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== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Freireich was born in Chicago on March 16, 1927. His parents, Mary (Klein) and David Freireich, immigrated to the United States from Hungary.<ref name="ascopost">https://ascopost.com/issues/august-10-2015/a-lasting-legacy/</ref><ref>[https://books.google.ca/books?id=7g1LAQAAIAAJ&q=Emil+Freireich+%22DAVID%22+%22MARY%22+klein&dq=Emil+Freireich+%22DAVID%22+%22MARY%22+klein&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ4ue7vMzuAhVPnOAKHWpFBOYQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ]</ref> He grew up in poverty during the [[Great Depression]].<ref>[https://mdanderson.libguides.com/FreireichEJ Freireich (Emil J ), M.D., Oral History Interview: Home]</ref> His father died when he was two years old, and his mother worked in a factory to support Emil and his older sister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascopost.com/issues/august-10-2015/a-lasting-legacy/|title=A Lasting Legacy – The ASCO Post|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> After winning a science fair, a teacher recommended that he consider going to college. He attended the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] at the age of 16 with the help of donations from neighbors, and later from scholarships. He was medically excused from being drafted into [[World War II]] because of a broken leg. He earned his M.D. from the [[University of Illinois College of Medicine]] in 1949.<ref name="MDACC bio"/> After graduation from medical school, he did an internship at [[Cook County Hospital]]. However, he was fired due to a dispute with administrators, after he attempted to treat a patient with heart failure who had been transferred to the hospital's "death room" and left for dead.<ref name=Printz>{{cite journal|last=Printz|first=Carrie|year=2016|title=First person profile: Emil J. Freireich, MD|journal=[[Cancer (journal)|Cancer]]|volume=126|number=7|pages=1373–1374|doi=10.1002/cncr.32812 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32163608/|access-date=February 3, 2020}}</ref> As a result, he moved to [[Presbyterian Hospital of Chicago]] where he studied internal medicine under [[Howard Armstrong (physician)|Howard Armstrong]]. He subsequently studied hematology under [[Joe Ross (physician)|Joe Ross]] at [[Mass Memorial Hospital]] in Boston,<ref name="nih.gov"/> and published a study on [[anemia]] during his time there.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/> It was there that he also met his wife, Haroldine Cunningham, who worked as a nurse at the hospital.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/> He moved to the [[National Institutes of Health]] in 1955 to avoid being drafted into the army as a physician by joining the [[Public Health Service]].<ref name="nih.gov"/> One decade later, he joined the [[University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center]] in Houston, together with [[Emil Frei]], his friend and co-worker at the [[National Cancer Institute]] (NCI). They were tasked with creating a chemotherapy program.<ref name="houstonchronicle.com"/>
Freireich was born in Chicago on March 16, 1927. His parents, Mary (Klein) and David Freireich, immigrated to the United States from Hungary.<ref name="ascopost">https://ascopost.com/issues/august-10-2015/a-lasting-legacy/</ref><ref>[https://books.google.ca/books?id=7g1LAQAAIAAJ&q=Emil+Freireich+%22DAVID%22+%22MARY%22+klein&dq=Emil+Freireich+%22DAVID%22+%22MARY%22+klein&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ4ue7vMzuAhVPnOAKHWpFBOYQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ]</ref> He grew up in poverty during the [[Great Depression]].<ref>[https://mdanderson.libguides.com/FreireichEJ Freireich (Emil J ), M.D., Oral History Interview: Home]</ref> His father died when he was two years old, and his mother worked in a factory to support Emil and his older sister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ascopost.com/issues/august-10-2015/a-lasting-legacy/|title=A Lasting Legacy – The ASCO Post|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> After winning a science fair, a teacher recommended that he consider going to college. He attended the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] at the age of 16 with the help of donations from neighbors, and later from scholarships. He was medically excused from being drafted into [[World War II]] because of a broken leg. He earned his M.D. from the [[University of Illinois College of Medicine]] in 1949.<ref name="MDACC bio"/> After graduation from medical school, he did an internship at [[Cook County Hospital]]. However, he was fired due to a dispute with administrators, after he attempted to treat a patient with heart failure who had been transferred to the hospital's "death room" and left for dead.<ref name=Printz>{{cite journal|last=Printz|first=Carrie|year=2016|title=First person profile: Emil J. Freireich, MD|journal=[[Cancer (journal)|Cancer]]|volume=126|number=7|pages=1373–1374|doi=10.1002/cncr.32812 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32163608/|access-date=February 3, 2020}}</ref> As a result, he moved to [[Rush University Medical Center#History|Presbyterian Hospital of Chicago]] where he studied internal medicine under [[Howard Armstrong (physician)|Howard Armstrong]]. He subsequently studied hematology under [[Joe Ross (physician)|Joe Ross]] at [[UMass Memorial Health Care|Mass Memorial Hospital]] in Boston,<ref name="nih.gov"/> and published a study on [[anemia]] during his time there.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/> It was there that he also met his wife, Haroldine Cunningham, who worked as a nurse at the hospital.<ref name="Chronicle obit"/> He moved to the [[National Institutes of Health]] in 1955 to avoid being drafted into the army as a physician by joining the [[Public Health Service]].<ref name="nih.gov"/> One decade later, he joined the [[University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center]] in Houston, together with [[Emil Frei]], his friend and co-worker at the [[National Cancer Institute]] (NCI). They were tasked with creating a chemotherapy program.<ref name="houstonchronicle.com"/>


== Combination chemotherapy ==
== Combination chemotherapy ==

Revision as of 14:31, 4 February 2021

Emil J. Freireich
Born(1927-03-16)March 16, 1927
Chicago, Illinois
DiedFebruary 1, 2021(2021-02-01) (aged 93)
Houston, Texas
Alma mater
Known forcombination chemotherapy
Scientific career
FieldsOncology
Institutions

Emil J. Freireich (March 16, 1927 – February 1, 2021)[1] was an American cancer biologist. He was recognized as a pioneer in the treatment of cancer and use of chemotherapy.

Early life

Freireich was born in Chicago on March 16, 1927. His parents, Mary (Klein) and David Freireich, immigrated to the United States from Hungary.[2][3] He grew up in poverty during the Great Depression.[4] His father died when he was two years old, and his mother worked in a factory to support Emil and his older sister.[5] After winning a science fair, a teacher recommended that he consider going to college. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign at the age of 16 with the help of donations from neighbors, and later from scholarships. He was medically excused from being drafted into World War II because of a broken leg. He earned his M.D. from the University of Illinois College of Medicine in 1949.[6] After graduation from medical school, he did an internship at Cook County Hospital. However, he was fired due to a dispute with administrators, after he attempted to treat a patient with heart failure who had been transferred to the hospital's "death room" and left for dead.[7] As a result, he moved to Presbyterian Hospital of Chicago where he studied internal medicine under Howard Armstrong. He subsequently studied hematology under Joe Ross at Mass Memorial Hospital in Boston,[1] and published a study on anemia during his time there.[8] It was there that he also met his wife, Haroldine Cunningham, who worked as a nurse at the hospital.[8] He moved to the National Institutes of Health in 1955 to avoid being drafted into the army as a physician by joining the Public Health Service.[1] One decade later, he joined the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, together with Emil Frei, his friend and co-worker at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). They were tasked with creating a chemotherapy program.[9]

Combination chemotherapy

In 1965, Freireich, Frei, and James F. Holland hypothesized that cancer could best be treated by combinations of drugs, each with a different mechanism of action. Cancer cells could conceivably mutate to become resistant to a single agent, but by using different drugs concurrently it would be more difficult for the tumor to develop resistance to the combination. After many experimental challenges, Holland, Freireich, and Frei simultaneously administered methotrexate, vincristine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and prednisone, together referred to as the VAMP regimen, and induced long-term remissions in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).[9][10] With incremental refinements of original regimens, using randomized clinical studies by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, the Medical Research Council in the UK (UKALL protocols) and German Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster clinical trials group (ALL-BFM protocols), ALL in children has become a largely curable disease. This approach was extended to the lymphomas in 1963 by physicians at the NCI, who ultimately proved that nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone, known as the MOPP regimen, could cure patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Currently, nearly all successful cancer chemotherapy regimens use this paradigm of multiple drugs given simultaneously, called combination chemotherapy or polychemotherapy.[11]

Freireich stated that he was unfazed by the criticism he initially received for attempting this pioneering method of treatment.[8] He led the Center's Leukemia Research Program during the 1980’s and 1990’s.[6] He made contributions to over 600 scientific papers and over 100 books.[8][12] The Center established the Emil J. Freireich Award for Excellence in Education to honor his efforts of setting up graduate teaching programs to promote research.[8] It gives recognition to "members of the teaching faculty for excellence in education contributions".[12]

Later life

Freireich was honored as a Fellow of the American Association for Cancer Research in 2014.[6] He was employed as the Ruth Harriet Ainsworth Chair, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Director of Adult Leukemia Research Program, and Director of Special Medical Education Programs, at the MD Anderson Cancer Center.[9]

Freireich retired in September 2015, after working at the MD Anderson Cancer Center for 50 years.[13] Nonetheless, he kept on teaching on a part-time basis until the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. He went on to participate virtually on the center’s key meetings[8] He died on February 1, 2021, at the MD Anderson Cancer Center.[12] He was 93; no cause of death was announced.[8]

Selected awards

Freireich was a recipient of numerous awards for his research, including:[6]

Source:[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Interview with Emil J. Freireich" (PDF). NCI Oral History Project. Bethesda, Maryland: National Cancer Institute. June 19, 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  2. ^ https://ascopost.com/issues/august-10-2015/a-lasting-legacy/
  3. ^ [1]
  4. ^ Freireich (Emil J ), M.D., Oral History Interview: Home
  5. ^ "A Lasting Legacy – The ASCO Post". Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Emil J. Freireich". Houston: MD Anderson Cancer Center. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  7. ^ Printz, Carrie (2016). "First person profile: Emil J. Freireich, MD". Cancer. 126 (7): 1373–1374. doi:10.1002/cncr.32812. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Bauman, Anna (2 February 2021). "Trailblazing Houston oncologist Dr. Emil Freireich dies at 93". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  9. ^ a b c "Legendary oncologist returns to the limelight". Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  10. ^ Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2011). The Emperor of All Maladies. NY: Scribbler. pp. 139–142.
  11. ^ "Combination chemotherapy for lymphoma and acute leukemia". Lasker Foundation. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  12. ^ a b c Rodriguez, Adrianna (February 2, 2021). "Leukemia: Dr. Emil Freireich, 'giant of modern medicine', dies at 93". USA Today. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  13. ^ Wendler, Ronda (2015). "The man who cured childhood leukemia". Houston: MD Anderson Cancer Center. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
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