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=== Les Autres ===
=== Les Autres ===
{{See also|Les Autres sport classification|}}People who are Les Autres compete in this class. This includes LAF1 classified athletes.<ref name=":0222"/><ref name=":153">{{Cite book|url=http://www.colimdo.org/media/2609359/deportistas_sin_adjetivos.pdf|title=Deportistas sin Adjectivos|last=Consejo Superior de Deportes|first=|publisher=Consejo Superior de Deportes|year=2011|isbn=|location=Spain|pages=|language=es-ES|via=}}</ref> In general, Les Autres classes cover sportspeople with locomotor disabilities regardless of their diagnosis.<ref name=":32">Tweedy, S. M. (2003). The ICF and Classification in Disability Athletics. In R. Madden, S. Bricknell, C. Sykes and L. York (Ed.), ''ICF Australian User Guide, Version 1.0, Disability Series'' (pp. 82-88)Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwxzAwAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Disability|last=Albrecht|first=Gary L.|date=2005-10-07|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781452265209|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-08-31/paralympic-classifications-explained/4203720|title=Paralympic classifications explained|date=2012-08-31|website=ABC News Sport|language=en-AU|access-date=2016-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPlqAAAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Workshop on Disabled and Sports|last=Sportbond|first=Nederlandse Invaliden|date=1985-01-01|publisher=Nederlandse Invaliden Sportbond|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbN_AgAAQBAJ|title=Key Topics in Sports Medicine|last=Narvani|first=A. A.|last2=Thomas|first2=P.|last3=Lynn|first3=B.|date=2006-09-27|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134220618|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mE11aMLrygcC|title=The Paralympics|last=Hunter|first=Nick|date=2012-02-09|publisher=Hachette Children's Group|isbn=9780750270458|language=en}}</ref>
{{See also|Les Autres sport classification|}}People who are Les Autres compete in this class. This includes LAF5 classified athletes.<ref name=":0222"/><ref name=":153">{{Cite book|url=http://www.colimdo.org/media/2609359/deportistas_sin_adjetivos.pdf|title=Deportistas sin Adjectivos|last=Consejo Superior de Deportes|first=|publisher=Consejo Superior de Deportes|year=2011|isbn=|location=Spain|pages=|language=es-ES|via=}}</ref> In general, Les Autres classes cover sportspeople with locomotor disabilities regardless of their diagnosis.<ref name=":32">Tweedy, S. M. (2003). The ICF and Classification in Disability Athletics. In R. Madden, S. Bricknell, C. Sykes and L. York (Ed.), ''ICF Australian User Guide, Version 1.0, Disability Series'' (pp. 82-88)Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwxzAwAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Disability|last=Albrecht|first=Gary L.|date=2005-10-07|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781452265209|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-08-31/paralympic-classifications-explained/4203720|title=Paralympic classifications explained|date=2012-08-31|website=ABC News Sport|language=en-AU|access-date=2016-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPlqAAAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Workshop on Disabled and Sports|last=Sportbond|first=Nederlandse Invaliden|date=1985-01-01|publisher=Nederlandse Invaliden Sportbond|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbN_AgAAQBAJ|title=Key Topics in Sports Medicine|last=Narvani|first=A. A.|last2=Thomas|first2=P.|last3=Lynn|first3=B.|date=2006-09-27|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134220618|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mE11aMLrygcC|title=The Paralympics|last=Hunter|first=Nick|date=2012-02-09|publisher=Hachette Children's Group|isbn=9780750270458|language=en}}</ref>


==== LAF5 ====
==== LAF5 ====

Revision as of 21:19, 10 August 2016

T42 is disability sport classification for disability athletics, applying to athletes with single above the knee amputations or a disability that is comparable. This class includes ISOD classified A2 and A9 competitors. Notable current competitors in this class include Kelly Cartwright, Scott Reardon, Heinrich Popow, Earle Connor, Wojtek Czyz and Martina Caironi.

Definition

This classification is for disability athletics.[1] This classification is one of several classifications for athletes with ambulant related disabilities. Similar classifications are T40, T42, T43, T44, T45 and T46.[2] Jane Buckley, writing for the Sporting Wheelies, describes the athletes in this classification as: "Single above knee amputation (or combined arm/leg amputation) or similar disability."[1] The International Paralympic Committee defined this class in 2011 as: "Single above knee amputees and athletes with other impairments that are comparable to a single above knee amputation. This includes athletes with loss of muscle power in the lower limbs consistent with Class F57 or F58 class."[3] The International Paralympic Committee defined this classification on their website in July 2016 as, "(Lower limb affected by limb deficiency, leg length difference, impaired muscle power or impaired range of movement)".[4]

  • Colour guide for understanding fully body diagrams
    Colour guide for understanding fully body diagrams
  • Disability type for some T42 classified competitors
    Disability type for some T42 classified competitors

Disability groups

Amputees

See also: Amputee sports classification

People who are amputees compete in this class, including ISOD A2 and A9.[5][5][6] In general, track athletes with amputations in should be considerate of the surface they are running on, and avoid asphalt and cinder tracks.[6]

Lower limb amputees

See also: A2 (classification)
Type of amputation for an A2 classified sportsperson.

This class includes ISOD A2 classified athletes.[5][5][6] People in this class use a prosthetic limb when competing in athletics. It has four parts: a socket, a knee, a shank and a foot.[6] In shot put, people in this class often plant their left leg against the toe board when they begin the glide stage of their throw.[6] Above the knee amputees have difficulty using standard able-bodied spint actions because of the differences in their functional muscle mass. As a result, they often use a specialized sprinting technique called “Leg-Over-Leg”. This technique involves using hip extensions to avoid deceleration caused by the prosthetic leg hitting the ground.[6] Use of a specially made carbon fibre running prosthetic leg assists runners in this class in lowering their heart rate compared to using a prosthetic not designed for running.[7] Runners in this class can have lower metabolic costs compared to elite runners over middle and long distances.[7] In general, track athletes with amputations should be considerate of the surface they are running on, and avoid asphalt and cinder tracks.[6]

A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. It found there was no significant difference in performance in times between women in A1, A2 and A3 in the discus, women in A2 and A3 in the discus, women in A1 and A2 in the javelin, women in A2 and A3 in the shot put, women in A2, A3 and A4 in the long jump, women in A1 and A2 in the 100 meter race, women in A2 and A3 in the 100 meter race, men in A1, A2 and A3 in the discus, men in A2, A3 and A4 in the discus, men in A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the javelin, men in A2, A3 and A4 in the javelin, men in A1, A2 and A3 in the shot put, men in A2, A3 and A4 in the shot put, men in A2, A3 and A4 in the high jump, men in A1 and A2 in the 100 meter race, men in A2 and A3 in the 100 meter race, men in A1, A2, A3 and A4 in the 400 meter race, and men in A2 and A3 in the 400 meter race.[8] From the 2004 Summer Paralympics to the 2012 Summer Paralympics, there was no significant changes in performance times put up by male sprinters in 100 meter, 200 meter and 400 meter events.[9]

Upper and lower limb amputees

See also: A9 (classification)
Type of amputation for an A9 classified sportsperson.

Members of the ISOD A9 class compete in T42, T43, T44, F42, F43, F44, F56, F57, and F58.[5][5][6] The shank length of people in this class can differ dramatically, and is not uniform across the class.[10] A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. It found there was no significant difference in performance in times between men in the A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the discus, men in A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8 and A9 in the javelin, and men in A8 and A9 in the shot put.[11]

The nature of an A9 athletes's amputations can effect their physiology and sports performance.[6][12][12] Because of the potential for balance issues related to having an amputation, during weight training, amputees are encouraged to use a spotter when lifting more than 15 pounds (6.8 kg).[6] Lower limb amputations effect a person's energy cost for being mobile. To keep their oxygen consumption rate similar to people without lower limb amputations, they need to walk slower.[12] Because they are missing a limb, amputees are more prone to overuse injuries in their remaining limbs. Common problems with intact upper limbs for people in this class include rotator cuffs tearing, shoulder impingement, epicondylitis and peripheral nerve entrapment.[12]

Les Autres

See also: Les Autres sport classification

People who are Les Autres compete in this class. This includes LAF5 classified athletes.[5][13] In general, Les Autres classes cover sportspeople with locomotor disabilities regardless of their diagnosis.[14][15][16][17][18][19]

LAF5

See also: LAF5 (classification)

LAF5 competitors can be classified into several athletics classes including F42, F43, and F44.[5][20][21] People in this class have normal functionality in their throwing arm.[20] At the 1984 Summer Paralympics, LAF4, LAF5 and LAF6 track athletes had the 100 meters and 1,500 meters on their program. In field events, they had shot put, discus, javelin and club throws. No jumping events were on the program for these classes.[22] There was a large range of sportspeople with different disabilities in this class at the 1984 Summer Paralympics.[22] In 1997 in the United States, this class was ambulant for field events It was for people with reduced function in their lower limbs or who had balance problems. People in this class had normal function in their throwing arm.[23]

LAF5 is an Les Autres sports classification.[5][24] This is an ambulant class for people with normal upper limb functionality but who have balance issues or problems with their lower limbs.[24] Medically, this class includes people with contracture of the hip or knee, paresis of one arm, or kyphoscoliosis. In practice, this means they have limited function in at least one limb. In terms of functional classification, this means the sportsperson is ambulatory with good arm function. They have issues with balance or reduced function in their lower limbs.[25]

Spinal cord injuries

See also: Wheelchair sport classification

F8

See also: F8 (classification)
Functional profile of a wheelchair sportsperson in the F8 class.
A profile of disability type of an F8 sportsperson.

F8 is standing wheelchair sport class.[26][27] The level of spinal cord injury for this class involves people who have incomplete lesions at a slightly higher level. This means they can sometimes bear weight on their legs.[28] In 2002, USA Track & Field defined this class as, "These are standing athletes with dynamic standing balance. Able to recover in standing when balance is challenged. Not more than 70 points in legs."[29] In 2003, Disabled Sports USA defined this class as, "In a sitting class but not more than 70 points in the lower limbs. Are unable to recover balance in challenged standing position."[26] In Australia, this class means combined lower plus upper limb functional problems. "Minimal disability."[30] It can also mean in Australia that the athlete is "ambulant with moderately reduced function in one or both lower limbs."[30] In Australia, the corresponding class for based on disability type classes are A2, A3, A9,and LAF5.[30]

Field events open to this class have included shot put, discus and javelin.[26][27] In pentathlon, the events for this class have included Shot, Javelin, 200m, Discus, 1500m.[26] For F8 javelin throwers, they can throw the javelin from a standing position and they use a javelin that weights .8 kilograms (1.8 lb).[31]

Performance wise, a 1999 study of discus throwers found that for F5 to F8 discus throwers, the upper arm tends to be near horizontal at the moment of release of the discus. F5 and F8 discus throwers have less average angular forearm speed than F2 and F4 throwers. F2 and F4 speed is caused by use of the elbow flexion to compensate for the shoulder flexion advantage of F5 to F8 throwers.[32] A study of javelin throwers in 2003 found that F8 throwers have angular speeds of the shoulder girdle similar to that of F3, F4, F5, F6, F7 and F9 throwers.[31]

F9

See also: F9 (classification)

F9 is a standing wheelchair sport class used in the United States.[26][33][34] It is sometimes referred to as Standing F8.[26][34] This is a standing class for people with neurological disorders, the only one of the nine wheelchair sport classes for standing competitors.[26][33] The level of spinal cord injury for this class is largely confined to the sacral region, or involves people who have incomplete lesions at a slightly higher level. This means they can sometimes bear weight on their legs.[35] In 2003, Disabled Sports USA defined this class as, "Is a standing class but not more than 70 points in the lower limbs. Able to maintain Balance when in a challenged standing position. Internationally this class would compete in the 42,43,44 class with other ambulatory classes. Justification: Internationally there is no longer a wheelchair standing class."[26] In some competitions, F8 and F9 classes have been merged as F9, or they compete as F42, F43, or F44.[26][34]

In javelin, F9 throwers throw the javelin from a standing position and use a javelin that weighs .8 kilograms (1.8 lb).[31][36] A study of javelin throwers in 2003 found that F9 throwers have angular speeds of the shoulder girdle similar to that of F4, F5, F6, F7, F8 and F3 throwers.[31] Throwers or all types in this class use a stopboard, making them the only wheelchair class that requires the use of one.[37] In junior events in the United States, the F9 class does not participate in the pentathlon, while F3 to F8 do.[38]

Performance and rules

In relay events involving T40s classes, no baton is used. Instead, a hand off takes place via touch in the exchange zone.[39] People in this class who are lower limb amputees are required to wear their leg prosthesis when they are on the track, and they must run. They cannot hop.[39]

People with arm amputations in this class can have elevated padded blocks to place their stumps on for the start of the race. These blocks need to be in a neutral color or a color similar to that of the track, and they must be placed entirely behind the starting line. Their location needs to be such that they do not interfere with the start of any other athlete.[39]

Events

There are a number of different events open to people in this class internationally. Many competitions have their own minimum qualifying standards.

gender Event Class AQS/MQS BQS Event
men's 100m T42 00:20.0 2016 CAIXA Loteria Athletics Open Championship[40]
men's 100m T42 14.2 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships[41]
men's 100m T42 16 2016 IPC Athletics European Championships[42]
men's 100m T42 16.1 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's 100m T42 17 15.4 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's 100m T42 16.2 2015 Parapan American Games
men's 100m T42 17 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships[43]
men's 100m T42 12.48 12.61 2016 Summer Paralympics[44]
women's 100m T42 23 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
women's 100m T42 16.23 17.62 2016 Summer Paralympics
women's 100m T42 18.5 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships
women's 100m T42 20 2016 IPC Athletics European Championships
women's 100m T42 19.5 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's 200m T42 30 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships
men's 200m T42 35 2016 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's 200m T42 34 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's 200m T42 36 34 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's 200m T42 35 2015 Parapan American Games
men's 200m T42 36 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's 200m T42 25.14 25.98 2016 Summer Paralympics
men's 4x100m T42-47 ranking 2016 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's 4x100m T42-47 nil 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's 4x100m T42-47 nil 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's 4x100m T42-47 Nil 2015 Parapan American Games
men's discus F42 38.00m 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships
men's discus F42 33.00m 2016 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's discus F42 33.20m 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's discus F42 30.00m 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's discus T42 1.45m 1.40m 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's discus F42 25.00m 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's high jump T42 1.4 2016 CAIXA Loteria Athletics Open Championship
men's high jump T42 1.55m 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships
men's high jump T42 1.40m 2016 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's high jump T42 1.40m 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's high jump T42 1.45m 2015 Parapan American Games
men's high jump T42 1.45m 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's high jump T42 1.78 1.73 2016 Summer Paralympics
women's high jump T42 4.1 2016 CAIXA Loteria Athletics Open Championship
men's javelin F42 37.00m 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships
men's javelin F42 30.00m 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's javelin F42 35.00m 43.00m 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's javelin F42/43/44 35.00m 2016 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's javelin F42 34.00m 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's javelin F42/43/44 54 51.1 2016 Summer Paralympics
men's long jump T42 2.2 2016 CAIXA Loteria Athletics Open Championship
men's long jump T42 4.40m 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships
men's long jump T42 4.00m 2016 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's long jump T42 4.15m 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's long jump T42 4.00m 4.40m 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's long jump T42 4.00m 2015 Parapan American Games
men's long jump T42 4.00m 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's long jump T42 6.07 5.57 2016 Summer Paralympics
women's long jump T42 2.60m 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
women's long jump T42 3.88 3.66 2016 Summer Paralympics
women's long jump T42 3.25 2016 CAIXA Loteria Athletics Open Championship
women's long jump T42 3.00m 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships
women's long jump T42 3.00m 2016 IPC Athletics European Championships
women's long jump T42 3.00m 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's shot put F42 9.42 2016 CAIXA Loteria Athletics Open Championship
men's shot put F42 11.20m 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships
men's shot put F42 9.50m 2016 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's shot put F42 9.50m 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships
men's shot put F42 9.50m 11.20m 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's shot put F42 9.50m 11.20m 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's shot put F42 9.80m 2016 IPC Athletics Asia-Oceania Championships
men's shot put F42 13.9 12.79 2016 Summer Paralympics
women's shot put F42 6 2016 CAIXA Loteria Athletics Open Championship

History

The classification was created by the International Paralympic Committee and has roots in a 2003 attempt to address "the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation."[45]

For the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case by case basis.[46] In case there was a need for classification or reclassification at the Games despite best efforts otherwise, athletics classification was scheduled for September 4 and September 5 at Olympic Stadium. For sportspeople with physical or intellectual disabilities going through classification or reclassification in Rio, their in competition observation event is their first appearance in competition at the Games.[46]

Becoming classified

T42 competitor Scott Reardon turns around on the track at AIS

For this class, classification generally has four phases. The first stage of classification is a health examination. For amputees in this class, this is often done on site at a sports training facility or competition. The second stage is observation in practice, the third stage is observation in competition and the last stage is assigning the sportsperson to a relevant class.[47] Sometimes the health examination may not be done on site because the nature of the amputation could cause not physically visible alterations to the body. This is especially true for lower limb amputees as it relates to how their limbs align with their hips and the impact this has on their spine and how their skull sits on their spine.[48] During the observation phase involving training or practice, all athletes in this class may be asked to demonstrate their skills in athletics, such as running, jumping or throwing. A determination is then made as to what classification an athlete should compete in. Classifications may be Confirmed or Review status. For athletes who do not have access to a full classification panel, Provisional classification is available; this is a temporary Review classification, considered an indication of class only, and generally used only in lower levels of competition.[49]

While some some people in this class may be ambulatory, they generally go through the classification process while using a wheelchair. This is because they often compete from a seated position.[50] Failure to do so could result in them being classified as an ambulatory class competitor.[50] For people in this class with amputations, classification is often based on the anatomical nature of the amputation.[51][52] The classification system takes several things into account when putting people into this class. These includes which limbs are effected, how many limbs are effected, and how much of a limb is missing.[53][54]

Competitors

Notable current competitors in this class include Kelly Cartwright, Scott Reardon, Heinrich Popow, Earle Connor,[55] Wojtek Czyz and Martina Caironi. Double above knee amputee Richard Whitehead also runs in the T42 classification. At the London Paralympics he won the 200 metre event in T42 world record time.[56] He also holds T42 world records in the 400 metre,[57] half marathon and marathon distances.[58]

References

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  2. ^ "Summer Sports » Athletics". Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  3. ^ Tweedy, Sean (16 July 2010). "Research Report - IPC Athletics Classification Project for Physical Impairments" (PDF). Queensland, Australiaa: International Paralympic Committee. p. 42. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  4. ^ "IPC Athletics Classification & Categories". www.paralympic.org. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY". Queensland Sport. Queensland Sport. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
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  9. ^ Hassani, Hossein; Ghodsi, Mansi; Shadi, Mehran; Noroozi, Siamak; Dyer, Bryce (2015-06-16). "An Overview of the Running Performance of Athletes with Lower-Limb Amputation at the Paralympic Games 2004–2012". Sports. 3 (2): 103–115. doi:10.3390/sports3020103.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Nolan, Lee; Patritti, Benjamin L.; Stana, Laura; Tweedy, Sean M. (2011). "Is Increased Residual Shank Length a Competitive Advantage for Elite Transtibial Amputee Long Jumpers?" (PDF). Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. 28.
  11. ^ van Eijsden-Besseling, M. D. F. (1985). "The (Non)sense of the Present-Day Classification System of Sports for the Disabled, Regarding Paralysed and Amputee Athletes" (PDF). Paraplegia. 23. International Medical Society of Paraplegia. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  12. ^ a b c d Miller, Mark D.; Thompson, Stephen R. (2014-04-04). DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9781455742219.
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  19. ^ Hunter, Nick (2012-02-09). The Paralympics. Hachette Children's Group. ISBN 9780750270458.
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  21. ^ International Paralympic Committee (June 2009). "IPC Athletics Classification Project for Physical Impairments: Final Report - Stage 1" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee Governing Committee Reports.
  22. ^ a b Broekhoff, Jan (1986-06-01). The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress proceedings: Eugene, Ore., 19-26 July 1984 : (also: OSC proceedings). Human Kinetics Publishers. ISBN 9780873220064.
  23. ^ "Men & Women 800 Meter Run - Results - 1997 National Summer Games". Disabled Sports US. Disabled Sports US. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
  24. ^ a b Consejo Superior de Deportes (2011). Deportistas sin Adjectivos (PDF) (in European Spanish). Spain: Consejo Superior de Deportes.
  25. ^ MD, Michael A. Alexander; MD, Dennis J. Matthews (2009-09-18). Pediatric Rehabilitation: Principles & Practices, Fourth Edition. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 9781935281658.
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  27. ^ a b Consejo Superior de Deportes (2011). Deportistas sin Adjectivos (PDF) (in European Spanish). Spain: Consejo Superior de Deportes.
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  31. ^ a b c d Chow, John W.; Kuenster, Ann F.; Lim, Young-tae (2003-06-01). "Kinematic Analysis of Javelin Throw Performed by Wheelchair Athletes of Different Functional Classes". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2 (2): 36–46. ISSN 1303-2968. PMC 3938047. PMID 24616609.
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