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One of the palaces of [[Gour Govinda]], the last Hindu ruler of Sylhet, was situated in present-day Bishwanath. Its ruins are still intact and is locally referred to as 'Jahazer Manzil' and next to Govinda's personal pond, the 'Satpari Dighi'.<ref name=bpedia/> During the Muslim [[conquest of Sylhet]] in 1303, Govinda abandoned Sylhet and fled to the [[Kamrup region]]. [[Shah Jalal]], a leader of the conquest, was known to have dispatched his disciples across the region to propagate Islamic teachings. Among the disciples that arrived in present-day Bishwanath is Syed Batauk, the ancestor of Abdul Karim Kauria.<ref name=kaur>{{cite book|title=আল্লামা আব্দুল করিম কৌড়িয়া রহঃ এর সংগ্রামী জীবন|date=7 November 2018|language=bn|author=Ahmed, Masum}}</ref> Shah Chand was the son of Shaykh Kalu, another of Shah Jalal's disciples,<ref name=ish>{{cite book|last=Qurashi|first=Ishfaq|chapter=তিন’শ ষাট আউলিয়ার বিবরণ|trans-chapter=Description of the three hundred and sixty saints|script-title=bn:শাহজালাল(রঃ) এবং শাহদাউদ কুরায়শী(রঃ)|language=bn|trans-title=Shahjalal and Shah Dawud Qurayshi (R)}}</ref> and the village of Chandbharang was named after him. Shah Chand is the forefather of the [[Chowdhury|Chowdhuries]] of Chandbharang, including Suheluddin Chowdhury and [[Shafiqur Rahaman Chowdhury]].<ref name=ali>{{cite book |script-title=bn:হজরত শাহ জালাল ও সিলেটের ইতিহাস |trans-title=Hazrat Shah Jalal and the History of Sylhet |last=Ali |first=Syed Murtaza |author-link=Syed Murtaza Ali |year=1965 |location=Dhaka |publisher=University Press |language=bn|pages=34}}</ref>
One of the palaces of [[Gour Govinda]], the last Hindu ruler of Sylhet, was situated in present-day Bishwanath. Its ruins are still intact and is locally referred to as 'Jahazer Manzil' and next to Govinda's personal pond, the 'Satpari Dighi'.<ref name=bpedia/> During the Muslim [[conquest of Sylhet]] in 1303, Govinda abandoned Sylhet and fled to the [[Kamrup region]]. [[Shah Jalal]], a leader of the conquest, was known to have dispatched his disciples across the region to propagate Islamic teachings. Among the disciples that arrived in present-day Bishwanath is Syed Batauk, the ancestor of Abdul Karim Kauria.<ref name=kaur>{{cite book|title=আল্লামা আব্দুল করিম কৌড়িয়া রহঃ এর সংগ্রামী জীবন|date=7 November 2018|language=bn|author=Ahmed, Masum}}</ref> Shah Chand was the son of Shaykh Kalu, another of Shah Jalal's disciples,<ref name=ish>{{cite book|last=Qurashi|first=Ishfaq|chapter=তিন’শ ষাট আউলিয়ার বিবরণ|trans-chapter=Description of the three hundred and sixty saints|script-title=bn:শাহজালাল(রঃ) এবং শাহদাউদ কুরায়শী(রঃ)|language=bn|trans-title=Shahjalal and Shah Dawud Qurayshi (R)}}</ref> and the village of Chandbharang was named after him. Shah Chand is the forefather of the [[Chowdhury|Chowdhuries]] of Chandbharang, including Suheluddin Chowdhury and [[Shafiqur Rahaman Chowdhury]].<ref name=ali>{{cite book |script-title=bn:হজরত শাহ জালাল ও সিলেটের ইতিহাস |trans-title=Hazrat Shah Jalal and the History of Sylhet |last=Ali |first=Syed Murtaza |author-link=Syed Murtaza Ali |year=1965 |location=Dhaka |publisher=University Press |language=bn|pages=34}}</ref>


After the defeat of Raja Subid Narayan of [[Rajnagar Upazila|Ita]] by [[Khwaja Usman]] in the early 17th century, many Hindus migrated elsewhere including the area now comprising Bishwanath. Vijayaram Upadhayaya and his [[Bengali Kayastha|Kayastha]] student Bidhar Khan sailed with their family and friends through the Kapna river to this area (then a forest) for safety. The area was then home to a group of bandits led by Jula, but they were defeated by Bidhar Khan and his associates. The new settlers named the area 'Banabhag' (forest area), the area which he docked his boat came to be known as 'Bidhar [[Ghat]]' and the neighbourhood of the bandits came to be known as 'Jular Chiri'. When the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s came into power, they divided Banabhag into three [[pargana]]s: Khalisa-Banabhag, Bazu-Banabhag and Kazakhabad. Bidhar Khan became the [[Zamindar]] of Bazu-Banabhag. His descendant, Ramnath Dhar, was a contemporary of Gopinath Bachaspati. Dhar's son, Babu Ramjivan Rai, was given the title of [[Chowdhury]] and granted land in Baurbhag by [[Inayetullah Khan]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] administrator of [[Sylhet]], in 1692. He was known to have been devoted to idol worship.<ref name=achyut>{{cite book |author=[[Achyut Charan Choudhury|Choudhury, Achyut Charan]] |title=Srihatter Itibritta: Uttorangsho |year=2000 |orig-year=1916 |publisher=Kotha |location=Kolkata |language=Bangla |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_-_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6.pdf/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A7|page=101-102|chapter=কায়স্থাদির কথা: বনভাগের চৌধুরী}}</ref> His son, Bhavani Shankar, was the father of Zamindar Ram Shankar Chowdhury. Ram Shankar's son, Bishwanath Rai Chaudhury, established the 'Bishwanath [[Bazaar]]' which gradually expanded. His son, Brajanath Chaudhury, established an ''[[akhara]]'' for [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and was succeeded by Baikuntha Nath Chaudhury. Baikuntha Nath's son, Varada Nath Chaudhury, was a distinguished poet of Bishwanath.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bishwanath.sylhet.gov.bd/site/page/32f715fb-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%20%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF |script-title=bn:বিশ্বনাথ উপজেলার পটভূমি |trans-title=Background of Viswanath Upazila |website=Bishwanath Upazila}}</ref>
After the defeat of Raja Subid Narayan of [[Rajnagar Upazila|Ita]] by [[Khwaja Usman]] in the early 17th century, many Hindus migrated elsewhere including the area now comprising Bishwanath. Vijayaram Upadhayaya and his [[Bengali Kayastha|Kayastha]] student Bidhar Khan sailed with their family and friends through the Kapna river to this area (then a forest) for safety. The area was then home to a group of bandits led by Jula, but they were defeated by Bidhar Khan and his associates. The new settlers named the area 'Banabhag' (forest area), the area which he docked his boat came to be known as 'Bidhar [[Ghat]]' and the neighbourhood of the bandits came to be known as 'Jular Chiri'. When the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s came into power, they divided Banabhag into three [[pargana]]s: Khalisa-Banabhag, Bazu-Banabhag and Kazakhabad. Bidhar Khan became the [[Zamindar]] of Bazu-Banabhag. His descendant, Ramnath Dhar, was a contemporary of Gopinath Bachaspati. Dhar's son, Babu Ramjivan Rai, was given the title of [[Chowdhury]] and granted land in Baurbhag by [[Inayetullah Khan]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] administrator of [[Sylhet]], in 1692. He was known to have been devoted to idol worship.<ref name=achyut>{{cite book |author=[[Achyut Charan Choudhury|Choudhury, Achyut Charan]] |title=Srihatter Itibritta: Uttorangsho |year=2000 |orig-year=1916 |publisher=Kotha |location=Kolkata |language=Bangla |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_-_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6.pdf/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A7|pages=101–102|chapter=কায়স্থাদির কথা: বনভাগের চৌধুরী}}</ref> His son, Bhavani Shankar, was the father of Zamindar Ram Shankar Chowdhury. Ram Shankar's son, Bishwanath Rai Chaudhury, established the 'Bishwanath [[Bazaar]]' which gradually expanded. His son, Brajanath Chaudhury, established an ''[[akhara]]'' for [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and was succeeded by Baikuntha Nath Chaudhury. Baikuntha Nath's son, Varada Nath Chaudhury, was a distinguished poet of Bishwanath.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bishwanath.sylhet.gov.bd/site/page/32f715fb-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%20%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF |script-title=bn:বিশ্বনাথ উপজেলার পটভূমি |trans-title=Background of Viswanath Upazila |website=Bishwanath Upazila}}</ref>


Bishwanath was established as a [[Thanas of Bangladesh|thana]] in 1922. During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971, many Hindus were killed in Bishwanath including Jitendra Das, Dhirendra Kumar Das, Byomkesh Chaudhury, Narayan Sen and Basanta Kumar Das. Bishwanath Thana was upgraded to [[upazila]] (sub-district) in 1983 as part of the [[President of Bangladesh]] [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]'s decentralisation programme.<ref name=bpedia/>
Bishwanath was established as a [[Thanas of Bangladesh|thana]] in 1922. During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971, many Hindus were killed in Bishwanath including Jitendra Das, Dhirendra Kumar Das, Byomkesh Chaudhury, Narayan Sen and Basanta Kumar Das. Bishwanath Thana was upgraded to [[upazila]] (sub-district) in 1983 as part of the [[President of Bangladesh]] [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]'s decentralisation programme.<ref name=bpedia/>
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===Education===
===Education===
The first ''alia'' [[madrasa]] of Bishwanath, [[Satpur Kamil Madrasah|Satpur Alia Madrasa]] in Lamakazi Union, was founded in 1948 by Ghulam Hussain, a native ''[[wali]]'' of Satpur and ''[[murid]]'' of Pir Hamidullah Qaimganji and [[Abdul Latif Chowdhury Fultali]]. In 1960, the Bishwanath Alia Madrasa was established.<ref name=bpedia/> The largest [[qawmi madrasah]] of Bishwanath, [[Jamia Islamia Abbasia]], was opened by Abdul Karim Shaykh-e-Kauria in 1955. There are 28 other madrasas in Bishwanath. They are: Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania (founder, [[Ashraf Ali Bishwanathi]]), Jamia Islamia Miftahul Uloom (Ibrahit Ali, 1963), Munawwarul Uloom Islamia Madrasa (1992), Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Lamakazi, Darul Quran Faiz-e-Aam Mirerchak, Jamia Islamia Darus Sunnah Amtail, Darul Uloom Chandbharang, Jamia Islamia Lutfabad-Patakain, Jamia Islam Darul Uloom Baruni, Madrasa-e-Tawakkulia Hafizia Sham-e-Mardan, Sheikhergaon Ibn Abbas Ibtidayi Madrasa, Haji Md Mafiz Ali Tahfizul Quran and Ibtidayi Madrasa, Darul Hikmah Islamic Academy, Jamia Madinatul Uloom Shimultala, Muqaddasia Islamia Hafizia Madrasa, Madinatul Uloom Sriramsri, Ariful Quran Hafizia Madrasa, Great Khurma Islamic Academy, Jamia Muhammadia Arabia, Jamia Tawakkulia Chowk Qasimpur, Jamia Islamia Hafizia Rampasha, Jamia Islamia Noagaon, Madinatul Uloom Nurani Hafizia Madrasa, Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom Qadipur (Haji Shafiq Ali, 2016).<ref name=kaur/> Bishwanath also has three womens madrasas: Jamia Madania Qawmia Womens Madrasa, Jamia Tayyibah Qawmi Womens Madrasa (Anhar bin Saeed, 2018), Dhu al-Nuraryn Islamia Womens Madrasa (Amirul Islam, 2008).
The first ''alia'' [[madrasa]] of Bishwanath, [[Satpur Kamil Madrasah|Satpur Alia Madrasa]] in Lamakazi Union, was founded in 1948 by Ghulam Hussain, a native ''[[wali]]'' of Satpur and ''[[murid]]'' of Pir Hamidullah Qaimganji and [[Abdul Latif Chowdhury Fultali]]. In 1960, the Bishwanath Alia Madrasa was established.<ref name=bpedia/> The largest [[qawmi madrasah]] of Bishwanath, [[Jamia Islamia Abbasia]], was opened by Abdul Karim Shaykh-e-Kauria in 1955. There are 28 other madrasas in Bishwanath. They are: Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania (founder, [[Ashraf Ali Bishwanathi]]), Jamia Islamia Miftahul Uloom (Ibrahit Ali, 1963), Munawwarul Uloom Islamia Madrasa (1992), Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Lamakazi, Darul Quran Faiz-e-Aam Mirerchak, Jamia Islamia Darus Sunnah Amtail, Darul Uloom Chandbharang, Jamia Islamia Lutfabad-Patakain, Jamia Islam Darul Uloom Baruni, Madrasa-e-Tawakkulia Hafizia Sham-e-Mardan, Sheikhergaon Ibn Abbas Ibtidayi Madrasa, Haji Md Mafiz Ali Tahfizul Quran and Ibtidayi Madrasa, Darul Hikmah Islamic Academy, Jamia Madinatul Uloom Shimultala, Muqaddasia Islamia Hafizia Madrasa, Madinatul Uloom Sriramsri, Ariful Quran Hafizia Madrasa, Great Khurma Islamic Academy, Jamia Muhammadia Arabia, Jamia Tawakkulia Chowk Qasimpur, Jamia Islamia Hafizia Rampasha, Jamia Islamia Noagaon, Madinatul Uloom Nurani Hafizia Madrasa, Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom Qadipur (Haji Shafiq Ali, 2016).<ref name=kaur/> Bishwanath also has three women's madrasas: Jamia Madania Qawmia Women's Madrasa, Jamia Tayyibah Qawmi Women's Madrasa (Anhar bin Saeed, 2018), Dhu al-Nuraryn Islamia Women's Madrasa (Amirul Islam, 2008).


==Administration==
==Administration==

Revision as of 03:18, 18 February 2023

Bishwanath
বিশ্বনাথ
Location of Bishwanath
DivisionSylhet Division
DistrictSylhet District
Government
 • MP (Sylhet-2)Mokabbir Khan (Gano Forum)
Area
 • Total
214.5 km2 (82.8 sq mi)
Population
 • Total
169,730
 • Density791/km2 (2,050/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Bishwanathi, Bishnathi
Time zoneUTC+6 (BST)
Postal code
3130-34
Websitebishwanath.sylhet.gov.bd

Bishwanath (Template:Lang-bn) is an upazila of Sylhet District in the Division of Sylhet, Bangladesh.[1]

History

One of the palaces of Gour Govinda, the last Hindu ruler of Sylhet, was situated in present-day Bishwanath. Its ruins are still intact and is locally referred to as 'Jahazer Manzil' and next to Govinda's personal pond, the 'Satpari Dighi'.[1] During the Muslim conquest of Sylhet in 1303, Govinda abandoned Sylhet and fled to the Kamrup region. Shah Jalal, a leader of the conquest, was known to have dispatched his disciples across the region to propagate Islamic teachings. Among the disciples that arrived in present-day Bishwanath is Syed Batauk, the ancestor of Abdul Karim Kauria.[2] Shah Chand was the son of Shaykh Kalu, another of Shah Jalal's disciples,[3] and the village of Chandbharang was named after him. Shah Chand is the forefather of the Chowdhuries of Chandbharang, including Suheluddin Chowdhury and Shafiqur Rahaman Chowdhury.[4]

After the defeat of Raja Subid Narayan of Ita by Khwaja Usman in the early 17th century, many Hindus migrated elsewhere including the area now comprising Bishwanath. Vijayaram Upadhayaya and his Kayastha student Bidhar Khan sailed with their family and friends through the Kapna river to this area (then a forest) for safety. The area was then home to a group of bandits led by Jula, but they were defeated by Bidhar Khan and his associates. The new settlers named the area 'Banabhag' (forest area), the area which he docked his boat came to be known as 'Bidhar Ghat' and the neighbourhood of the bandits came to be known as 'Jular Chiri'. When the Mughals came into power, they divided Banabhag into three parganas: Khalisa-Banabhag, Bazu-Banabhag and Kazakhabad. Bidhar Khan became the Zamindar of Bazu-Banabhag. His descendant, Ramnath Dhar, was a contemporary of Gopinath Bachaspati. Dhar's son, Babu Ramjivan Rai, was given the title of Chowdhury and granted land in Baurbhag by Inayetullah Khan, the Mughal administrator of Sylhet, in 1692. He was known to have been devoted to idol worship.[5] His son, Bhavani Shankar, was the father of Zamindar Ram Shankar Chowdhury. Ram Shankar's son, Bishwanath Rai Chaudhury, established the 'Bishwanath Bazaar' which gradually expanded. His son, Brajanath Chaudhury, established an akhara for Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and was succeeded by Baikuntha Nath Chaudhury. Baikuntha Nath's son, Varada Nath Chaudhury, was a distinguished poet of Bishwanath.[6]

Bishwanath was established as a thana in 1922. During the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, many Hindus were killed in Bishwanath including Jitendra Das, Dhirendra Kumar Das, Byomkesh Chaudhury, Narayan Sen and Basanta Kumar Das. Bishwanath Thana was upgraded to upazila (sub-district) in 1983 as part of the President of Bangladesh Hussain Muhammad Ershad's decentralisation programme.[1]

Demographics

At the 1991 Bangladesh census, Bishwanath had a population of 169,730, of whom 83,794 were aged 18 or older. Males constituted 50.99% of the population, and females 49.01%. Bishwanath had an average literacy rate of 30.6% (7+ years), against the national average of 32.4%.[7]

Education

The first alia madrasa of Bishwanath, Satpur Alia Madrasa in Lamakazi Union, was founded in 1948 by Ghulam Hussain, a native wali of Satpur and murid of Pir Hamidullah Qaimganji and Abdul Latif Chowdhury Fultali. In 1960, the Bishwanath Alia Madrasa was established.[1] The largest qawmi madrasah of Bishwanath, Jamia Islamia Abbasia, was opened by Abdul Karim Shaykh-e-Kauria in 1955. There are 28 other madrasas in Bishwanath. They are: Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Madania (founder, Ashraf Ali Bishwanathi), Jamia Islamia Miftahul Uloom (Ibrahit Ali, 1963), Munawwarul Uloom Islamia Madrasa (1992), Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Lamakazi, Darul Quran Faiz-e-Aam Mirerchak, Jamia Islamia Darus Sunnah Amtail, Darul Uloom Chandbharang, Jamia Islamia Lutfabad-Patakain, Jamia Islam Darul Uloom Baruni, Madrasa-e-Tawakkulia Hafizia Sham-e-Mardan, Sheikhergaon Ibn Abbas Ibtidayi Madrasa, Haji Md Mafiz Ali Tahfizul Quran and Ibtidayi Madrasa, Darul Hikmah Islamic Academy, Jamia Madinatul Uloom Shimultala, Muqaddasia Islamia Hafizia Madrasa, Madinatul Uloom Sriramsri, Ariful Quran Hafizia Madrasa, Great Khurma Islamic Academy, Jamia Muhammadia Arabia, Jamia Tawakkulia Chowk Qasimpur, Jamia Islamia Hafizia Rampasha, Jamia Islamia Noagaon, Madinatul Uloom Nurani Hafizia Madrasa, Jamia Islamia Markazul Uloom Qadipur (Haji Shafiq Ali, 2016).[2] Bishwanath also has three women's madrasas: Jamia Madania Qawmia Women's Madrasa, Jamia Tayyibah Qawmi Women's Madrasa (Anhar bin Saeed, 2018), Dhu al-Nuraryn Islamia Women's Madrasa (Amirul Islam, 2008).

Administration

Bishwanath Upazila is divided into eight union parishads: Alankari, Bishwanath, Doshghar, Daulatpur, Deokalas, Khajanchi, Lamakazi, and Rampasha. The union parishads are subdivided into 123 mauzas and 444 villages.[8]

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Jayanta Singh Roy (2012). "Bishwanath Upazila". In Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  2. ^ a b Ahmed, Masum (7 November 2018). আল্লামা আব্দুল করিম কৌড়িয়া রহঃ এর সংগ্রামী জীবন (in Bengali).
  3. ^ Qurashi, Ishfaq. "তিন'শ ষাট আউলিয়ার বিবরণ" [Description of the three hundred and sixty saints]. শাহজালাল(রঃ) এবং শাহদাউদ কুরায়শী(রঃ) [Shahjalal and Shah Dawud Qurayshi (R)] (in Bengali).
  4. ^ Ali, Syed Murtaza (1965). হজরত শাহ জালাল ও সিলেটের ইতিহাস [Hazrat Shah Jalal and the History of Sylhet] (in Bengali). Dhaka: University Press. p. 34.
  5. ^ Choudhury, Achyut Charan (2000) [1916]. "কায়স্থাদির কথা: বনভাগের চৌধুরী". Srihatter Itibritta: Uttorangsho (in Bengali). Kolkata: Kotha. pp. 101–102.
  6. ^ বিশ্বনাথ উপজেলার পটভূমি [Background of Viswanath Upazila]. Bishwanath Upazila.
  7. ^ "Population Census Wing, BBS". Archived from the original on 2005-03-27. Retrieved November 10, 2006.
  8. ^ "District Statistics 2011: Sylhet" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
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