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Detail of the Simele massacre can be provided at that page. Source states "thirty-four Iraqis...and at least one hundred Assyrians were killed".
Gabara2 (talk | contribs)
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Undid revision 1110098896 by Mugsalot (talk) that book is unreliable. i have added another source which states the iraqis lost considerably more men than the assyrians.
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{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
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|settlement_type = Village
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A monastery, from which the village takes its name, was likely constructed in the 11th or 12th century, and persisted into the 13th and 14th centuries, but is no longer extant.<ref name="MH"/> According to local tradition, the monastery was dedicated to [[Noah]].<ref name="MH"/> Dayrabun and its church are attested in a manuscript commissioned in 1671.{{sfnp|Wilmshurst|2000|p=120}} The village's population were adherents of the [[Church of the East]] until converted to [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Catholicism]] in the 19th century, likely simultaneously with the conversion of the neighbouring town of [[Faysh Khabur]].<ref name="MH"/> After the [[Assyrian genocide]] in the [[First World War]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] from the villages of [[Kurtuluş, Cizre|Mansoriyya]], Umra, and Barahanji in the vicinity of [[Cizre]] in [[Turkey]] found refuge and settled at Dayrabun.<ref name="Aprim">{{cite web |url=https://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2006/Dairaboun.pdf|title=Dairaboun (Deir Abun): The Strategic Assyrian Village |first1=Fred |last1=Aprim|date=1 February 2006|website=[[Zinda Magazine]]|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>
A monastery, from which the village takes its name, was likely constructed in the 11th or 12th century, and persisted into the 13th and 14th centuries, but is no longer extant.<ref name="MH"/> According to local tradition, the monastery was dedicated to [[Noah]].<ref name="MH"/> Dayrabun and its church are attested in a manuscript commissioned in 1671.{{sfnp|Wilmshurst|2000|p=120}} The village's population were adherents of the [[Church of the East]] until converted to [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean Catholicism]] in the 19th century, likely simultaneously with the conversion of the neighbouring town of [[Faysh Khabur]].<ref name="MH"/> After the [[Assyrian genocide]] in the [[First World War]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] from the villages of [[Kurtuluş, Cizre|Mansoriyya]], Umra, and Barahanji in the vicinity of [[Cizre]] in [[Turkey]] found refuge and settled at Dayrabun.<ref name="Aprim">{{cite web |url=https://www.fredaprim.com/pdfs/2006/Dairaboun.pdf|title=Dairaboun (Deir Abun): The Strategic Assyrian Village |first1=Fred |last1=Aprim|date=1 February 2006|website=[[Zinda Magazine]]|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>


In late July 1933, approximately 1200 armed Assyrians crossed over the river [[Tigris]] into [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|Syria]] near the village,{{sfnp|Salt|2008|pp=109-110}} and two battalions of Iraqi infantry, two squadrons of cavalry, and one section of artillery were stationed at Dayrabun to intercept them on their return to Iraq.<ref name="Aprim" /> On 4 August, the Assyrians were attacked by the Iraqi army on their return, and retaliated with an attack on the army camp at Dayrabun before fleeing to Syria,<ref name="Aprim" /> resulting in 34 Iraqi deaths and at least 100 Assyrian dead.{{sfnp|Salt|2008|pp=109-110}} The skirmish at Dayrabun became the catalyst of the [[Simele massacre]], whereby c. 40 Assyrian villages were destroyed or looted by the Iraqi army.{{sfnp|Salt|2008|pp=109-110}} The Iraqi army aimed to destroy Dayrabun, but was spared after the intervention of the [[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Chaldean Catholic Patriarch]] [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]].<ref name="Aprim" />
In late July 1933, less than 800 armed Assyrians crossed over the river [[Tigris]] into [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|Syria]] near the village,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Donabed |first1=Sargon |title=Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century |date=1 February 2015 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-8605-6 |page=106 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Reforging_a_Forgotten_History_Iraq_and_t/bwLdCQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |language=en}}</ref> and two battalions of Iraqi infantry, two squadrons of cavalry, and one section of artillery were stationed at Dayrabun to intercept them on their return to Iraq.<ref name="Aprim" /> On 4 August, the Assyrians were attacked by the Iraqi army on their return, and retaliated with an attack on the army camp at Dayrabun before withdrawing to Syria.<ref name="Aprim" /> The Assyrians defeated the Iraqis and captured territory held by their army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stafford |first=R. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhxfvgAACAAJ |title=The Tragedy of the Assyrians |date=2006 |publisher=Gorgias Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-59333-413-0 |pages=131 |language=en}}</ref> The Assyrians withdrew after the Iraqi army took refuge in the Chaldean villages of Faish Khabur and Dayrabun amid fears the Iraqis would massacre the Chaldeans living in the villages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stafford |first=R. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhxfvgAACAAJ |title=The Tragedy of the Assyrians |date=2006 |publisher=Gorgias Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-59333-413-0 |pages=131 |language=en}}</ref> This battle resulted in more than 80 Iraqi deaths including 3 officers and 40 wounded and the Assyrians lost considerably less than the Iraqis despite being the attackers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stafford |first=R. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhxfvgAACAAJ |title=The Tragedy of the Assyrians |date=2006 |publisher=Gorgias Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-59333-413-0 |pages=132 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Malek |first1=Yusuf |title=British Betrayal of the Assyrians (Classic Reprint) |date=12 October 2018 |publisher=Fb&c Limited |isbn=978-1-391-87355-8 |pages=114 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/4JpmvQEACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi99t3QgJD6AhWVhYkEHR34ByEQ7_IDegQIBBAC |language=en}}</ref> The Iraqi army was equipped with the latest weaponry supplied to them by the British including airplanes artillery and motor transport while the Assyrians were armed with only rifles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stafford |first=R. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhxfvgAACAAJ |title=The Tragedy of the Assyrians |date=2006 |publisher=Gorgias Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-59333-413-0 |pages=131–133 |language=en}}</ref> The Iraqi army aimed to destroy Dayrabun, but was spared after the intervention of the [[List of Chaldean Catholic Patriarchs of Babylon|Chaldean Catholic Patriarch]] [[Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas]].<ref name="Aprim" />


The village was largely destroyed by fire in 1936, and was rebuilt in its current location in the early 1940s, at which time Assyrian refugees from Russia settled at Dayrabun.<ref name="Aprim" /> The population grew from 536 in the 1947 census,<ref name="Aprim" /> to 657 in the [[Iraqi Census (1957)|census of 1957]].{{sfnp|Donabed|2015|p=306}} The village was mostly inhabited by Assyrians until their forced expulsion by the Iraqi government and replacement by Arabs and [[Yazidis]] in 1976 as part of its policy of [[Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq|Arabisation]].{{sfnp|Donabed|2015|p=185}} The Arabs fled amidst the [[1991 uprisings in Iraq]], and Kurds settled in the village in their place.{{sfnp|Eshoo|2004|p=14}} Sectarian attacks on Assyrians in [[Baghdad]], [[Mosul]], and the [[Nineveh Plains]] in the 2000s spurred their return to Dayrabun, which was rebuilt in 2005 to accommodate the returnees.<ref name="Ishtar" /><ref name="MH">{{cite web |url=https://www.mesopotamiaheritage.org/en/monuments/leglise-chaldeenne-du-sacre-coeur-de-jesus-de-deraboune/|title=Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Deraboun|website=Mesopotamia Heritage|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> In 2006, the [[Kurdistan Regional Government]] (KRG) encouraged Kurdish families to leave Dayrabun with the incentive of financial compensation, according to then KRG Minister of Human Rights Mohammed Ihsan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurdish Minister Has No Objection to Assyrian Christian Administrative Area|url=http://www.aina.org/news/20060225231434.htm |access-date=6 May 2020 |work=[[Assyrian International News Agency]]|date=26 February 2006}}</ref> In early 2009, 466 [[Internally displaced person|displaced]] Assyrians, with 133 families, resided in Dayrabun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aina.org/reports/acetste.pdf|title=The Struggle to Exist Part I: An Introduction to the Assyrians and their Human Rights Situation in the New Iraq|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 2010|website=[[Assyria Council of Europe]]|access-date=2 May 2020|page=32}}</ref> By 2011, the [[Sarkis Aghajan Mamendo#Activities|Hezel Foundation]] had constructed 150 houses and a hall, renovated the church, and developed the village's infrastructure.<ref name="Ishtar" /> In 2012, Dayrabun was inhabited by 635 [[Chaldean Catholics]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mena-rf.org/maps-downloads.html|title=Christian Communities in the Kurdistan Region|date=2012|website=Iraqi Kurdistan Christianity Project|access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> and by February 2018, 80 Chaldean Catholic families were recorded there.<ref name="MH"/>
The village was largely destroyed by fire in 1936, and was rebuilt in its current location in the early 1940s, at which time Assyrian refugees from Russia settled at Dayrabun.<ref name="Aprim" /> The population grew from 536 in the 1947 census,<ref name="Aprim" /> to 657 in the [[Iraqi Census (1957)|census of 1957]].{{sfnp|Donabed|2015|p=306}} The village was mostly inhabited by Assyrians until their forced expulsion by the Iraqi government and replacement by Arabs and [[Yazidis]] in 1976 as part of its policy of [[Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq|Arabisation]].{{sfnp|Donabed|2015|p=185}} The Arabs fled amidst the [[1991 uprisings in Iraq]], and Kurds settled in the village in their place.{{sfnp|Eshoo|2004|p=14}} Sectarian attacks on Assyrians in [[Baghdad]], [[Mosul]], and the [[Nineveh Plains]] in the 2000s spurred their return to Dayrabun, which was rebuilt in 2005 to accommodate the returnees.<ref name="Ishtar" /><ref name="MH">{{cite web |url=https://www.mesopotamiaheritage.org/en/monuments/leglise-chaldeenne-du-sacre-coeur-de-jesus-de-deraboune/|title=Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Deraboun|website=Mesopotamia Heritage|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> In 2006, the [[Kurdistan Regional Government]] (KRG) encouraged Kurdish families to leave Dayrabun with the incentive of financial compensation, according to then KRG Minister of Human Rights Mohammed Ihsan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurdish Minister Has No Objection to Assyrian Christian Administrative Area|url=http://www.aina.org/news/20060225231434.htm |access-date=6 May 2020 |work=[[Assyrian International News Agency]]|date=26 February 2006}}</ref> In early 2009, 466 [[Internally displaced person|displaced]] Assyrians, with 133 families, resided in Dayrabun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aina.org/reports/acetste.pdf|title=The Struggle to Exist Part I: An Introduction to the Assyrians and their Human Rights Situation in the New Iraq|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 2010|website=[[Assyria Council of Europe]]|access-date=2 May 2020|page=32}}</ref> By 2011, the [[Sarkis Aghajan Mamendo#Activities|Hezel Foundation]] had constructed 150 houses and a hall, renovated the church, and developed the village's infrastructure.<ref name="Ishtar" /> In 2012, Dayrabun was inhabited by 635 [[Chaldean Catholics]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mena-rf.org/maps-downloads.html|title=Christian Communities in the Kurdistan Region|date=2012|website=Iraqi Kurdistan Christianity Project|access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> and by February 2018, 80 Chaldean Catholic families were recorded there.<ref name="MH"/>

Revision as of 22:06, 9 February 2023

Dayrabun
Village
Dayrabun is located in Iraq
Dayrabun
Location in Iraq
Dayrabun is located in Iraqi Kurdistan
Dayrabun
Dayrabun (Iraqi Kurdistan)
Coordinates: 37°5′3″N 42°25′42″E / 37.08417°N 42.42833°E / 37.08417; 42.42833
Country Iraq
Region Kurdistan Region
GovernorateDohuk Governorate
DistrictZakho District
Sub-districtRizgari
Population
 (2010)[1]
 • Total
4,241

Dayrabun[nb 1] (Template:Lang-ar,[4] Template:Lang-ku)[5][6] is a village in Dohuk Governorate in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. It is located near the confluence of the Iraq-Syria-Turkey border in the Zakho District.

In the village, there is a Chaldean Catholic church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, which was constructed in 1934–1937, and renovated in 2005–2007.[7]

Etymology

The name of the village is derived from "dayra" ("monastery" in Syriac) and "abuna" ("father" in Syriac),[8] and thus Dayrabun translates to "monastery of the father".[9]

History

A monastery, from which the village takes its name, was likely constructed in the 11th or 12th century, and persisted into the 13th and 14th centuries, but is no longer extant.[7] According to local tradition, the monastery was dedicated to Noah.[7] Dayrabun and its church are attested in a manuscript commissioned in 1671.[10] The village's population were adherents of the Church of the East until converted to Chaldean Catholicism in the 19th century, likely simultaneously with the conversion of the neighbouring town of Faysh Khabur.[7] After the Assyrian genocide in the First World War, Assyrians from the villages of Mansoriyya, Umra, and Barahanji in the vicinity of Cizre in Turkey found refuge and settled at Dayrabun.[11]

In late July 1933, less than 800 armed Assyrians crossed over the river Tigris into Syria near the village,[12] and two battalions of Iraqi infantry, two squadrons of cavalry, and one section of artillery were stationed at Dayrabun to intercept them on their return to Iraq.[11] On 4 August, the Assyrians were attacked by the Iraqi army on their return, and retaliated with an attack on the army camp at Dayrabun before withdrawing to Syria.[11] The Assyrians defeated the Iraqis and captured territory held by their army.[13] The Assyrians withdrew after the Iraqi army took refuge in the Chaldean villages of Faish Khabur and Dayrabun amid fears the Iraqis would massacre the Chaldeans living in the villages.[14] This battle resulted in more than 80 Iraqi deaths including 3 officers and 40 wounded and the Assyrians lost considerably less than the Iraqis despite being the attackers.[15][16] The Iraqi army was equipped with the latest weaponry supplied to them by the British including airplanes artillery and motor transport while the Assyrians were armed with only rifles.[17] The Iraqi army aimed to destroy Dayrabun, but was spared after the intervention of the Chaldean Catholic Patriarch Yousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas.[11]

The village was largely destroyed by fire in 1936, and was rebuilt in its current location in the early 1940s, at which time Assyrian refugees from Russia settled at Dayrabun.[11] The population grew from 536 in the 1947 census,[11] to 657 in the census of 1957.[9] The village was mostly inhabited by Assyrians until their forced expulsion by the Iraqi government and replacement by Arabs and Yazidis in 1976 as part of its policy of Arabisation.[3] The Arabs fled amidst the 1991 uprisings in Iraq, and Kurds settled in the village in their place.[18] Sectarian attacks on Assyrians in Baghdad, Mosul, and the Nineveh Plains in the 2000s spurred their return to Dayrabun, which was rebuilt in 2005 to accommodate the returnees.[4][7] In 2006, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) encouraged Kurdish families to leave Dayrabun with the incentive of financial compensation, according to then KRG Minister of Human Rights Mohammed Ihsan.[19] In early 2009, 466 displaced Assyrians, with 133 families, resided in Dayrabun.[20] By 2011, the Hezel Foundation had constructed 150 houses and a hall, renovated the church, and developed the village's infrastructure.[4] In 2012, Dayrabun was inhabited by 635 Chaldean Catholics,[21] and by February 2018, 80 Chaldean Catholic families were recorded there.[7]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Alternatively transliterated as Derabin,[2] Derabon,[2] Derabun,[2] Deirabūn,[3] or Deir Abuna.[3]

Citations

  1. ^ مركز ديربون الصحي (in Arabic). المديرية العامة للصحة / دهوك. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  2. ^ a b c Oehring (2017), p. 93.
  3. ^ a b c Donabed (2015), p. 185. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDonabed2015 (help)
  4. ^ a b c "Derabon: A Holy Village". Ishtar TV. 13 May 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  5. ^ "دێره‌بوون.. گه‌نجه‌كی ئێزدى ژ ئه‌گه‌رێ برووسیێ گیانێ خوه‌ ژ ده‌ست دا" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  6. ^ "Dêrebûn.. Rêûresmên Tewafa Mezargehê Evdê Reş hatine gêran WAAR TV". Waar Media. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Deraboun". Mesopotamia Heritage. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  8. ^ Awde, Lamassu & Al-Jeloo (2007), pp. 42, 59.
  9. ^ a b Donabed (2015), p. 306. sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDonabed2015 (help)
  10. ^ Wilmshurst (2000), p. 120.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Aprim, Fred (1 February 2006). "Dairaboun (Deir Abun): The Strategic Assyrian Village" (PDF). Zinda Magazine. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  12. ^ Donabed, Sargon (1 February 2015). Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century. Edinburgh University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-7486-8605-6.
  13. ^ Stafford, R. S. (2006). The Tragedy of the Assyrians. Gorgias Press, LLC. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-59333-413-0.
  14. ^ Stafford, R. S. (2006). The Tragedy of the Assyrians. Gorgias Press, LLC. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-59333-413-0.
  15. ^ Stafford, R. S. (2006). The Tragedy of the Assyrians. Gorgias Press, LLC. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-59333-413-0.
  16. ^ Malek, Yusuf (12 October 2018). British Betrayal of the Assyrians (Classic Reprint). Fb&c Limited. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-391-87355-8.
  17. ^ Stafford, R. S. (2006). The Tragedy of the Assyrians. Gorgias Press, LLC. pp. 131–133. ISBN 978-1-59333-413-0.
  18. ^ Eshoo (2004), p. 14.
  19. ^ "Kurdish Minister Has No Objection to Assyrian Christian Administrative Area". Assyrian International News Agency. 26 February 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  20. ^ "The Struggle to Exist Part I: An Introduction to the Assyrians and their Human Rights Situation in the New Iraq" (PDF). Assyria Council of Europe. February 2010. p. 32. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  21. ^ "Christian Communities in the Kurdistan Region". Iraqi Kurdistan Christianity Project. 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2020.

Bibliography

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