler]], [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida]], [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Michel Foucault|Foucault]], [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]], [[Al Gore]], [[Friedrich Hayek|Hayek]], [[Carl Jung|Jung]], [[Claude Levi-Strauss|Levi-Strauss]], [[Marshall McLuhan|McLuhan]], [[Bronisław Malinowski|Malinowski]], [[Herbert Marcuse|Marcuse]], [[Karl Popper|Popper]], [[Johan Rockström]], [[Bertrand Russell|Russell]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstein]]. The republished works of some of these authors have appeared as part of the Routledge Classics<ref>{{cite web|title=Routledge Classics and Routledge Great Minds|url=https://www.routledge.com/classics|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118020938/https://www.routledge.com/classics|url-status=live}}</ref> and Routledge Great Minds series. Competitors to the series are [[Verso Books]]' [[List of Radical Thinkers releases|Radical Thinkers]], [[Penguin Classics]], and [[Oxford World's Classics]].
 == Publications ==
 {{See also categories|Routledge books|Routledge academic journals}}
-Routledge has been criticised for a pricing structure which "will limit readership to the privileged few", as opposed to options for [[open access]] offered by [[DOAJ]], [[Unpaywall]], and [[DOAB]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-04-25|title=The Writing on the Unpaywall |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/writing-unpaywall|website=[[ Inside Higher Ed]]|author=Barbara Fister}}</ref>
+Routledge has been criticised for a pricing structure which "will limit readership to the privileged few", as opposed to options for [[open access]] offered by [[DOAJ]], [[Unpaywall]], and [[DOAB]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-04-25|title=The Writing on the Unpaywall|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/writing-unpaywall|website=[[ Inside Higher Ed]]|author=Barbara Fister|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208140016/https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/library-babel-fish/writing-unpaywall|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === Reference works ===
 Taylor and Francis closed down the Routledge print encyclopaedia division in 2006. Some of its publications were:
-* ''[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', by [[Edward Craig (philosopher)|Edward Craig]] (1998), in 10 volumes, but now online.<ref name="rep.routledge.com">{{cite web |title = Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url = https://www.rep.routledge.com/ }}</ref>
+* ''[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', by [[Edward Craig (philosopher)|Edward Craig]] (1998), in 10 volumes, but now online.<ref name="rep.routledge.com">{{cite web |title = Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url = https://www.rep.routledge.com/ |access-date = 22 December 2016 |archive-date = 28 October 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191028234800/https://www.rep.routledge.com/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
 * ''[[Encyclopedia of Ethics]]'', by [[Lawrence C. Becker]] and Charlotte B. Becker (2002), in three volumes.
 [[Reference work]]s by Europa Publications, published by Routledge:
-* ''[[Europa World Year Book]]''<ref>{{cite web |title = Europa World Online |url = http://www.europaworld.com/pub/ }}</ref>
+* ''[[Europa World Year Book]]''<ref>{{cite web |title = Europa World Online |url = http://www.europaworld.com/pub/ |access-date = 22 December 2016 |archive-date = 1 September 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220901040123/https://www.europaworld.com/pub/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
-* ''[[International Who's Who]]''<ref>{{cite web |title = World Who's Who |url = http://www.worldwhoswho.com/public/views/home.html }}</ref>
+* ''[[International Who's Who]]''<ref>{{cite web |title = World Who's Who |url = http://www.worldwhoswho.com/public/views/home.html |access-date = 22 December 2016 |archive-date = 19 March 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220319203916/https://www.worldwhoswho.com/public/views/home.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
-* ''Europa World of Learning''<ref>{{cite web |title = The Europa World of Learning |url = http://www.worldoflearning.com/ }}</ref>
+* ''Europa World of Learning''<ref>{{cite web |title = The Europa World of Learning |url = http://www.worldoflearning.com/ |access-date = 18 August 2006 |archive-date = 23 July 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080723172029/http://www.worldoflearning.com/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
-Many of Routledge's [[reference work]]s are published in print and electronic formats as Routledge Handbooks and have their own dedicated website: Routledge Handbooks Online.<ref>{{cite web |title = Routledge Handbooks Online |url = https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/ }}</ref> The company also publishes several online encyclopedias and collections of digital content such as ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy'',<ref name="rep.routledge.com" /> ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism'',<ref>{{cite web |title = Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism |url = https://www.rem.routledge.com/ }}</ref> Routledge Performance Archive,<ref>{{cite web |title = Routledge Performance Archive |url = https://www.routledgeperformancearchive.com/ }}</ref> and South Asia Archive.<ref>{{cite web |title = South Asia Archive |url = http://www.southasiaarchive.com/unauthenticated }}</ref>
+Many of Routledge's [[reference work]]s are published in print and electronic formats as Routledge Handbooks and have their own dedicated website: Routledge Handbooks Online.<ref>{{cite web |title = Routledge Handbooks Online |url = https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/ |access-date = 22 December 2016 |archive-date = 30 April 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230430201405/https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/ |url-status = live }}</ref> The company also publishes several online encyclopedias and collections of digital content such as ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy'',<ref name="rep.routledge.com" /> ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism'',<ref>{{cite web |title = Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism |url = https://www.rem.routledge.com/ |access-date = 22 December 2016 |archive-date = 6 April 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230406121145/https://www.rem.routledge.com/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Routledge Performance Archive,<ref>{{cite web |title = Routledge Performance Archive |url = https://www.routledgeperformancearchive.com/ |access-date = 22 December 2016 |archive-date = 29 April 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230429061125/https://www.routledgeperformancearchive.com/ |url-status = live }}</ref> and South Asia Archive.<ref>{{cite web |title = South Asia Archive |url = http://www.southasiaarchive.com/unauthenticated |access-date = 22 December 2016 |archive-date = 24 May 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220524131700/http://www.southasiaarchive.com/unauthenticated |url-status = live }}</ref>
 === Book series ===
-* ''The Broadway Travellers'' (1926–37)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thebooksinmylife.com/p/broadway-travellers.html |title = Collecting The Broadway Travellers Series |website = The Books In My Life blog |access-date = 10 August 2019 |first = Thomas E. |last = Stone }}</ref> edited by [[Eileen Power]] and [[Edward Denison Ross]].
+* ''The Broadway Travellers'' (1926–37)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.thebooksinmylife.com/p/broadway-travellers.html |title = Collecting The Broadway Travellers Series |website = The Books In My Life blog |access-date = 10 August 2019 |first = Thomas E. |last = Stone |archive-date = 19 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190419224847/http://www.thebooksinmylife.com/p/broadway-travellers.html |url-status = live }}</ref> edited by [[Eileen Power]] and [[Edward Denison Ross]].
-* ''Colloquial Series of Multimedia Language Courses''<ref>[https://www.routledge.com/Colloquial-Series/book-series/SE0069 Colloquial Series], routledge.com. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</ref>
+* ''Colloquial Series of Multimedia Language Courses''<ref>[https://www.routledge.com/Colloquial-Series/book-series/SE0069 Colloquial Series] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306180834/https://www.routledge.com/Colloquial-Series/book-series/SE0069 |date=6 March 2023 }}, routledge.com. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</ref>
-*''Essential Grammars'' (since 1999)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Routledge Essential Grammars - Book Series - Routledge & CRC Press|url=https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Essential-Grammars/book-series/SE0549?pd=published,forthcoming&pg=3&pp=12&so=pub&view=list|access-date=2021-10-18|website=www.routledge.com}}</ref>
+*''Essential Grammars'' (since 1999)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Routledge Essential Grammars - Book Series - Routledge & CRC Press|url=https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Essential-Grammars/book-series/SE0549?pd=published,forthcoming&pg=3&pp=12&so=pub&view=list|access-date=2021-10-18|website=www.routledge.com|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130050355/https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Essential-Grammars/book-series/SE0549?pd=published,forthcoming&pg=3&pp=12&so=pub&view=list|url-status=live}}</ref>
-* ''Morley's Universal Library'' (also known as: ''Routledge's Universal Library'') (1883–88)<ref>[http://www.publishinghistory.com/morleys-universal-library-routledge.html Morley's Universal Library (George Routledge) - Book Series List], publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 24 June 2018.</ref>
+* ''Morley's Universal Library'' (also known as: ''Routledge's Universal Library'') (1883–88)<ref>[http://www.publishinghistory.com/morleys-universal-library-routledge.html Morley's Universal Library (George Routledge) - Book Series List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624063936/http://www.publishinghistory.com/morleys-universal-library-routledge.html |date=24 June 2018 }}, publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 24 June 2018.</ref>
 * ''The Muses' Library'' (1904–1940; 1950–1980)
-*: established in 1891 by [[Lawrence & Bullen]] as a series of fine editions of poetry until L&B folded in 1900, Routledge revived the series in 1904 with reprints and new titles. Over the years parallel editions were published in the US by [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], [[E.P. Dutton]] and [[Harvard University Press]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://seriesofseries.owu.edu/the-muses-library/ |title = Muses' Library |publisher=[[Ohio Wesleyan University]] |via = [[WordPress]] |series = A Series of Series |access-date = 10 August 2019 |last = Krygier |first = John |date = 28 March 2016 }}</ref>
+*: established in 1891 by [[Lawrence & Bullen]] as a series of fine editions of poetry until L&B folded in 1900, Routledge revived the series in 1904 with reprints and new titles. Over the years parallel editions were published in the US by [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], [[E.P. Dutton]] and [[Harvard University Press]]<ref>{{cite web |url = https://seriesofseries.owu.edu/the-muses-library/ |title = Muses' Library |publisher = [[Ohio Wesleyan University]] |via = [[WordPress]] |series = A Series of Series |access-date = 10 August 2019 |last = Krygier |first = John |date = 28 March 2016 |archive-date = 13 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190413055719/https://seriesofseries.owu.edu/the-muses-library/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
-* ''[[The Republic of Letters]]''<ref>{{cite web |url = https://seriesofseries.owu.edu/republic-of-letters/ |title = Republic of Letters |publisher = Ohio Wesleyan University |series = A Series of Series |access-date = 10 August 2019 |last = Krygier |first = John |date = December 2017 }}</ref>
+* ''[[The Republic of Letters]]''<ref>{{cite web |url = https://seriesofseries.owu.edu/republic-of-letters/ |title = Republic of Letters |publisher = Ohio Wesleyan University |series = A Series of Series |access-date = 10 August 2019 |last = Krygier |first = John |date = December 2017 |archive-date = 13 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190413060826/https://seriesofseries.owu.edu/republic-of-letters/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
 * ''Routledge's Railway Library'' (1848–99)
-*: were sold through [[W. H. Smith's bookstalls]] on railway platforms; in 50 years 1,277 books were published, most as pictorial hardbacks, with some bestsellers re-released as cheaper paperbacks. Authors included [[Edward Bulwer Lytton]], [[James Fenimore Cooper]], [[Jane Austen]], [[Benjamin Disraeli]], [[Henry Fielding]], [[Frances Trollope]], [[William Harrison Ainsworth]], [[Alexandre Dumas]], and [[Victor Hugo]]<ref name="Railway Library history">{{cite web |url = http://www.publishinghistory.com/routledges-railway-library.html |title = Routledge's Railway Library (George Routledge) | publisher=Publishing History |work = Book Series List | access-date=10 August 2019 | last = Wagner |first = David Paul }}</ref>
+*: were sold through [[W. H. Smith's bookstalls]] on railway platforms; in 50 years 1,277 books were published, most as pictorial hardbacks, with some bestsellers re-released as cheaper paperbacks. Authors included [[Edward Bulwer Lytton]], [[James Fenimore Cooper]], [[Jane Austen]], [[Benjamin Disraeli]], [[Henry Fielding]], [[Frances Trollope]], [[William Harrison Ainsworth]], [[Alexandre Dumas]], and [[Victor Hugo]]<ref name="Railway Library history">{{cite web |url = http://www.publishinghistory.com/routledges-railway-library.html |title = Routledge's Railway Library (George Routledge) |publisher = Publishing History |work = Book Series List |access-date = 10 August 2019 |last = Wagner |first = David Paul |archive-date = 19 March 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220319203915/https://www.publishinghistory.com/routledges-railway-library.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
 == References ==
@@ Line 110: / Line 133: @@
 === Sources ===
 {{refbegin}}
-* {{cite magazine |last = Boynton |first = Robert |date = March–April 1995 |title = The Routledge Revolution: Has Academic Publishing Gone Tabloid? |url = http://www.robertboynton.com/articleDisplay.php?article_id=24 |format=online reproduction, by author [n.pag.] |magazine = [[Lingua Franca (magazine)|Lingua Franca: the review of academic life]] |location = [[Mamaroneck, New York|Mamaroneck, NY]] |publisher=Lingua Franca, Inc. |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=24–32 |oclc=61311445 |access-date=21 August 2009 }}
+* {{cite magazine |last = Boynton |first = Robert |date = March–April 1995 |title = The Routledge Revolution: Has Academic Publishing Gone Tabloid? |url = http://www.robertboynton.com/articleDisplay.php?article_id=24 |format = online reproduction, by author [n.pag.] |magazine = [[Lingua Franca (magazine)|Lingua Franca: the review of academic life]] |location = [[Mamaroneck, New York|Mamaroneck, NY]] |publisher = Lingua Franca, Inc. |volume = 5 |issue = 3 |pages = 24–32 |oclc = 61311445 |access-date = 21 August 2009 |archive-date = 1 June 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160601080604/http://www.robertboynton.com/articleDisplay.php?article_id=24 |url-status = dead }}
 * {{cite book |author1 = Clark, Giles N. |author2 = Angus Phillips |year=2008 |title = Inside Book Publishing |edition=4th |series=Taylor & Francis-Library collection |location = [[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]], England; New York, NY |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-34154-4 |oclc=182573667 }}
-* {{cite news |last = Cope |first = Nigel |date=5 November 1998 |title=Books merger yields windfall of £6m |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/books-merger-yields-windfall-of-pounds-6m-1182898.html |format=online edition |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=London |publisher=[[Independent News & Media]] |access-date=21 August 2009}}
+* {{cite news |last=Cope |first=Nigel |date=5 November 1998 |title=Books merger yields windfall of £6m |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/books-merger-yields-windfall-of-pounds-6m-1182898.html |format=online edition |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=London |publisher=[[Independent News & Media]] |access-date=21 August 2009 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415152255/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/books-merger-yields-windfall-of-pounds-6m-1182898.html |url-status=live }}
 * {{cite book |last = Franklin |first = Norman  |year=1986 |title=Routledge & Kegan Paul: 150 years of Great Publishing |location=London |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul }}
 * {{cite book |last = Sutherland |first = John |author-link = John Sutherland (author) |year=2009 |title=The Longman Companion to Victorian Fiction |edition=2nd |location=Abingdon, England; New York, NY |publisher=Routledge |isbn = 978-1408203903 }}

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