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The '''Jewish Communist Labour Bund''' ({{lang-yi|ײדישער קאמוניסטישנ ארבעטער בונד}}, 'Idishe Kommunistishe Arbeiter-Bund'), or the '''''Kombund''''' (קאמבונד), was a [[Jew]]ish [[Communist]] [[political party]] in [[Ukraine]], formed after a split in the [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|General Jewish Labour Bund]] (''Bund''). [[Moisei Rafes]] and {{ill|Aleksandr Chemerisky|fr|Aleksander Chemeriskii}} were the main leaders of the party.<ref name="levin"/><ref name="Goldman1960">{{cite book|author-first=Guido G. |author-last=Goldman |title=Zionism Under Soviet Rule, 1917-1928 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKI9AAAAMAAJ |year=1960 |publisher=Herzl Press |page=45}}</ref><ref name="Schwarz1951">{{cite book|author-first=Solomon M. |author-last=Schwarz |title=The Jews in the Soviet Union |url=https://archive.org/details/jewsinsovietunio0000schw |url-access=registration |year=1951 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/jewsinsovietunio0000schw/page/n119 98]}}</ref>
The '''Jewish Communist Labour Bund''' ({{lang-yi|ײדישער קאמוניסטישנ ארבעטער בונד}}, 'Idishe Kommunistishe Arbeiter-Bund'), or the '''''Kombund''''' (קאמבונד), was a [[Jew]]ish [[Communist]] [[political party]] in [[Ukraine]], formed after a split in the [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|General Jewish Labour Bund]] (''Bund''). [[Moisei Rafes]] and {{ill|Aleksandr Chemerisky|fr|Aleksander Chemeriskii}} were the main leaders of the party.<ref name="levin"/><ref name="Goldman1960">{{cite book|author-first=Guido G. |author-last=Goldman |title=Zionism Under Soviet Rule, 1917-1928 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKI9AAAAMAAJ |year=1960 |publisher=Herzl Press |page=45}}</ref><ref name="Schwarz1951">{{cite book|author-first=Solomon M. |author-last=Schwarz |title=The Jews in the Soviet Union |url=https://archive.org/details/jewsinsovietunio0000schw |url-access=registration |year=1951 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/jewsinsovietunio0000schw/page/n119 98]}}</ref>


Divisions had simmered within the Bund in Ukraine during the fall of 1918.<ref name="Abramson1999">{{cite book|author-first=Henry |author-last=Abramson |title=A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times, 1917-1920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sZtAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-916458-88-1 |page=149}}</ref> At a meeting of the Bund branch in [[Kiev]] on 18 February 1919, held on the eve of the Third All-Ukrainian Conference of the Bund, the majority voted for a motion tabled by Rafes whereby the Kiev branch declared itself the Kiev branch of the Jewish Communist Labour Bund.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/><ref name="McGeever2019">{{cite book|author-first=Brendan |author-last=McGeever |title=The Bolshevik Response to Antisemitism in the Russian Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lm-rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19599-8 |page=142, 145}}</ref> Rafes' motion obtained 135 votes, against 79 votes for a motion reaffirming the affiliation with international [[social democracy]] and the all-Russian Bund party and 27 abstension. At the end of the vote, the Kiev Bund branch had split into two separate party organizations.<ref name="Gitelman2015b">{{cite book|author-first=Zvi |author-last=Gitelman |title=Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufZ9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-6913-8 |page=174—176}}</ref> The Kiev Bundist newspaper ''[[Folkstsaytung (Kyiv)|Folkstsaytung]]'' became the organ of the ''Kombund'' on 22 February 1919.<ref name="Bar1980">{{cite book|author-first=Arie |author-last=Bar |title=The Jewish Press that was: Accounts, Evaluations, and Memories of Jewish Papers in Pre-Holocaust Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhxlAAAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=World Federation of Jewish Journalists |page=288}}</ref> Around the same time a similar split occurred in the [[Ekaterinoslav]] branch of the Bund (with 130 votes to become part a Kombund, against 108 votes against) in March 1919.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/><ref name="Smith1999">{{cite book|author-first=J. |author-last=Smith |title=The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917–23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSZ9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |date=13 January 1999 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-37737-0 |page=113}}</ref> The [[Poltava]] branch of the Bund voted, almost unanimously, to become part of a Kombund.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/> In [[Kharkov]] two separate meetings were held, at the latter a majority voted to become a Kombund.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/>
Divisions had simmered within the Bund in Ukraine during the fall of 1918.<ref name="Abramson1999">{{cite book|author-first=Henry |author-last=Abramson |title=A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times, 1917-1920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sZtAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-916458-88-1 |page=149}}</ref> At a meeting of the Bund branch in [[Kiev]] on 18 February 1919, held on the eve of the Third All-Ukrainian Conference of the Bund, the majority voted for a motion tabled by Rafes whereby the Kiev branch declared itself the Kiev branch of the Jewish Communist Labour Bund.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/><ref name="McGeever2019">{{cite book|author-first=Brendan |author-last=McGeever |title=The Bolshevik Response to Antisemitism in the Russian Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lm-rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |date=26 September 2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19599-8 |page=142, 145}}</ref> Rafes' motion obtained 135 votes, against 79 votes for a motion reaffirming the affiliation with international [[social democracy]] and the all-Russian Bund party and 27 abstention. At the end of the vote, the Kiev Bund branch had split into two separate party organizations.<ref name="Gitelman2015b">{{cite book|author-first=Zvi |author-last=Gitelman |title=Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufZ9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |date=8 March 2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-6913-8 |page=174—176}}</ref> The Kiev Bundist newspaper ''[[Folkstsaytung (Kyiv)|Folkstsaytung]]'' became the organ of the ''Kombund'' on 22 February 1919.<ref name="Bar1980">{{cite book|author-first=Arie |author-last=Bar |title=The Jewish Press that was: Accounts, Evaluations, and Memories of Jewish Papers in Pre-Holocaust Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhxlAAAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=World Federation of Jewish Journalists |page=288}}</ref> Around the same time a similar split occurred in the [[Ekaterinoslav]] branch of the Bund (with 130 votes to become part a Kombund, against 108 votes against) in March 1919.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/><ref name="Smith1999">{{cite book|author-first=J. |author-last=Smith |title=The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917–23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSZ9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 |date=13 January 1999 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-37737-0 |page=113}}</ref> The [[Poltava]] branch of the Bund voted, almost unanimously, to become part of a Kombund.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/> In [[Kharkov]] two separate meetings were held, at the latter a majority voted to become a Kombund.<ref name="Gitelman2015b"/>


The ''Kombund'' supported Jewish national autonomy.<ref name="levin">{{cite book|author-last=Levin |author-first=Nora |title=The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Nz0N5GBW6MC |access-date=10 November 2009 |isbn=978-0-8147-5051-3}}</ref><ref name="hist">{{cite book|author-last=Ben-Sasson |author-first=Haim Hillel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC |title=A History of the Jewish People |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=1976 |pages=966|isbn=9780674397316 }}</ref><ref name="Pinkus1990">{{cite book|author-first=Benjamin |author-last=Pinkus |title=The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52Ew77pZsNUC&pg=PA129 |date=26 January 1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-38926-6 |page=128}}</ref> The ''Kombund'' was internally divided on tactics visa-vi the Communist Party.<ref name="McGeever2019"/> The ''Kombund'' wasn't completely committed to the [[Bolshevik]] line as such, but supported the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] side in the [[Russian Civil War]].<ref name="McGeever2019"/><ref>{{cite book|author-last=Wood |author-first=Elizabeth A. |url=https://archive.org/details/performingjustic00wood |title=Performing Justice: Agitation Trials in Early Soviet Russia |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |publisher=Cornell University Press |date=2005 |pages=261|isbn=9780801442575 }}</ref><ref name="geg">{{cite book|author-last1=Ben-Śaśon |author-first1=Ḥayim Hilel |author-last2=Brenner |author-first2=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cSytf4nC_4C |title=Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes: von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart |language=de |trans-title=History of the Jewish people: from the beginnings to the present |location=München |publisher=Beck |date=2007 |pages=1186}}</ref>
The ''Kombund'' supported Jewish national autonomy.<ref name="levin">{{cite book|author-last=Levin |author-first=Nora |title=The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Nz0N5GBW6MC |access-date=10 November 2009 |isbn=978-0-8147-5051-3}}</ref><ref name="hist">{{cite book|author-last=Ben-Sasson |author-first=Haim Hillel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC |title=A History of the Jewish People |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=1976 |pages=966|isbn=9780674397316 }}</ref><ref name="Pinkus1990">{{cite book|author-first=Benjamin |author-last=Pinkus |title=The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52Ew77pZsNUC&pg=PA129 |date=26 January 1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-38926-6 |page=128}}</ref> The ''Kombund'' was internally divided on tactics visa-vi the Communist Party.<ref name="McGeever2019"/> The ''Kombund'' wasn't completely committed to the [[Bolshevik]] line as such, but supported the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] side in the [[Russian Civil War]].<ref name="McGeever2019"/><ref>{{cite book|author-last=Wood |author-first=Elizabeth A. |url=https://archive.org/details/performingjustic00wood |title=Performing Justice: Agitation Trials in Early Soviet Russia |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |publisher=Cornell University Press |date=2005 |pages=261|isbn=9780801442575 }}</ref><ref name="geg">{{cite book|author-last1=Ben-Śaśon |author-first1=Ḥayim Hilel |author-last2=Brenner |author-first2=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cSytf4nC_4C |title=Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes: von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart |language=de |trans-title=History of the Jewish people: from the beginnings to the present |location=München |publisher=Beck |date=2007 |pages=1186}}</ref>

Revision as of 04:53, 11 March 2023

Jewish Communist Labour Bund
Founded18 February 1919 (1919-02-18)
Dissolved23 May 1919 (1919-05-23)
Split fromJewish Labour Bund
Merged intoKomfarband
IdeologyCommunism

The Jewish Communist Labour Bund (Template:Lang-yi, 'Idishe Kommunistishe Arbeiter-Bund'), or the Kombund (קאמבונד), was a Jewish Communist political party in Ukraine, formed after a split in the General Jewish Labour Bund (Bund). Moisei Rafes and Aleksandr Chemerisky [fr] were the main leaders of the party.[1][2][3]

Divisions had simmered within the Bund in Ukraine during the fall of 1918.[4] At a meeting of the Bund branch in Kiev on 18 February 1919, held on the eve of the Third All-Ukrainian Conference of the Bund, the majority voted for a motion tabled by Rafes whereby the Kiev branch declared itself the Kiev branch of the Jewish Communist Labour Bund.[5][6] Rafes' motion obtained 135 votes, against 79 votes for a motion reaffirming the affiliation with international social democracy and the all-Russian Bund party and 27 abstention. At the end of the vote, the Kiev Bund branch had split into two separate party organizations.[5] The Kiev Bundist newspaper Folkstsaytung became the organ of the Kombund on 22 February 1919.[7] Around the same time a similar split occurred in the Ekaterinoslav branch of the Bund (with 130 votes to become part a Kombund, against 108 votes against) in March 1919.[5][8] The Poltava branch of the Bund voted, almost unanimously, to become part of a Kombund.[5] In Kharkov two separate meetings were held, at the latter a majority voted to become a Kombund.[5]

The Kombund supported Jewish national autonomy.[1][9][10] The Kombund was internally divided on tactics visa-vi the Communist Party.[6] The Kombund wasn't completely committed to the Bolshevik line as such, but supported the Soviet side in the Russian Civil War.[6][11][12]

At the Third Conference of the Communist Party (bolsheviks) of Ukraine, held in March 1919, voted to refuse the Kombund 'group entry' into the party (101 voted to refuse the Kombund to merge with the party, 96 votes in favour of a merger).[5] Whilst the CP(b)U recognized the need to collaborate with the Ukrainian Kombund, they refused to recognize the Kombund as a communist party. CP(b)U held that the Kombund was a middle class movement and its members were not given responsibilities in different Soviets.[13] At the local level, the relationship between the Communist Party and the Kombund was often hostile.[5]

In the wake of the Hryhoriev Uprising, the Kombund was given representation in the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee.[6] In the midst of the peak of pogroms in central and southern Ukraine, unity talks between the Kombund and the United Jewish Communist Party (the Komfareynikte) intensified.[6][2] The Yevsektsiya (the Jewish section of the Communist Party) oversaw meetings between the two parties.[6] In May 1919 the Kombund held its first party conference in Kiev.[14] At this conference, on 22 May 1919 the Kombund and the United Jewish Communist Party merged, forming the Jewish Communist Union in Ukraine (Komfarband).[6][1][14][9][12][15][16]

References

  1. ^ a b c Levin, Nora (1990). The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5051-3. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  2. ^ a b Goldman, Guido G. (1960). Zionism Under Soviet Rule, 1917-1928. Herzl Press. p. 45.
  3. ^ Schwarz, Solomon M. (1951). The Jews in the Soviet Union. Syracuse University Press. p. 98.
  4. ^ Abramson, Henry (1999). A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times, 1917-1920. Harvard University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-916458-88-1.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Gitelman, Zvi (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930. Princeton University Press. p. 174—176. ISBN 978-1-4008-6913-8.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g McGeever, Brendan (26 September 2019). The Bolshevik Response to Antisemitism in the Russian Revolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 142, 145. ISBN 978-1-107-19599-8.
  7. ^ Bar, Arie (1980). The Jewish Press that was: Accounts, Evaluations, and Memories of Jewish Papers in Pre-Holocaust Europe. World Federation of Jewish Journalists. p. 288.
  8. ^ Smith, J. (13 January 1999). The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917–23. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-230-37737-0.
  9. ^ a b Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 966. ISBN 9780674397316.
  10. ^ Pinkus, Benjamin (26 January 1990). The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-521-38926-6.
  11. ^ Wood, Elizabeth A. (2005). Performing Justice: Agitation Trials in Early Soviet Russia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 261. ISBN 9780801442575.
  12. ^ a b Ben-Śaśon, Ḥayim Hilel; Brenner, Michael (2007). Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes: von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart [History of the Jewish people: from the beginnings to the present] (in German). München: Beck. p. 1186.
  13. ^ Baruch Gurevitz (15 September 1980). National Communism in the Soviet Union, 1918-28. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8229-7736-0.
  14. ^ a b Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovič (1938). Le marxisme et la question nationale [Marxism and the national question] (in French). Bureau d'editions. p. 7.
  15. ^ Gilboa, Jehoshua A. A Language Silenced: The Suppression of Hebrew Literature and Culture in the Soviet Union. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1982. p. 282
  16. ^ Browder, Earl (1968). Communist International. Greenwood Reprint Corporation. p. 80.
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