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'''NONMEM''' is a [[Non-linear mixed-effects modeling software]] package developed by Stuart L. Beal and Lewis B. Sheiner in the late 1970s at [[UCSF]] and expanded by Robert Bauer at Icon PLC. Its name is an acronym for NON-linear [[Nonlinear mixed-effects model|mixed effects modeling]] but it is especially powerful in the context of [[Population pharmacokinetics]], [[Pharmacometrics]], and [[PK/PD models]].<ref name="PopPK1" /><ref name="PopPK2" /><ref name="PopPK3" /><ref name="PopPK4" />.
'''NONMEM''' is a software package developed by Stuart L. Beal and Lewis B. Sheiner in the late 1970s at [[UCSF]] for [[Pharmacokinetics#Population pharmacokinetics|population pharmacokinetic modeling]].<ref name="PopPK1" /><ref name="PopPK2" /><ref name="PopPK3" /><ref name="PopPK4" /> Its name is an acronym for non-linear [[Mixed model|mixed effects modeling]].
NONMEM models are written in NMTRAN,a dedicated [[model specification language]] that is translated into [[FORTRAN]], compiled on the fly and executed by a command-line script. Results are presented as text output files including tables. <ref name="BobTutor" /> There are multiple interfaces to assist modelers with housekeeping of files, tracking of model development, goodness-of-fit evaluations and graphical output, such as [https://uupharmacometrics.github.io/PsN PsN and xpose] and [http://wfn.sourceforge.net/ Wings for NONMEM].

== Model estimation ==
NONMEM estimates its models according to principles of [[Maximum likelihood estimation]]. [[Nonlinear mixed-effects model|Nonlinear mixed effects models]] generally do not have close-formed solutions, and therefore specific estimation methods are applied, such as linearization methods as first-order (FO), first-order conditional (FOCE) or the lapplacian (LAPL), approximation methods such as iterative-two stage (ITS), importance sampling (IMP), stochastic approximation estimation (SAEM) or direct sampling. <ref name="TutorPart2" />


==References==
==References==
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<ref name="PopPK3">{{cite journal | title = Evaluation of Methods for Estimating Population Pharmacokinetic Parameters II. Biexponential Model and Experimental Pharmacokinetic Data | journal = Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics | year = 1981 | first = Lewis B. | last = Sheiner |author2=Stuart L. Beal | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 635–51 | doi=10.1007/BF01061030| pmid = 7334463 | s2cid = 2668816 }}</ref>
<ref name="PopPK3">{{cite journal | title = Evaluation of Methods for Estimating Population Pharmacokinetic Parameters II. Biexponential Model and Experimental Pharmacokinetic Data | journal = Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics | year = 1981 | first = Lewis B. | last = Sheiner |author2=Stuart L. Beal | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 635–51 | doi=10.1007/BF01061030| pmid = 7334463 | s2cid = 2668816 }}</ref>
<ref name="PopPK4">{{cite journal | title = Evaluation of Methods for Estimating Population Pharmacokinetic Parameters III. Monoexponential Model: Routine Clinical Pharmacokinetic Data | journal = Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics | year = 1983 | first = Lewis B. | last = Sheiner |author2=Stuart L. Beal | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 303–19 | doi=10.1007/BF01061870| pmid = 6644555 | s2cid = 9308691 }}</ref>
<ref name="PopPK4">{{cite journal | title = Evaluation of Methods for Estimating Population Pharmacokinetic Parameters III. Monoexponential Model: Routine Clinical Pharmacokinetic Data | journal = Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics | year = 1983 | first = Lewis B. | last = Sheiner |author2=Stuart L. Beal | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 303–19 | doi=10.1007/BF01061870| pmid = 6644555 | s2cid = 9308691 }}</ref>
<ref name="BobTutor>{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Robert J. |date=2019 |title=NONMEM Tutorial Part I: Description of Commands and Options, With Simple Examples of Population Analysis |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/psp4.12404 |journal=CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology|language=en |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=525–537 |doi=10.1002/psp4.12404 |issn=2163-8306 |pmc=PMC6709426 |pmid=31056834}}</ref>
<ref name="TutorPart2">{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Robert J. |date=2019 |title=NONMEM Tutorial Part II: Estimation Methods and Advanced Examples |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/psp4.12422 |journal=CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=538–556 |doi=10.1002/psp4.12422 |issn=2163-8306 |pmc=PMC6709422 |pmid=31044558}}</ref>
</references>
</references>
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
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==External links==
==External links==
*[https://www.iconplc.com/innovation/nonmem/ Product site]
*[https://www.iconplc.com/innovation/nonmem/ Product site]
*[https://www.mail-archive.com/nmusers@globomaxnm.com/maillist.html NONMEM UsersNet Archive]
*[http://www.cognigencorp.com/index.php/cognigen/resources_nonmem NONMEM UsersNet Archive]

[[Category:Pharmacokinetics]]



{{pharma-stub}}
[[Category:Software]] [[Category:Pharmacodynamics]] [[Category:Pharmacokinetics]]

Revision as of 14:09, 9 May 2022

NONMEM is a software package developed by Stuart L. Beal and Lewis B. Sheiner in the late 1970s at UCSF for population pharmacokinetic modeling.[1][2][3][4] Its name is an acronym for non-linear mixed effects modeling.

References

  1. ^ Sheiner, Lewis B.; B. Rosenberg; V.V. Marathe (1977). "Evaluation of Methods for Estimating Population Pharmacokinetic Parameters I. Michaelis-Menten Model: Routine Clinical Pharmacokinetic Data". Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics. 5 (5): 445–79. doi:10.1007/BF01061728. PMID 925881. S2CID 28622472.
  2. ^ Sheiner, Lewis B.; Stuart L. Beal (1980). "Evaluation of Methods for Estimating Population Pharmacokinetic Parameters I. Michaelis-Menten Model: Routine Clinical Pharmacokinetic Data". Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics. 8 (6): 553–71. doi:10.1007/BF01060053. PMID 7229908. S2CID 31174590.
  3. ^ Sheiner, Lewis B.; Stuart L. Beal (1981). "Evaluation of Methods for Estimating Population Pharmacokinetic Parameters II. Biexponential Model and Experimental Pharmacokinetic Data". Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics. 9 (5): 635–51. doi:10.1007/BF01061030. PMID 7334463. S2CID 2668816.
  4. ^ Sheiner, Lewis B.; Stuart L. Beal (1983). "Evaluation of Methods for Estimating Population Pharmacokinetic Parameters III. Monoexponential Model: Routine Clinical Pharmacokinetic Data". Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics. 11 (3): 303–19. doi:10.1007/BF01061870. PMID 6644555. S2CID 9308691.


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