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Martin's extensive musical training (which he received at the [[Guildhall School of Music]]) and sophisticated guidance in the studio are often credited as fundamental contributions to the work of the Beatles. Writer [[Ian MacDonald]] noted that Martin was one of the few record producers in the UK at the time who possessed the sensitivity the Beatles needed to develop their songwriting and recording talent. Martin's piano playing also appears on several of their tracks, including "[[Misery (The Beatles song)|Misery]]" and "[[In My Life]]". Martin himself deflected claims of being the "fifth Beatle"<ref>{{cite news |title=George Martin: 'The Fifth Beatle' Returns |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6665771 |quote= Sir George Martin is often regarded as 'The Fifth Beatle.' ... |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=19 February 2007 |access-date=23 September 2012 }}</ref> to Beatles' manager [[Brian Epstein]].
Martin's extensive musical training (which he received at the [[Guildhall School of Music]]) and sophisticated guidance in the studio are often credited as fundamental contributions to the work of the Beatles. Writer [[Ian MacDonald]] noted that Martin was one of the few record producers in the UK at the time who possessed the sensitivity the Beatles needed to develop their songwriting and recording talent. Martin's piano playing also appears on several of their tracks, including "[[Misery (The Beatles song)|Misery]]" and "[[In My Life]]". Martin himself deflected claims of being the "fifth Beatle"<ref>{{cite news |title=George Martin: 'The Fifth Beatle' Returns |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6665771 |quote= Sir George Martin is often regarded as 'The Fifth Beatle.' ... |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=19 February 2007 |access-date=23 September 2012 }}</ref> to Beatles' manager [[Brian Epstein]].


Lennon disparaged Martin's importance to the Beatles' music. In his 1970 interview with [[Jann Wenner]], Lennon said, "[Dick James is] another one of those people, who think they made us. They didn't. I’d like to hear Dick James' music and I'd like to hear George Martin's music, please, just play me some."<ref name="Imaginepeace.com">{{cite web|url=http://imaginepeace.com/archives/4385 |title=The Rolling Stone Interview: John Lennon (text and podcast) |publisher=Imaginepeace.com |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> In a 1971 letter to Paul McCartney, Lennon wrote, "When people ask me questions about 'What did George Martin really do for you?,' I have only one answer, 'What does he do now?' I noticed you had no answer for that! It's not a putdown, it's the truth."<ref name="yahoo1">{{cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/stop-the-presses/john-lennon-letters-reveal-bitterness-toward-george-martin-192300104.html |title='John Lennon Letters' Reveal Bitterness Toward George Martin As Well as McCartney |publisher=Yahoo! Music |date=8 October 2012 |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> Lennon wrote that Martin took too much credit for the Beatles' music. Commenting specifically on "[[Revolution 9]]", Lennon said, "For Martin to state that he was 'painting a sound picture' is pure hallucination. Ask any of the other people involved. The final editing [[Yoko Ono|Yoko]] and I did alone."<ref name="yahoo1"/> In a tribute to Martin after his death, McCartney said "If anyone earned the title of the fifth Beatle, it was George. From the day that he gave The Beatles our first recording contract, to the last time I saw him, he was the most generous, intelligent and musical person I've ever had the pleasure to know."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/entertainment-arts-35635609 |title=Entertainment Live: Sir George Martin tributes |date=9 March 2016|work=BBC News |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> [[Julian Lennon]] called him "The Fifth Beatle, without question".<ref>{{cite web |first=Julian |last=Lennon |url=https://web.facebook.com/julianlennonofficial/posts/10153793802326117 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/62506571116/10153793802326117 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |url-access=limited|title=So Sad to hear the News of George's Passing... |via=Facebook |date=9 March 2016 |access-date=22 December 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Lennon disparaged Martin's importance to the Beatles' music. In his 1970 interview with [[Jann Wenner]], Lennon said, "[Dick James is] another one of those people, who think they made us. They didn't. I'd like to hear Dick James' music and I'd like to hear George Martin's music, please, just play me some."<ref name="Imaginepeace.com">{{cite web|url=http://imaginepeace.com/archives/4385 |title=The Rolling Stone Interview: John Lennon (text and podcast) |publisher=Imaginepeace.com |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> In a 1971 letter to Paul McCartney, Lennon wrote, "When people ask me questions about 'What did George Martin really do for you?,' I have only one answer, 'What does he do now?' I noticed you had no answer for that! It's not a putdown, it's the truth."<ref name="yahoo1">{{cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/stop-the-presses/john-lennon-letters-reveal-bitterness-toward-george-martin-192300104.html |title='John Lennon Letters' Reveal Bitterness Toward George Martin As Well as McCartney |publisher=Yahoo! Music |date=8 October 2012 |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> Lennon wrote that Martin took too much credit for the Beatles' music. Commenting specifically on "[[Revolution 9]]", Lennon said, "For Martin to state that he was 'painting a sound picture' is pure hallucination. Ask any of the other people involved. The final editing [[Yoko Ono|Yoko]] and I did alone."<ref name="yahoo1"/> In a tribute to Martin after his death, McCartney said "If anyone earned the title of the fifth Beatle, it was George. From the day that he gave The Beatles our first recording contract, to the last time I saw him, he was the most generous, intelligent and musical person I've ever had the pleasure to know."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/entertainment-arts-35635609 |title=Entertainment Live: Sir George Martin tributes |date=9 March 2016|work=BBC News |access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> [[Julian Lennon]] called him "The Fifth Beatle, without question".<ref>{{cite web |first=Julian |last=Lennon |url=https://web.facebook.com/julianlennonofficial/posts/10153793802326117 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/62506571116/10153793802326117 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |url-access=limited|title=So Sad to hear the News of George's Passing... |via=Facebook |date=9 March 2016 |access-date=22 December 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>


===Neil Aspinall===
===Neil Aspinall===

Revision as of 21:04, 7 May 2023

"The Fifth Beatle" redirects here. For the graphic novel, see The Fifth Beatle (graphic novel).

The Beatles in 1963 (from left: Ringo Starr, George Harrison, John Lennon and Paul McCartney)

The fifth Beatle is an informal title that has been applied to people who were at one point a member of the Beatles or who had a strong association with John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. The "fifth Beatle" claims first appeared in the press immediately upon the band's rise to global fame in 1963–64. The members have offered their own views as to who should be described with the title:

The term originated in 1964 with the American disc jockey Murray the K, who pronounced himself the "fifth Beatle" due to the amount of promotion and coverage he afforded the band on his radio program. Others referred to as the "fifth Beatle" include their original drummer, Pete Best, bassist Stuart Sutcliffe, and keyboardist Billy Preston.[4]

Early group members

Stuart Sutcliffe

Main article: Stuart Sutcliffe

Stuart Sutcliffe[5] was the original bassist of the five-member Beatles. He played with the band primarily during their days as a club act in Hamburg, West Germany. When the band returned to Liverpool in 1961, Sutcliffe remained behind in Hamburg. He died of a brain haemorrhage shortly thereafter. Instead of replacing him with a new member, Paul McCartney changed from rhythm guitar (with Lennon) to bass and the band continued as a four-piece.

Sutcliffe was an accomplished painter, but when compared to those of the other Beatles, his musical skills were described as "inadequate",[6] and his involvement in the band was mainly a consequence of his friendship with Lennon. Sutcliffe's input was an important early influence on the development of the band's image; Sutcliffe was the first to wear what later became famous as the Beatles' moptop hairstyle, asking his girlfriend Astrid Kirchherr to cut his hair in emulation of the hairdo worn by friend Klaus Voormann, and he arguably came up with the band's name.[citation needed]

Pete Best

Main article: Pete Best

Pete Best[7] was the first drummer of the Beatles. He played with the band during their time as a club act, in both Liverpool and Hamburg, West Germany. The band during this time period consisted of Best; bassist Stuart Sutcliffe; and guitarists McCartney, Harrison, and Lennon. Best continued to perform with the band until mid-August 1962, when he was fired and replaced by Ringo Starr. The first official Beatles release to include performances by Best was Anthology 1 in 1995, whereupon he commented, "Lots of people have laid claim to being the fifth Beatle. I was the fourth, and now I'm getting the credit for it."[8]

Temporary members

Chas Newby

Main article: Chas Newby

When the Beatles returned from West Germany for the first time in 1960, they were short a bass guitarist. Pete Best suggested Chas Newby. Newby had been with the Black Jacks (Pete Best's group), and was now attending university, but was on holiday and so agreed to play with the Beatles. He appeared with them for four engagements in December 1960 (17 December, Casbah Club, Liverpool; 24 December, Grosvenor Ballroom, Liscard; 27 December, Litherland Town Hall; 31 December, Casbah Club). Lennon asked him to go to West Germany for the Beatles' second trip,[9] but he chose to return to university and after Lennon and Harrison both declined to switch to bass guitar, McCartney, who previously played guitar and piano, reluctantly became the band's bassist.

Jimmie Nicol

Main article: Jimmie Nicol

Jimmie Nicol played drums for the first eight shows of The Beatles' 1964 world tour. Starr became ill and the opening part of the tour was almost cancelled. Instead of cancelling, the Beatles' manager Brian Epstein hired Nicol to stand in until Starr recovered. Nicol played with the band in early June, in Denmark, the Netherlands, Hong Kong and Australia. Nicol made the most of his time, signing autographs and giving interviews. Starr rejoined the band on 14 June, in Melbourne.

Business, management, and production

Brian Epstein

Brian Epstein

Main article: Brian Epstein

Brian Epstein, the band's manager from 1961 until his death in 1967, was instrumental in the Beatles' rise to global fame. Epstein "discovered" the band in Liverpool, saw their potential, and never wavered in his faith and commitment to them. He purposefully restricted his oversight of the band, limiting himself to business matters and public image, and gave the band free creative rein in their music. Epstein also doggedly sought a recording contract for the band in London at a crucial moment in their career, fighting their perception as provincial "northern" musicians.

Epstein's death in essence marked the beginning of the Beatles' dissolution, as Lennon admitted later. Because he was not creatively involved with the band, Epstein was only infrequently called the "fifth Beatle", but over the years he and producer George Martin have been recognised as the two inner-circle members who most profoundly affected the band's career. In an interview in the 1990s describing Epstein's involvement in the band's rise to fame, Martin declared, "He's the fifth Beatle, if there ever was one."[10]

When the Beatles were awarded their MBEs in 1965, Harrison said that a fifth medal should be given to Epstein since "MBE really stands for 'Mr Brian Epstein'".[11] McCartney summarised the importance of Epstein to the Beatles when he was interviewed in 1997 for a BBC documentary about Epstein. He stated: "If anyone was the fifth Beatle, it was Brian."[1][12]

In 2013 Epstein was the subject of a graphic novel entitled The Fifth Beatle by Vivek Tiwary. The book was released in November and spent several weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list, reaching no. 1 in its third week of release.[13]

George Martin (second-right) working with the Beatles

George Martin

Main article: George Martin

George Martin produced nearly all of the Beatles' recordings (except for the Let It Be album, produced by Phil Spector, and the songs "Real Love" and "Free as a Bird", produced by Jeff Lynne) and wrote the instrumental score for the Yellow Submarine film and soundtrack album, and the string and horn (and even some vocal) arrangements for almost all of their songs (with the famous exception of Spector's re-production on Let It Be, and "She's Leaving Home", which was arranged by Mike Leander). His arrangement of the string octet backing for "Eleanor Rigby" was widely noted.

Martin's extensive musical training (which he received at the Guildhall School of Music) and sophisticated guidance in the studio are often credited as fundamental contributions to the work of the Beatles. Writer Ian MacDonald noted that Martin was one of the few record producers in the UK at the time who possessed the sensitivity the Beatles needed to develop their songwriting and recording talent. Martin's piano playing also appears on several of their tracks, including "Misery" and "In My Life". Martin himself deflected claims of being the "fifth Beatle"[14] to Beatles' manager Brian Epstein.

Lennon disparaged Martin's importance to the Beatles' music. In his 1970 interview with Jann Wenner, Lennon said, "[Dick James is] another one of those people, who think they made us. They didn't. I'd like to hear Dick James' music and I'd like to hear George Martin's music, please, just play me some."[15] In a 1971 letter to Paul McCartney, Lennon wrote, "When people ask me questions about 'What did George Martin really do for you?,' I have only one answer, 'What does he do now?' I noticed you had no answer for that! It's not a putdown, it's the truth."[16] Lennon wrote that Martin took too much credit for the Beatles' music. Commenting specifically on "Revolution 9", Lennon said, "For Martin to state that he was 'painting a sound picture' is pure hallucination. Ask any of the other people involved. The final editing Yoko and I did alone."[16] In a tribute to Martin after his death, McCartney said "If anyone earned the title of the fifth Beatle, it was George. From the day that he gave The Beatles our first recording contract, to the last time I saw him, he was the most generous, intelligent and musical person I've ever had the pleasure to know."[17] Julian Lennon called him "The Fifth Beatle, without question".[18]

Neil Aspinall

Main article: Neil Aspinall

A schoolmate of McCartney and Harrison and a close personal friend of Pete Best (he actually lived in Best's house and fathered his youngest brother, Roag), Aspinall joined the Beatles as their road manager, which included driving his old Commer van to and from shows, both day and night. After Mal Evans started work for the Beatles, Aspinall was promoted to become their personal assistant, and eventually ascended to the position of CEO for Apple Corps (a position he held until 10 April 2007).

Aspinall was involved in court cases on behalf of Apple over the years (including cases against the Beatles' then manager Allen Klein, their label EMI, and the case against Apple Computer). He supervised the marketing of music, videos, and merchandising for the group. Aspinall also temporarily served as the group's manager following Epstein's death.

Although not a musician, Aspinall also made minor contributions to a handful of Beatles' recordings. He played a tambura on "Within You Without You", harmonica on "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!", some percussion on "Magical Mystery Tour", and was among the many participants singing on the chorus of "Yellow Submarine". In January 1988, while accepting the Beatles' induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Harrison named Aspinall as one of only two people worthy of the title "the Fifth Beatle", the other being Derek Taylor.[19]

Derek Taylor

Main article: Derek Taylor

Daily Express journalist Derek Taylor[20] first met the band after reviewing their stage performance. Instead of the anticipated negative review of a rock-n-roll group, Taylor gave their act the highest praises. Invited to become acquainted with the Beatles' camp, he soon became a confidant, and gained his share of exclusives on them.

Eventually, he was hired away from his newspaper job by Epstein, who put him in charge of Beatles press releases, and playing media liaison to himself and the band. He also became Epstein's personal assistant.

By 1968, he became press officer for Apple Corps. As a VIP at Apple, Taylor had a major role in the company's ups and downs, making or enforcing many crucial business and personal decisions, for the Beatles and Apple's staff, and witnessing many key moments in the latter days of both. In January 1988, while accepting the Beatles' induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Harrison named Taylor as one of only two people worthy of the title "the Fifth Beatle", the other being Neil Aspinall.[19]

Musical contributors

During the Beatles' existence (specifically, 1960–70 and the Anthology project), several musicians recorded with the Beatles in a more limited capacity, either on a Beatles' album, or on another artist's album with two or more Beatles members appearing. Hence, such artists could be dubbed "the Fifth Beatle" for a single track or two. Artists include:

Tony Sheridan

Main article: Tony Sheridan

Tony Sheridan[21] employed various backup bands while performing in Hamburg between 1960 and 1963. In 1961 the Beatles (comprising Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, and Best), who had met Sheridan during their first visit to Hamburg in 1960, worked with him on their second. When German Polydor agent Bert Kaempfert saw the pairing on stage, he suggested that they make some recordings together. (At that period, Sheridan was the bigger name, with the Beatles as his backing band.) In 1962, after a series of singles (the first of which, "My Bonnie"/"The Saints" made it to no. 5 in the Hit Parade), Polydor released the album My Bonnie across Germany. The word "Beatles" was judged to sound too similar to the German "Pidels" (pronounced peedles), the plural of a slang term for penis, so the album was credited to "Tony Sheridan and The Beat Brothers". After The Beatles had gained fame, the album was re-released in the UK, with the credit altered to "Tony Sheridan and The Beatles".

Andy White

Main article: Andy White (drummer)

Andy White played drums on the US pressing of "Love Me Do", which was the Beatles' first single in the United States. Ron Richards, assistant producer to George Martin, was in charge of recording on 11 September 1962. In June, the band had recorded "Love Me Do" with Best, then a second time in early September with new member Starr, who had only been in the group for three weeks, before deciding to record it a third time. Richards brought experienced session drummer White in for drums on this recording, with Starr playing tambourine. White and Starr also both played percussion on "P.S. I Love You" during this session, with White on drums and Starr on maracas.[22]

Billy Preston

Main article: Billy Preston

Apart from Sheridan, the American pianist Billy Preston[23] was the only artist to receive joint credit on a Beatles single, for his playing on "Get Back". On the Let it Be album where Preston's performances are used the song credits list "with Billy Preston". Preston also played organ on "Let It Be", "Something" and "I Want You (She's So Heavy)", and Fender Rhodes electric piano on "Don't Let Me Down", "One After 909", "Dig A Pony", "I've Got a Feeling", and "Get Back". Preston first met the Beatles in 1962, but his "Fifth Beatle" claim originated in January 1969 when Harrison invited him to join them for recording sessions in order to defuse tensions in the band.[24] Lennon suggested that Preston join the Beatles, even using the term "Fifth Beatle",[25] but the idea was dismissed by McCartney. To distinguish Preston from the controversy over who is the Fifth Beatle, he is sometimes given the unique title of the "Black Beatle".[26]

Eric Clapton

Main article: Eric Clapton

Originally "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" only had one guitar solo, performed by George Harrison. Harrison thought that it sounded weak, and called in Eric Clapton to perform the lead guitar on the song.[27] It was decided to cut one verse entirely and add another guitar solo towards the end of the song featuring Clapton. When Harrison briefly left the band in January 1969, Lennon suggested inviting Clapton to replace him. After the Beatles broke up, Clapton became one of the few musicians to appear on solo recordings by each of the four.

Others

Klaus Voormann, 1967
  • Klaus Voormann played bass with the Beatles in the Hamburg clubs after Stu Sutcliffe left to return to art school in Hamburg. Voormann also designed the album cover for Revolver. When McCartney left during the break-up, Voormann was mooted as a replacement. After the break-up and until 1976, Voormann played on almost every solo album recorded by Lennon, Harrison and Starr.[28]
  • Like Voormann and Preston, American drummer Jim Keltner was considered to be a potential "Fifth Beatle" during the 1970s.[29] After playing drums on Lennon's Imagine album in 1971, Keltner performed (beside Starr) at Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh and went on to play on many albums by the former members for the next two decades,[29] forming a lifelong friendship with Harrison. He was one of the "Sideburys" supporting Harrison's supergroup the Traveling Wilburys, toured as a member of Starr's first All-Starr Band in 1989,[29] and participated in recording for Harrison's final album, Brainwashed.
  • Murray the K, a New York disc-jockey who was the first person to be called by that term. He was supposed to be jokingly dubbed the "fifth Beatle" by George Harrison.[30]
  • George Best, star footballer of the 1960s, shared last name with Pete Best and celebrity lifestyle. Best was dubbed "The Fifth Beatle" and "O Quinto Beatle" by the Portuguese press after scoring twice for Manchester United in a 5–1 victory at Estádio da Luz against Benfica in the 1965–66 European Cup quarter-finals, mainly due to his Beatles-style "mop" haircut.[31][32] Best was catapulted to superstar status and arriving back in England the press dubbed him "El Beatle".[33]
  • Jimmy Tarbuck, the Liverpudlian comedian – who was a schoolmate of John Lennon's – was referred to jokingly as the Fifth Beatle, as he became famous at around the same time, emulated their hairstyle and clothes, and had the same type of accent.[34]
  • In one skit during the 11 February 1984 episode of Saturday Night Live, Eddie Murphy played Clarence Walker, a disgruntled saxophonist who claimed to have been the fifth Beatle before being kicked out of the band by the other members in 1963.[35]

References

  1. ^ a b brianepstein.com: McCartney's comments about the fifth Beatle. Retrieved 12 March 2007
  2. ^ "Paul McCartney". web.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  3. ^ Du Noyer, Paul (2012). Liverpool – Wondrous Place: From the Cavern to the Capital of Culture. Virgin Digital. p. 43. ISBN 978-0753512692.
  4. ^ Bates, Claire (9 March 2019). "Who most earned the title 'fifth Beatle'?". Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  5. ^ "Honouring work of 'Fifth Beatle' Stuart Sutcliffe". St Helens Star. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012. The man they call the Fifth Beatle, who 'fell in love with art' at Prescot Grammar School, is to have work displayed in a charity exhibition. ...
  6. ^ An Evening With Pete Best, Part I: The Interview. Retrieved 20 January 2007
  7. ^ "'Fifth Beatle' Pete Best's 'True' Story". NPR. 2 September 2003. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  8. ^ Humphries, Patrick; Dogget, Peter (2010). The Beatles: The Music And The Myth. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-85712-361-9. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  9. ^ "The Story of Chas Newby, Who Played With the Beatles in Liverpool". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  10. ^ Rowan, Terry (31 March 2015). Penny Laine's Anthology. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-105-58230-1.
  11. ^ Miles, Barry (2001). The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years. London: Omnibus Press. p. 197. ISBN 0-7119-8308-9.
  12. ^ "Brian Epstein Play to Open in Liverpool". The Daily Telegraph. London. 27 August 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012. Sir Paul McCartney said of him: 'If anyone was the Fifth Beatle, it was Brian.'
  13. ^ "HARDCOVER GRAPHIC BOOKS". The New York Times. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  14. ^ "George Martin: 'The Fifth Beatle' Returns". NPR. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2012. Sir George Martin is often regarded as 'The Fifth Beatle.' ...
  15. ^ "The Rolling Stone Interview: John Lennon (text and podcast)". Imaginepeace.com. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  16. ^ a b Willman, Chris (8 October 2012). "'John Lennon Letters' Reveal Bitterness Toward George Martin As Well as McCartney". Yahoo! Music. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  17. ^ "Entertainment Live: Sir George Martin tributes". BBC News. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  18. ^ Lennon, Julian (9 March 2016). "So Sad to hear the News of George's Passing..." Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2020 – via Facebook.
  19. ^ a b O'Dell, Chris; with Ketcham, Katherine (2009). Miss O'Dell: My Hard Days and Long Nights with The Beatles, The Stones, Bob Dylan, Eric Clapton, and the Women They Loved. New York, NY: Touchstone. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4165-9093-4.
  20. ^ Goldsher, Alan (2010). Paul Is Undead. Gallery Books. p. 104. ISBN 978-1439177921.
  21. ^ Boone, Brian (2011). I Love Rock 'n' Roll (Except When I Hate It): Extremely Important Stuff About the Songs and Bands You Love, Hate, Love to Hate, and Hate to Love. Perigee Trade. ISBN 978-0399536793.
  22. ^ Jordan, Chris (23 May 2008). "'Fifth Beatle' Andy White is still keeping time". myCentralJersey.com. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  23. ^ "Songwriter, 'Fifth Beatle' Billy Preston Dies". NPR. 6 June 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2012. Called "the Fifth Beatle" Preston also worked with other musicians, including the Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, and Sly and the Family Stone
  24. ^ Simpson, Dave (22 October 2014). "The little-known musicians behind some of music's most famous moments". theguardian.com. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  25. ^ The Beatles – A/B Road: The Complete Get back Sessions, 24 January
  26. ^ Martin, Philip (2001). Artificial Southerner: Equivocations and Love Songs. University of Arkansas Press. p. 76. ISBN 1557287163.
  27. ^ Adamson, Nancy (11 August 2002). "Book Review: New rock 'n' roll trivia book hits a nice note". Midland Reporter-Telegram.
  28. ^ Ingham, Chris (2009). The Rough Guide to the Beatles. Rough Guides. p. 310. ISBN 978-1848365254.
  29. ^ a b c Eder, Bruce. "Jim Keltner". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  30. ^ "1922–1982: Murray Kaufman". rollingstone.com. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  31. ^ "Manchester United Official Web Site". Manchester United F.C. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  32. ^ "The birth of El Beatle – Premier League – Football". The Independent. UK. 7 December 2005. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  33. ^ "The birth of El Beatle". The Independent. Retrieved 5 September 2014
  34. ^ Quemby, Dee (2007). I'm Ready For My Close Up – Anybody!. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1425977825.
  35. ^ Lifton, Dave (16 December 2019). "How Eddie Murphy Became the Fifth Beatle". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
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