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January 6

How does Raman spectroscopy look like?

I want to know how does Raman spectroscopy look like? if it is device like telescope, then I like to know how it look like ? Google images didn't help me much Rizosome (talk) 18:34, 6 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

See this short video on YouTube. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 2.122.56.237 (talk) 19:24, 6 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Quantectum earthquake prediction

Are these people making fringe arguments? I see some Elsevier results for them on Google, but calling your idea "Omega-theory" sounds a little kooky. 93.136.84.49 (talk) 22:02, 6 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Earthquake prediction is a tricky area, as the Wikipedia article describes. It would seem that the "omega" in this work is just a type of brand name for the computer system/program this Swiss group are using. I don't think it is any more "fringe" than anyone else trying to tackle a difficult but important problem. Mike Turnbull (talk) 11:08, 7 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I see mixed signals. The hype language used ("the solution of the earthquake prediction problem, which is an entirely new physical theory of earthquakes, which we call the Omega-Theory") indeed sounds kooky. Calling it "vortex theory" (vrtinčna teorija^[1]) does not immediately inspire confidence either. It is suspicious that the sleek Quantectum website does not even try to present an accessible explanation of the content of Omega-Theory. Also, if the theory has merits, it is almost completely ignored by the scientific seismological community. The book explaining the theory is not being referenced, except for an occasional almost content-free occurrence in a series of references, as seen here; I see no reviews. On the other hand, as far as GBS allows me to inspect the book, the theory development appears to proceed in a fairly normal scientific way – but that does not exclude the possibility of a magic trick in some hidden corner, just like "proofs" that π is rational are typically mostly standard maths except for one magical step. The developer of the theory has authored several peer-reviewed publications in seismology. In the end, the proof is in being actually better than other models in predicting quakes – which is still a low bar. --Lambiam 08:12, 8 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

could a supercomputer create genetic variation?

The genetic variation between individuals of the same species is small compared to the size of the genome. Could a supercomputer with artificial intelligence, one day, deduce the genomes of several individuals in a healthy population of a species, from the genome of a single individual? It would be very useful in threatened species and de-extinction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Inhabitant of the encyclopedia planet (talk • contribs) 22:17, 6 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The genome itself would not require a supercomputer. The human genome itself is only 3.1 billion base pairs, so at worst, it could be stored as roughly 3.1 GB of data. I regularly process datafiles far larger than that without the aid of a supercomputer. Some variation could be easily done today, such as single base pair substitutions to change between different codons that code for the same amino acids. That would be simply done even today. What is harder is if you do things like base pair insertions, or even single base pair substitutions that change the amino acids they code for. This is because the big challenge isn't in processing or handling the genome itself, rather, the problem is calculating or simulating protein structure and function. There have been some notable advances recently, but it remains challenging. --OuroborosCobra (talk) 22:45, 6 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The viability of an individual can only be defined in relation to its interaction with a typical environment. In order to determine the viability of a candidate genome by simulation, the computer will have to simulate that environment too – which means it will need an almost inconceivably larger amount of information than stored in the genome. --Lambiam 10:14, 7 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Yes and no. Viability to the point of successful reproduction, perhaps would require that level of environment simulation. However, viability just as a living organism altogether may not. For example, if a mutation on the cytochrome C could be simulated to the point of protein structure and interaction with other proteins, that could determine viability (or loss of viability) without need for a full up environment simulation. Some mutations could be tested for viability without even a computer. If you have a point mutation that replaces the methionine distal to the heme c moiety with a glycine, for example, you would know that it would no longer be a viable organism. Without that distal methionine, the spin state on the iron center will no longer be maintained by a proper ligand field, and the cytochrome c will not be able to do its electron transport job. The organism would die very quickly, if an embryo could even form at all. --OuroborosCobra (talk) 12:52, 8 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

True by itself, but in the context of the OQ ("very useful in threatened species and de-extinction") I assumed the intent was the SF scenario of creating a genetically diverse healthy population Jurassic Park-style from a collection of modified genomes derived from a single genome. A point mutation or two will not do to create the desired genetic diversity of a healthy population; if a mammal species, the genetic engineers may have to replace a whole X chromosome by a Y chromosome. --Lambiam 09:15, 9 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

January 7

Do quantum computers have display like home PC?

Do quantum computers have display like home PC? Rizosome (talk) 13:43, 7 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Googling "quantum computer", the displays look more like big wide-screen TVs. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 15:37, 7 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

There are no quantum computers as of today; their development is still in the technical stage. As of 2021, only two prototype quantum processors have yet been created, the Sycamore processor and the Jiuzhang (quantum computer). There is no viable device one could call a "quantum computer" in the sense of a commercial model yet. Presumably, the user interface will resemble other computers, so there will be input and control devices, graphical displays, etc. But we aren't at that stage yet. --Jayron 32 15:56, 7 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

They could have whatever display their designers wanted. Any real "quantum computer" is almost certainly going to consist of a quantum processor along with one or more "traditional" processors for handling the boring non-quantum stuff. Most consumer "computing devices" today already have multiple processor cores along with dedicated computers for offloading things like networking. A lot of servers are multi-CPU. --47.152.93.24 (talk) 20:53, 7 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

January 8

Steam traction in France

When was the last De Glehn compound retired from revenue service? 2601:646:8A01:B180:1D12:2DA5:3989:77E3 (talk) 12:13, 8 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Our Compound locomotive#De Glehn article says: "Many gave long service: a 4-6-0 230.D locomotive introduced 1909, stationed at Creil could often still be seen at the Gare du Nord, Paris in the late 1960s" (but no reference). This article says "the last was retired in 1965". The French Wikipedia article for these locomotives is 230 Nord 3.513 à 3.662. Alansplodge (talk) 15:11, 8 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Steam locomotive comparison

Of the various steam trains on different railroads, which ones were the cleanest and which ones were the dirtiest? Were there any steam trains which were cleaner than contemporary (1930's to 1950's) diesel trains? Also, was it true that the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad's steam trains were particularly clean (as they claimed with their Phoebe Snow ads), or was it hype? 2601:646:8A01:B180:1D12:2DA5:3989:77E3 (talk) 12:19, 8 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

How do you want to quantify cleanliness? Locomotives produce many different pollutants. For some pollutants I expect most steam locomotives to be more polluting than diesels (course soot particles, sulphur dioxide), for others I expect the opposite (fine particulate matter, nitrogen oxides). A lot depends on the quality of the fuel too. The same locomotive can burn both clean and dirty fuel, resulting in a difference in particular for sulphur dioxide. And the most visible pollution is not the most dangerous pollution. PiusImpavidus (talk) 10:45, 9 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Firefighting trains

When using a steam train for firefighting, is it feasible to work a master stream or at least 1 or more fire hoses off of the live steam injector, or would it not work for some reason (not enough mass-flow, insufficient pressure, etc.)? 2601:646:8A01:B180:1D12:2DA5:3989:77E3 (talk) 12:22, 8 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Google has failed to find me an instance of a steam locomotive being used for firefighting - I imagine that the constraint would be that any fire would need to be conveniently close to some rail tracks. Perhaps you are thinking of steam pump fire engines that were pulled along the road by horses? Alansplodge (talk) 15:00, 8 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

That's weird -- last time I asked, there were plenty of references to firefighting trains (mostly modern diesel trains, but at least one steam train as well)! 2601:646:8A01:B180:1D30:C04:B153:1804 (talk) 10:13, 9 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

D'oh! I even found an example myself! I must be losing my touch... Alansplodge (talk) 16:45, 9 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The steam injector can handle enough pressure to force water into the boiler, which would be a few megapascals. That should be enough for some firefighting. Given the water consumption of an express steam locomotive, it should be able to handle on the order of one litre per second, which is well below the massflow of a master stream. Raising steam in a big steam locomotive takes hours, a luxury you don't have if you want to fight a fire. So, given the limited usefulness and the requirement to keep one on hot stand-by, I don't think firefighting steam locomotives are a good idea. But somebody may have tried it. It makes more sense to take an ordinary (steam) pump, put that on a flat wagon and push it to the area of the fire with any powered rail vehicle you have at hand. PiusImpavidus (talk) 11:28, 9 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Nerve response in a dead body

If I understand correctly, the nerve impulses in a dead body wouldn't be fired, no matter what stimulus is applied (temperature, puncturing, etc). So assuming the dead body is largely intact (with all associated neural pathways, etc) and not damaged by decomposition, what prevents the impulses to be fired in response to a stimulus? My takeaway after reading our article is that after the death the voltage in cell membranes drops to zero, thus making the firing impossible. If I got that right, then there's question of why the voltage drops after the death (assuming it's autonomous, akin to charged battery, and independent of brain death). Thanks. 212.180.235.46 (talk) 17:14, 8 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The precise moment of death is hard to define; while there are medical and legal definitions (which may differ between jurisdictions) they are not based on some scientifically fundamental principle, so drawing the boundary between alive and dead has some unavoidable arbitrariness. The actual transition is not instantaneous; it may be brief, but it is nevertheless a gradual process. Under most definitions, some processes that are characteristic of life will continue for some time after the moment of death. This also holds for nerve impulses firing in response to stimuli, unless one defines death as the ceasing of nerves firing. --Lambiam 22:03, 8 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

You're talking about membrane potential. This is actively maintained and requires energy in the form of ATP. Therefore, if the cell dies, it will not be maintained. However, death is hardly instantaneous, and with he right care, tissues can remain electrically active even after death of the organism. This is a common technique in research. Maintaining slices of brain (oganotypic slice cultures, oddly no article) in the right conditions can keep them active for days or weeks outside of the body. Fgf10 (talk) 10:39, 9 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Yo-yo and Maxwell pendulum

From what I see, devices working just like Maxwell pendulum (no article yet, but googleable) have been designed before, as per Yo-yo#History (particularly in ancient Greece). Or aren't they slightly different things? 212.180.235.46 (talk) 20:45, 8 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

"In the twentieth century the yo-yo definitively entered into the physics labs as a didactic instrument in the version known as Maxwell's pendulum".^[2] --Lambiam 21:48, 8 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks. 212.180.235.46 (talk) 10:49, 9 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

January 9

Food

What is a strata? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.250.240.168 (talk) 02:49, 9 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Martha Stewart tells me it's "A layered casserole usually consisting of eggs, bread, and cheese." HiLo48 (talk) 02:57, 9 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

See Strata (food). ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 04:04, 9 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

January 10

Drug Addition

I am a young teenage girl and need serious help from addiction — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.114.206.57 (talk) 00:02, 10 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Hello, my name is Roxy. I'm sorry to hear you're struggling with addiction. You are not alone in this, and while your problems may feel insurmountable, substance addiction can be overcome with the right help.

Please understand, Wikipedia editors are not qualified to give medical advice or treatment counseling, and the Wikipedia reference desk is not an appropriate place to request help with addiction or medical emergencies. Please seek counseling from a qualified medical professional, or speak openly and honestly about your addiction with an adult you trust. Your IP address seems to be located in Cape Town, South Africa. There are several substance abuse treatment facilities located there which may be able to help you, including Tharagay, Ixande, and Harmony Clinic.

I hope you are able to get the help you need, and wish you the very best. RoxySaunders (talk) 02:45, 10 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Do chimpanzees prepare for pregnancy?

I dreamt that I read a headline announcing that chimpanzees prepare for their pregnancies, somewhat similarly to us. Presumably, that implies that they understand the phenomenon and so they try to keep the bearers especially safe and nourished, and situated somewhere relatively suitable for childbirth.

Then again, since it was a dream it was probably just nonsense. Although chimpanzees are similar to us, I highly doubt that there’s any species that has anything remotely equivalent to either ‘baby showers’ or medical assistance to facilitate childbirth, so I might be putting too much thought into it and they probably do not handle the phenomenon much differently from other mammals. —(((Romanophile))) ♞ (contributions) 04:48, 10 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Do you mean, prepare for delivery? There are indications that chimpanzees understand the concept of pregnancy.^[3] In the wild, the expecting mother knows that parturition is getting near and prepares a nest in advance.^[4] According to Jane Goodall, self-protective behaviour observed in expecting mothers in captivity is not evident in the wild, although possible during the final days of pregnancy. (Jane van Lawick-Goodall (1968). The Behaviour of Free-living Chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Animal Behaviour Monographs, Volume 1, Part 3, page 223.) --Lambiam 00:03, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

January 11

When will Mars 2020 return sample to earth?

What I learn from Mars 2020 is that sample tubes are installed, so when will Mars 2020 return sample to earth? Rizosome (talk) 10:27, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

From the same article: "The "fetch rover" for returning the samples is expected to launch in 2026. The landing and surface operations of the "fetch rover" would take place early in 2029. The earliest return to Earth is envisaged for 2031." --Wrongfilter (talk) 10:57, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Resolved

Any real animal that people can ride on water like Lapras?

--Curious Cat On Her Last Life (talk) 12:23, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

See Dolphin#Relationships_with_humans for one possible example. Mike Turnbull (talk) 13:33, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Ride on the back of a green sea turtle in the Great Barrier Reef. Alansplodge (talk) 14:22, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Water skeeters (aka pond skaters) are animals that know how to ride the wave. (Video: [5].) Whirligig beetles are perhaps swimming, but such that they skim the surface. (Video: [6].) --Lambiam 10:45, 12 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I recall hearing of people riding swimming horses to avoid getting zapped by electric eels. I suppose if you gave the horse a flotation device you could ride it on water for longer. Zindor (talk) 12:51, 12 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

How can Perseverance (rover) can land on Mars before Tianwen-1 rover?

Tianwen-1 was launched before Perseverance (rover), then how can Perseverance (rover) can land on Mars before Tianwen-1 rover? Rizosome (talk) 15:21, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I don't have a direct answer, but there are many possible trajectories, speeds, and mission profiles, and it is entirely possible that the one launched later would land on Mars itself earlier. There should be no expectation that the elapsed time for the two missions would be similar, so there should be no expectation that the earlier launched one would touchdown on Mars earlier. They were only launched a few weeks apart; now, if it had been a decade or more there may be some explaining to do, but given the proximity of launch times and the different mission profiles, it's not that surprising. It's like asking how I, walking along a different path than you take, can arrive at a destination at a earlier than you, who left earlier, but took a different path and walked at a different speed than me. --Jayron 32 15:37, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

"You take the high road and I'll take the low road, and I'll be in Scotland before ye..." ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 16:00, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The Tianwen-1 mission comprises both an orbiter and a lander. The scheduled arrival at Mars, defined as insertion into a Mars orbit, will be in February 2021, if all goes according to plan (according to our article). If that is before February 11th, it will have arrived earlier at Mars than Perseverance. However, the orbiter is planned to remain in orbit for about three months before sending the rover down (again, according to our article). Apart from that, spacecraft travelling to Mars are cruising (i.e., in free fall) for almost all of the time. The initial velocity is an important determining factor. On a 200-day journey, just a 1% difference may already account for two days in elapsed time, even with very similar trajectories. --Lambiam 10:30, 12 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Help identify a goose-like family

During these times of full (or partial) lockdown, rare encounters with the wild take place. This is the case of a bird the family of which has been captured by a camera, in the north of Tel-Aviv city in Israel, in the 1st week of Jan (see the attached picture). Tried to identify it, but except for its goose-like appearance, I'll be glad to have a more professional identificaion. Thanks.

בנצי (talk) 20:02, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I suggest that the Egyptian goose (a somewhat variable species) fits the bill. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 90.200.40.9 (talk) 20:09, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I agree. Of all the geese listed at List of birds of Israel, the Egyptian goose is the only one with any resemblance to the birds in the image. (It's worth noting that our article states that the Egyptian goose is more closely related to shelducks than geese, but it looks like a goose, hence the common name). PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 20:20, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Reflexive gasp

Sometimes while falling asleep I make reflex-like quick inhalation (gasp) through nose, similar to yawning for extra oxygen. Possibly this has to do with slower/shallower breathing while sleeping, so perhaps other people have this too. Is there a name for such non-voluntary nasal gasps? For the record, I'm healthy and not seeking a medical advice. 212.180.235.46 (talk) 20:37, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

How do you know you don't need medical advice? ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 21:32, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Ignore him. It's a well-known thing, perfectly normal. See hypnic jerk, aka hypnagogic jerk. -- Jack of Oz ^{[pleasantries]} 22:14, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

I've experienced that myself. While not seeing a doctor about it, I also haven't sought the advice of unqualified internet users. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 23:25, 11 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Neither was the OP seeking advice. In case you missed the small print, he said: "For the record, I'm healthy and not seeking a medical advice". -- Jack of Oz ^{[pleasantries]} 05:13, 12 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Sure. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 09:22, 12 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

WP:AGF. --OuroborosCobra (talk) 20:14, 12 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Sure. ←Baseball Bugs ^{What's up, Doc?} carrots→ 22:26, 12 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

While hypnic jerks are a plausible explanation, still, without examining the questioner, how can we be sure this is not a symptom of an illness like obstructive sleep apnea?^[7] Many sufferers of mild forms of sleep apnea do not experience excessive daytime sleepiness or other tell-tale symptoms and are not aware of the condition. --Lambiam 09:41, 12 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

It's not for us to be diagnosing - or even suggesting - problems, particularly where the OP denies there's a problem. Our self-imposed limitation on providing medical advice includes diagnosis of symptoms. -- Jack of Oz ^{[pleasantries]} 21:26, 12 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

January 12

Eastern or Western Grey Squirrel

Hello. I just looked on Commons through the category for Sciurus vulgaris. However, in there I found photos of either an Eastern or Western Grey Squirrel. I initially changed the category to Sciurus carolinensis, however, as the image was taken in the state of Washington, it could also be Sciurus griseus. According to https://wdfw.wa.gov/species-habitats/living/species-facts/tree-squirrels# six squirrels types can be found in Washington: Tamiasciurus douglasii, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Sciurus griseus, Glaucomys sabrinus, Sciurus carolinensis, Sciurus niger. I just want to correct the categories because it is certainly not Sciurus vulgaris.

Images by Joe Mabel on Commons

There are more images in c:Category:Sciurus vulgaris eating apples. --Christian140 (talk) 07:20, 12 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

If I had to make a guess, I would say it's the eastern Sciurus carolinensis, because of the red fur on the face and haunches. Confirmed pictures of the western Sciurus griseus don't show such red fur; they're entirely shades of gray. A quick google search of "Eastern Gray Squirrel" and "Western Gray Squirrel" will easily confirm.--Jayron 32 14:34, 12 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

The wdfw.wa.gov site (linked above) notes that the eastern gray was "introduced in Washington in the early 1900s. Since then they have been repeatedly released in parks, campuses, estates, and residential areas. They are now the most common tree squirrels in urban areas." Since the photos were (per file description) taken "near the Ceramic and Metal Arts Building, University of Washington", I'd go with Sciurus carolinensis, and include a note that the eastern gray is an introduced species. 107.15.157.44 (talk) 16:40, 12 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

January 13

How can catalyst can speed up chemical reaction without participating in it?

How can catalyst can speed up chemical reaction without participating in it? Rizosome (talk) 02:33, 13 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Catalysts do participate in the reaction but they aren't consumed by the reaction.Dja1979 (talk) 06:37, 13 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Is there any references about ionic insulators?

In the article ionic compound, there is a sentence "As solids they are almost always electrically insulating, but when melted or dissolved they become highly conductive, because the ions are mobilized." Is there any references about it? Such as determination of electrical resistance of solid ionic compounds, or some exceptions. --Leiem (talk) 03:01, 13 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Why so much commercial cultivation of oil-palm in Southeast Asia, and so little in West-Southwest Africa?

I gather that oil-palm plantations in southeast Asia are often highly controversial, given the deforestation and other environmental damage they can involve. It's essentially an invasive species,

My question is twofold: According to our article on Elaeis guineensis, the plant is native to west and southwest Africa.

1. Given that in west-southwest Africa it's a native species, wouldn't you expect to see a significant chunk of the world's palm-oil production come from this region? Why is so much of the stuff produced in Indonesia and Malaysia, and so little in Angola, The Gambia, Senegal, or Ivory Coast?

(There may be issues with these countries in Africa being politically unstable, but this doesn't seem to have significantly hampered other resource exploitation in the region, such as cobalt or cacao).

2. Would cultivation in the regions of Africa where the tree is native likely be more sustainable and do less environmental damage than Indonesian and Malaysian cultivation, all else being equal? If this were the case, surely environmental activists would or should be encouraging these (African) countries to increase their production, to replace the Southeast Asian production?

EDIT: My question is about commercial-scale production, not local subsistence-level production for local consumption. Eliyohub (talk) 06:26, 13 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

@@ Line 171: / Line 171: @@
 How can catalyst can speed up chemical reaction without participating in it? [[User:Rizosome|Rizosome]] ([[User talk:Rizosome|talk]]) 02:33, 13 January 2021 (UTC)
+:[[Catalysis|Catalysts]] do participate in the reaction but they aren't consumed by the reaction.[[User:Dja1979|Dja1979]] ([[User talk:Dja1979|talk]]) 06:37, 13 January 2021 (UTC)
 == Is there any references about ionic insulators? ==