Jump to content

Black or White: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Line 3: Line 3:
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox song
{{Infobox song
| name = Black or White
| name = Black or White
| cover = Michael Jackson - Black or White.png
| cover = Michael Jackson - Black or White.png
| alt =
| alt =
| border = yes
| border = yes
| type = single
| type = single
| artist = [[Michael Jackson]]
| artist = [[Michael Jackson]]
| album = [[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]
| album = [[Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)|Dangerous]]
| B-side =
| B-side =
| released = November 11, 1991
| released = November 11, 1991
| format =
| format =
| recorded = 1987&ndash;90<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smallcombe|first1=Mike|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lNxmjgEACAAJ |title=Making Michael: Inside the Career of Michael Jackson |publisher=Clink Street Publishing|date=April 5, 2016|isbn= 9781910782514 |access-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref>
| recorded = 1989&ndash;90<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smallcombe|first1=Mike|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lNxmjgEACAAJ |title=Making Michael: Inside the Career of Michael Jackson |publisher=Clink Street Publishing|date=April 5, 2016|isbn= 9781910782514 |access-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref>
| studio =
| studio =
| venue =
| venue =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop rock]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop rock]]|[[Hip hop music|hip hop]]}}
| length = 3:22
| length = 3:22
| label = [[Epic Records|Epic]]
| label = [[Epic Records|Epic]]
| writer = {{flatlist|
| writer = {{flatlist|
* Michael Jackson
* Michael Jackson
* [[Bill Bottrell]] (rap lyrics)
* [[Bill Bottrell]] (rap lyrics)
}}
}}
| producer = {{flatlist|
| producer = {{flatlist|
* Michael Jackson
* Michael Jackson
* Bill Bottrell
* Bill Bottrell
}}
}}
| prev_title = [[Do the Bartman]]
| prev_title = [[Do the Bartman]]
| prev_year = 1990
| prev_year = 1990
| next_title = [[Remember the Time]]
| next_title = [[Remember the Time]]
| next_year = 1992
| next_year = 1992
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|pTFE8cirkdQ|"Black or White"}}}}
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|pTFE8cirkdQ|"Black or White"}}}}
{{Audio sample
{{Audio sample
| type = single
| type = single

Revision as of 16:27, 11 April 2022

For other uses, see Black or White (disambiguation).

"Black or White"
Single by Michael Jackson
from the album Dangerous
ReleasedNovember 11, 1991
Recorded1989–90[1]
Genre
Length3:22
LabelEpic
Songwriter(s)
Producer(s)
  • Michael Jackson
  • Bill Bottrell
Michael Jackson singles chronology
"Do the Bartman"
(1990) 		"Black or White"
(1991) 		"Remember the Time"
(1992)
Music video
"Black or White" on YouTube
Audio sample

"Black or White" is a single by the American singer Michael Jackson. It was released by Epic Records on November 11, 1991, as the first single from Jackson's eighth studio album, Dangerous (1991). Jackson wrote, composed, and produced it with Bill Bottrell. The song is a fusion of pop rock, dance and hip hop.[2] Epic Records described it as "a rock 'n' roll dance song about racial harmony".

"Black or White" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on December 7, 1991, making it the fastest US chart topper since the Beatles' "Get Back". It stayed there for a total of seven weeks. Jackson became the first artist to have number one hits on the Billboard Hot 100, in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s with the song. It is certified 2x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Around the world, "Black or White" hit number one in 20 countries, including the US, the UK, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Turkey, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the Eurochart Hot 100. It was the best-selling single worldwide of 1992.[3]

The music video for "Black or White" premiered on MTV, BET, VH1, and Fox, which gave them their highest Nielsen ratings ever at the time, as well as the BBC's Top of the Pops in the UK on November 14, 1991. The video was directed by John Landis, who previously directed Thriller. It was co-choreographed by Jackson and Vincent Paterson. It premiered simultaneously in 27 countries, with an audience of 500 million viewers, the most ever for a music video.

"Black or White" was honored with the first Billboard No. 1 World Single.[3] The music video of the song appears on the video albums: Dangerous: The Short Films (long version), Video Greatest Hits – HIStory (long version, without graffiti on VHS version but with graffiti on DVD version), Number Ones (short version), and Michael Jackson's Vision (long version without graffiti). In 2003, Q magazine ranked "Black or White" at number 84 in their list of the "1001 Best Songs Ever".[4]

Background

"Black or White" was written, composed and produced by Michael Jackson and Bill Bottrell,[5] and was picked as the first single from the album Dangerous. An alternate version was first heard by Sony executives on a plane trip to Neverland, as the third track of the promotional CD acetate. It began to be promoted on radio stations the first week of November 1991 in New York and Los Angeles.[5][6] "Black or White" was officially released one week later, on November 5, 1991.[6]

Composition

The song has elements of dance, hip hop and hard rock music such as Bill Bottrell's guitars and Jackson's vocal style. This song is played in the key of E major, at the end, was modulates to F♯ major and again to A♭ major, with Jackson's vocal spanning from E3 to E♭6, and its tempo is measured at 115 BPM.[2][7][8][9][10][11][12]

The song's main riff, played by Bill Bottrell, is often incorrectly attributed to Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash. Slash's guitar playing is actually heard in the skit that precedes the album version of the song[13][14] and he did play the main riff during live performances of the song.

Reception

Commercial reception

To prepare the audience for the special occasion of the televised premiere of the "Black or White" video, Epic records released the song (without the accompanying images) to radio stations just two days in advance. In a period of 24 hours, "Black or White", described by the record company as "a rock 'n' roll dance song about racial harmony", had been added to the playlists of 96 percent of 237 of the United States' Top 40 radio stations.[15]

"Black or White" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 35.[16] A week later it shot up to number three and in its third week, December 7, 1991, it ascended to number one, making it the fastest chart topper since the Beatles' "Get Back", which also won the Hot 100 in just three weeks in 1969 and also his twelfth number-one entry.[16][17] It closed the year at number one, and remained at the top of the singles chart into 1992 for a total of seven weeks, making Michael Jackson the first artist to have number one popular hits in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.[17] In the UK, the single became the first single by an American to go into the singles chart at number one since 1960, when "It's Now or Never" by Elvis Presley did in the same manner.[16] Around the world, "Black or White" hit number one in 20 countries, including the US, the UK, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Turkey, Zimbabwe, Australia, New Zealand, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the Eurochart Hot 100, number two in Germany and Austria and number three in the Netherlands.[16][17][18] Previously, Billie Jean and I Just Can't Stop Loving You had each been number one in 9 countries. The single was certified platinum in the US, selling over one million copies and became the second-best-selling single of the year.[15][17] As of August 2018 the song further certified two-time platinum for the digital sales.[19]

Critical reception

Reviews of the song were generally favorable. Chris Lacy from Albumism stated that it "merges classic rock with soulful crooning in a call for racial unity."[20] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic highlighted the song.[21] Larry Flick from Billboard described it as a "surprisingly sparse, but instantly gratifying pop/rocker that reveals his grittiest and most affecting performance in years." He noted further that the guitar appearance by Slash and rap cameo by Bill Bottrell is "purely incidental".[22] Randy Clark and Bryan DeVaney from Cashbox stated, "The unmistakeable voice and style are street-hip and slick, with a catchy melody and some untraditional acoustic guitar work. There is just a hint of both George Michael and Prince in the production."[23] David Browne from Entertainment Weekly praised the song, adding, "He still knows how to fashion a hook that will take up permanent residence in your brain (away from its video, Black or White is spare and effortless)"[24] Alan Jones from Music Week commented, "A bit of patchwork quilt, and something of a disappointment on first hearing, but ultimately it reveals itself as a killer, adding up to far more than sum of its parts. This will go all the way."[25] A reviewer from People magazine stated that "the simple, spry rock riffs" that power the song is "surprisingly effective".[26] Rolling Stone's Alan Light in his Dangerous review, compared the song unfavourably to "Beat It": "Neither this slow-burn solo nor the Stones-derived riff on 'Black or White' offers the catharsis of Eddie Van Halen's blazing break on 'Beat It'".[27] The Pazz & Jop critics' poll ranked "Black or White" at number 19.[28] In 1992, Larry Flick commented on the remixes of the song, "Thanks to deft postproduction by David Cole and Robert Clivillés, the cut kicks a potent groove that nicely complements the original tune's kinetic pop/rock nature."[29]

Remixes

The Clivillés & Cole remixes for "Black or White", released as a promotional single in 1992, also charted on many European countries. In the UK, it reached number 14, and in Ireland, number 11. The promotional single also surprisingly peaked at number 18 in Australia.[30] Despite the favourable European response to this remix, it was never included on a Michael Jackson album or compilation, except on the third disc of the French & UK versions of Jackson's greatest hits album King of Pop.

Music video

The music video for "Black or White" was directed by John Landis, who previously directed the "Thriller" music video (1983). It was filmed from late September to early October 1991.[31] It was choreographed by Jackson and Vincent Paterson.

Along with Jackson, the video features Macaulay Culkin, Tess Harper, and George Wendt.[32] The dance scene with the Native Americans shown in the video was filmed at Vasquez Rocks Natural Area Park in Agua Dulce, California.[31] The Native American dancers were organized by Jackson's schoolfriend Joanelle Romero, founder of the Red Nation International Film Festival, featuring her daughter Sage as child dancer.[33] The Native American dancers used their own traditional wardrobe and became the first Native Americans in a non-Native American music video.[34] The production enabled Romero to become an established producer.[34] The scene where Michael Jackson and a dancer appear on the freeway was filmed at 11779 Sheldon Street in Sun Valley, Los Angeles.[31][35] This morphing effect had previously been used only in films such as Willow and Terminator 2: Judgment Day. The morphing visual effects were created by Pacific Data Images.[16]

The video premiered simultaneously in 27 countries, with an audience of 500 million viewers, the most ever for a music video.[36] It premiered on MTV, BET, VH1, and Fox (giving them their highest Nielsen ratings ever at the time)[37] as well as the BBC's Top of the Pops in the UK[38] on November 14, 1991.[36]

Synopsis

The video begins with a boy (Macaulay Culkin) dancing to rock music in his bedroom. His father (George Wendt) yells at him to stop. The boy retaliates by playing an electric guitar loudly enough to fire his father into space.[37]

Jackson performs "Black or White"[36] with dancers from different cultures, including African Zulu hunters, traditional Thai dancers, Plains Native Americans, a Sri Lankan Tamil Odissi dancer[39] and Hopak dancers. Jackson walks defiantly through visual collages of fire (declaring "I ain't scared of no sheets; I ain't scared of nobody"), referring to KKK torch ceremonies. Culkin and other children, Michael's niece Brandi and Wade Robson, perform the rap sequence.[36] The group states, "I'm not gonna spend my life being a color." Jackson performs atop the Statue of Liberty, surrounded by other world landmarks. At the end of the video, people of different ethnicities and nationalities dance and morph into one another. A young Tyra Banks can be seen in this sequence.

In the extended version of the music video, after the song, a black panther walks out of the studio and emerges into Jackson, as he dances furiously in the street and destroys a glass beer bottle, a building window, and a parked car labeled with spray-painted racist words in a city street. He tears off his shirt and screams with grand drama as the hotel neon sign falls. After his damage and rampage, he re-emerges into a panther. Finally, Bart Simpson from The Simpsons jams to the song while watching it on the TV. Homer yells at him to "Turn off that noise!" Bart replies, "Chill out, Homeboy." Then, Homer angrily turns the TV off. The static then cuts to a close-up of Jackson with the tagline "prejudice is ignorance".

Controversy and censorship

Music video comparison
A comparison between the two versions of Michael Jackson's "Black or White" music video: the original version and the computer-altered racist graffiti version (with the messages reading "Hitler Lives" with swastika, "Nigger Go Home", "No More Wetbacks" and "KKK Rules")

Controversy was generated concerning the last four minutes of the original music video. A black panther walks out of the studio and then morphs into Jackson.[36] Then he walks outside to perform some of his most physically slick dance moves, in a similar way to "Billie Jean". The scene is also very similar to that of a commercial Jackson appeared in for L.A. Gear in 1989. This part contained sexually suggestive scenes when Jackson starts to grab his crotch,[37] and then zips his pants up. In the original version, Jackson is seen smashing windows,[37] destroying a car with his arm and a crowbar, destroying windows with a steering wheel and a trash can, and causing an inn (called the "Royal Arms Hotel") to explode. Jackson later apologized saying that the violent and suggestive behavior was an interpretation of the animalistic instincts of a panther into a dance, and MTV and other music video networks removed the last four minutes from subsequent broadcasts.[36] To make the vandalism and violence more understandable to viewers, an altered version was produced, with racial messages added via CGI graffiti to the windows Jackson breaks. The version included in the boxed set Michael Jackson's Vision is the aired, televised version without the graffiti, and does not include the "prejudice is ignorance" title card.

To date, the uncut version has generally been seen in the United States on MTV2 only between the hours of 1:00 and 4:00, as part of their special uncut airing of the "Most Controversial Music Videos" of all time. The extended version is also available on Michael's DVDs. The original version (without graffiti) is available on the DVD releases of Video Greatest Hits – HIStory with the VHS and LaserDisc release containing the aired version, and online at MTVMusic.com. It was still shown in its entirety for some years in Europe. Indeed, UK channel MTV Classic aired the full video at 14:00 on April 11, 2010, including the cameo appearance by Bart Simpson and Homer Simpson before the "prejudice is ignorance" image. MTV Classic have continued to air the full video post-watershed and recently aired in September 2012.

The uncut version was also shown in Australia at 11:45 pm AEST on Saturday June 2, 2012 as the first song on the weekly late-night, guest-programmed music video show Rage, on ABC1 and in Europe (except Italy, San Marino and the United Kingdom), on VH1 Classic at 21:30 CET on Saturday, September 29, 2018.

The first version made available in the iTunes Store contains neither the panther scene nor The Simpsons' cameo, and is cut after the morphing sequence. Since then, a new version has been released with the graffiti and The Simpsons cameo called "Black or White (Michael Jackson's Vision)."

Starting with the Dangerous Tour and continuing with the HIStory Tour, the "Panther Dance" from the video was played as an interlude. The clip is several seconds shorter than the original, omitting all the violence (Jackson destroying the car and windows) and the sexually suggestive scenes when Jackson starts to grab his crotch.[36] The scene of the trousers re-zipping was retained. In predominantly Muslim countries during the HIStory Tour, the scene was replaced with the Carmina Burana "Brace Yourself" montage originally used as the intro during the Dangerous Tour.

Track listings

Cultural impact

In 1991, "Weird Al" Yankovic recorded a parody of "Black or White" titled "Snack All Night", which was never released. Although Jackson was a long-time supporter of Yankovic's work and had approved past parodies, he told Yankovic that he was reluctant to approve a parody of "Black or White" because of the message of the song.[48] Yankovic believes that Jackson's rejection of the parody was ultimately for the best, because he was unsatisfied with the quality of the song and its scrapping left room on his next album for "Smells Like Nirvana", one of his biggest hits.[48] As with other rejected parodies, Yankovic has performed "Snack All Night" during his concerts.[49]

The music video, particularly the "Panther Segment", have been referenced or parodied by television shows and artists. In 1991, English rock band Genesis parodied the "Black or White" video in the ending of their video for "I Can't Dance", in which member Phil Collins imitates Michael Jackson's "panther" fit in front of a stark white background.[50] In 2012, the television show Glee covered the song in the episode "Michael", it features primary voices from Kevin McHale, Lea Michele, Chris Colfer, Amber Riley and Naya Rivera, and backing vocals from the rest of the cast. Jenna Ushkowitz and Darren Criss are not featured in the song or the performance. This cover debuted and peaked at number 64 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 42 at Billboard Digital Songs, and number 69 at Billboard Canadian Hot 100 chart at the week of February 18, 2012.[51]

Charts

Weekly charts

Chart (1991–92) Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[52] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[53] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[54] 1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[55] 1
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[56] 3
Canada Dance/Urban (RPM)[57] 1
Cuba (Cuban Singles Chart)[18] 1
Denmark (Tracklisten)[18] 1
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[18] 1
Europe Dance (Music & Media)[58] 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[59] 1
France (SNEP)[60] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[61] 2
Greece (IFPI)[62] 1
Ireland (IRMA)[63] 1
Israel (Israel Top-30)[18] 1
Italy (Musica e dischi)[64] 1
Mexico (Mexican Airplay)[18] 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[65] 3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[66] 2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[67] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[68] 1
Peru (El Siglo de Torreón)[69] 5
Portugal (AFP)[70] 3
Spain (AFYVE)[71] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[72] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[73] 1
Turkey (Turkish Singles Chart)[74] 1
UK Singles (OCC)[75] 1
UK Dance (Music Week)[76] 5
Uruguay (El Siglo de Torreón)[77] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[78] 1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[79] 23
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[80] 2
US Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales (Billboard)[81] 1
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[82] 3
Chart (2006) Peak
position
France (SNEP)[60] 64
Ireland (IRMA)[63] 22
Italy (FIMI)[83] 7
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[66] 24
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[84] 2
UK Singles (OCC)[85] 18
Chart (2009) Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[52] 6
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[53] 17
Canada Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[81] 8
Denmark (Tracklisten)[86] 22
Europe (European Hot 100)[87] 25
France (SNEP)[88] 9
Italy (FIMI)[83] 7
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[66] 21
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[67] 16
Norway (VG-lista)[68] 18
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[84] 22
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[72] 11
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[89] 7
UK Singles (OCC)[85] 25
US Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[81] 13
Chart (2011) Peak
position
Hungary (MAHASZ)[90] 6
Chart (2016) Peak
position
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[91] 64

Year-end charts

Chart (1991) Position
Australia (ARIA)[92] 34
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[93] 89
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[94] 68
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[95] 19
UK Singles (OCC)[96] 13
Chart (1992) Position
Australia (ARIA)[97] 83
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[98] 23
Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)[99] 58
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[100] 8
Germany (Official German Charts)[101] 12
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[102] 14
US Billboard Hot 100[103] 14
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[104] 62

Decade-end charts

Decade-end chart performance for "Black or White"
Chart (1990–1999) Position
Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)[105] 77
Canada (Nielsen Soundscan)[106] 22
US Billboard Hot 100[107] 39

Certifications

Region Certification Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)[108] 2× Platinum 140,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[109] Gold 50,000^
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[110] Gold 45,000‡
France (SNEP)[111] Silver 125,000*
Germany (BVMI)[112] Gold 250,000^
Italy (FIMI)[113] Gold 35,000‡
Japan (RIAJ)[114]
Full-length ringtone 		Gold 100,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[115] Platinum 10,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[116]
physical 		Silver 200,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[117]
digital 		Gold 400,000‡
United States (RIAA)[118] Platinum 1,000,000^
United States (RIAA)[118] 2× Platinum 2,000,000‡

* Sales figures based on certification alone.
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Personnel

  • Written and composed by Michael Jackson
  • Rap lyrics by Bill "L.T.B." Bottrell
  • Produced by Michael Jackson and Bill Bottrell
  • Recorded and mixed by Bill Bottrell
  • Bryan Loren: Drums
  • Brad Buxer and Bill Bottrell: Percussion
  • Bryan Loren (moog) and Terry Jackson (bass guitar): Bass
  • Brad Buxer, John Barnes and Jasun Martz: Keyboards
  • Bill Bottrell: Guitar
  • Tim Pierce: Heavy metal guitar
  • Michael Boddicker, Kevin Gilbert: Speed sequencer
  • Morphing Sound Effect: Scott Frankfurt
  • Rap performance by L.T.B. (pseudonym for Bill Bottrell)[119]
  • "Intro":
    • Composed by Bill Bottrell
    • Directed by Michael Jackson
    • Engineering and sound design: Matt Forger
    • Guitars by Slash

References

  1. ^ Smallcombe, Mike (April 5, 2016). Making Michael: Inside the Career of Michael Jackson. Clink Street Publishing. ISBN 9781910782514. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Black or White > Overview". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  3. ^ a b Michael Jackson 1992 Lifetime Achievement Award, archived from the original on November 18, 2021, retrieved October 14, 2019
  4. ^ "Q - 1001 best songs ever (2003)".
  5. ^ a b Jackson, Michael (2000). Dangerous booklet. Epic records.
  6. ^ a b Campbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Branden Books. p. 301. ISBN 0-8283-1957-X. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  7. ^ "Black or White - Michael Jackson Digital Sheet Music (Digital Download)". MusicNotes.com. Alfred Publishing Co. Inc. April 2, 2002. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
  8. ^ Sony Music (2001). "Michael Jackson Dangerous Review". Sony Music Entertainment. Archived from the original on December 4, 2005. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
  9. ^ Jeans (1993). "Peligroso regreso". Michael Jackson: Un mito indescifrable (in Spanish). Revista Jeans. p. 7. En "Black or white"... el resultado es una mezcla de hard rock, dance y rap
  10. ^ Halstead, Craig; Cadman, Chris (2003). Michael Jackson the Solo Years. Authors On Line Ltd. p. 40. ISBN 0-7552-0091-8. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
  11. ^ Andersen, Christopher P. (1994). Michael Jackson: unauthorized. Simon & Schuster. p. 105. ISBN 0-671-89239-8. Retrieved May 29, 2009.
  12. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Michael Jackson Thriller Review". Allmusic. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
  13. ^ Dekel, Jonathan (March 11, 2010). "Slash Calls Michael Jackson Guitar Riff 'Gay' at Canadian Music Week Keynote". Spinner. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2011.
  14. ^ SLASH – TALKS RAY CHARLES & MICHAEL JACKSON – CMW 2010 INTERVIEW on YouTube
  15. ^ a b "Michael Jackson – Black or White – Listen and discover music at". Last.fm. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  16. ^ a b c d e Halstead, Craig; Cadman, Chris (2003). Michael Jackson the Solo Years. Authors On Line Ltd. p. 99. ISBN 0-7552-0091-8. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  17. ^ a b c d Campbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Branden Books. p. 302. ISBN 0-8283-1957-X. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Adrian Grant (2009). Music Sales Group (ed.). Michael Jackson: The Visual Documentary. ISBN 978-0857122124. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  19. ^ "Michael Jackson's Catalogue Garners Major New Gold & Platinum Awards". Recording Industry Association of America. August 23, 2018.
  20. ^ Lacy, Chris (November 21, 2016). "TRIBUTE: Celebrating 25 Years of Michael Jackson's 'Dangerous'". Albumism. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  21. ^ [1] Archived May 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Flick, Larry (November 16, 1991). "Single Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. p. 81. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  23. ^ "Music Reviews: Singles" (PDF). Cashbox. November 16, 1991. p. 5. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  24. ^ Browne, David (November 29, 1991). "Dangerous Review | Music Reviews and News". EW.com. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
  25. ^ Jones, Alan (November 16, 1991). "Mainstream: Singles - Pick of the Week" (PDF). Music Week. p. 24. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
  26. ^ "Picks and Pans Review: Dangerous". People. December 23, 1991. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  27. ^ Light, Alan (January 9, 1992). "Michael Jackson Dangerous Review". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 22, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
  28. ^ "Pazz & Jop, 1991". Robert Christgau. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  29. ^ Flick, Larry (January 4, 1992). "Dance Trax: MCA Music's Song & Dance: Firm Showcases Writers" (PDF). Billboard. p. 19. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  30. ^ Hung Medien. "Black or white (The Clivillés & Cole (C&C) remixes) in Australian Chart". Retrieved July 10, 2013.
  31. ^ a b c Allard, François; Lecocq, Richard (October 4, 2018). Michael Jackson: All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track. Octopus Books. ISBN 9781788401234. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  32. ^ Garcia, Alex. "Michael Jackson "Black or white"". mvdbase. Retrieved June 2, 2009.
  33. ^ Schilling, Vincent (June 27, 2014). "Remembering Michael Jackson and the Racial Mashup of 'Black or White'". Indian Country Today. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  34. ^ a b "• #multiracial "My Friend Michael Jackson"..." November 1, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  35. ^ "Commando filming locations". IAMNOTASTALKER. Retrieved April 5, 2021. Surplus City Jeep Parts" "The Wild Life" "Commando" "Black or White
  36. ^ a b c d e f g Phalen, Tom (November 16, 1991). "Jackson alters his new video". The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  37. ^ a b c d Pareles, Jon (November 16, 1991). "Review/Rock, New Video Opens the Jackson Blitz". The New York Times. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  38. ^ Simpson, Interviews by Dave (February 4, 2014). "How we made Top of the Pops". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
  39. ^ "Sri Lankan dancer Yamuna Sangarasivam danced with Michael Jackson". Sri Lanka Foundation. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  40. ^ Epic / 657598 7
  41. ^ Epic / 34-74100
  42. ^ Epic / 657598 6
  43. ^ Epic / 657731 6
  44. ^ Epic / 49 74099
  45. ^ Epic / 657598 2
  46. ^ Epic / 657731 2
  47. ^ Epic / 34K 74100
  48. ^ a b Weingarten, Christopher R. (October 11, 2012). "'Weird Al' Yankovic Looks Back At 20 Years Of 'Smells Like Nirvana' | SPIN". SPIN. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
  49. ^ ""Weird Al" Yankovic: Concert Set Lists". Weirdal.com. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
  50. ^ Video on YouTube[dead link‍]
  51. ^ Gary Trust (February 10, 2012). "Weekly Chart Notes: Madonna, Michael Jackson, 'Godspell'". Billboard. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  52. ^ a b "Michael Jackson – Black Or White". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
  53. ^ a b "Michael Jackson – Black Or White" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
  54. ^ "Michael Jackson – Black Or White" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
  55. ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 2030." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  56. ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 2037." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  57. ^ "Top RPM Dance/Urban: Issue 2026." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  58. ^ "European Dance Radio" (PDF). Music & Media. December 21, 1991. p. 41. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  59. ^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
  60. ^ a b "Michael Jackson – Black Or White" (in French). Les classement single.
  61. ^ "Black or White in Germany". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  62. ^ "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. January 18, 1992. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  63. ^ a b "Black or white in Irish Chart". IRMA. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2013. Only results when searching "Black or white"
  64. ^ "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 8, no. 48. November 30, 2019. p. 22. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  65. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Michael Jackson" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
  66. ^ a b c "Michael Jackson – Black Or White" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
  67. ^ a b "Michael Jackson – Black Or White". Top 40 Singles.
  68. ^ a b "Michael Jackson – Black Or White". VG-lista.
  69. ^ "Discos populares en Latinoamérica". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish). December 20, 1991. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
  70. ^ "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. February 1, 1992. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  71. ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
  72. ^ a b "Michael Jackson – Black Or White". Singles Top 100.
  73. ^ "Michael Jackson – Black Or White". Swiss Singles Chart.
  74. ^ Craig Halstead, Chris Cadman (2003). Authors On Line Ltd (ed.). Michael Jackson the Solo Years. p. 99. ISBN 978-0755200917.
  75. ^ "Michael Jackson: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  76. ^ "Top 60 Dance Singles" (PDF). Music Week. January 18, 1992. p. 20. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  77. ^ "Discos más populares en Mexico". El Siglo de Torreon (in Spanish): 56. May 24, 1992. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
  78. ^ "Michael Jackson Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  79. ^ "Michael Jackson Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  80. ^ "Michael Jackson Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  81. ^ a b c "Dangerous awards on AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  82. ^ "Michael Jackson Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
  83. ^ a b "Michael Jackson – Black Or White". Top Digital Download.
  84. ^ a b "Michael Jackson – Black Or White" Canciones Top 50.
  85. ^ a b "Michael Jackson". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
  86. ^ "Michael Jackson – Black Or White". Tracklisten.
  87. ^ "European Hot 100". Billboard. July 25, 2009. Retrieved November 2, 2010.
  88. ^ "Download French Single Top 50". France. lescharts. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
  89. ^ "Michael Jackson – Black Or White". Swiss Singles Chart.
  90. ^ "Hungarian Singles Chart Archives". MAHASZ. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
  91. ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  92. ^ "ARIA End Of Year Singles 1991". Australian Recording Industry Association. 1992. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  93. ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1991". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  94. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1991". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  95. ^ "Top Selling Singles of 1991". Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  96. ^ "1991 Top 100 Singles". Music Week. London, England: Spotlight Publications. January 11, 1992. p. 20.
  97. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
  98. ^ "Jahreshitparade Singles 1992". austriancharts.at. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  99. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 1992". Ultratop. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  100. ^ "1992 Year-End Sales Charts" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 9, no. 51/52. December 19, 1992. p. 17. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  101. ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts". GfK Entertainment (in German). offiziellecharts.de. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  102. ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1992". hitparade.ch. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  103. ^ "Billboard Top 100 – 1992". Archived from the original on July 8, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
  104. ^ "Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1992". Billboard. January 2, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  105. ^ "ultratop.be - Ultratop Nineties500". www.ultratop.be. Archived from the original on February 11, 2018.
  106. ^ Lwin, Nanda. "Top 100 singles of the 1990s". Jam!. Archived from the original on August 29, 2000. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
  107. ^ Geoff Mayfield (December 25, 1999). "1999 The Year in Music Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade – The listing of Top Pop Albums of the '90s & Hot 100 Singles of the '90s". Billboard. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
  108. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 140.
  109. ^ "Canadian single certifications – Michael Jackson – Black or White". Music Canada. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  110. ^ "Danish single certifications – Michael Jackson – Black or White". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  111. ^ "French single certifications – Michael Jackson – Black or White" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved November 9, 2021. Select MICHAEL JACKSON and click OK. 
  112. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Michael Jackson; 'Black or White')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  113. ^ "Italian single certifications – Michael Jackson – Black or White" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved August 23, 2021. Select "2021" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Type "Black or White" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Singoli" under "Sezione".
  114. ^ "Japanese ringtone certifications – Michael Jackson – Black or White" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved December 30, 2020. Select 2010年3月 on the drop-down menu
  115. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Michael Jackson – Black or White". Recorded Music NZ.[dead link‍]
  116. ^ "British single certifications – Michael Jackson – Black or White". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  117. ^ "British single certifications – Michael Jackson – Black or White". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  118. ^ a b "American single certifications – Michael Jackson – Black or White". Recording Industry Association of America.
  119. ^ Taete, Jamie Lee Curtis (May 5, 2015). "Meet the Mystery Man Who Rapped on Michael Jackson's 'Black or White'". Vice. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_or_White&oldid=1082151737"