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Galindians were two distinct, and now extinct, tribes of the Balts. Most commonly, Galindians refers to the Western Galindians who lived in the southeast part of Prussia. Less commonly, it is used for a tribe that lived in the area of what is today Moscow (Russian: Голядь).

Etymology

Johannes Voigt (supported by many others) suggested that name is derived from the Baltic word *galas ("the end", probably synonymous to "located farthest", "located near the border of the territory or area"), alluding to the fact that they settled for some time further west and further east than any other Baltic tribe.^[1]

Polish historian Jerzy Nalepa [pl] suggested another etymology: the name Galind- may be derived from the hydronym of Gielądzkie Lake [pl] in the province of Olsztyn, in what was the very center of ancient Galindia. J. Nalepa (1971) suggested the root *gal- was originally a different ablaut grade of the same root found in Lithuanian "gilus" – deep, and "gelmė" – depth. The original meaning referred to the depth of the lake mentioned, which is one of the deepest in the area.^[2]

The Russian 'golyad' is the result of the common shift of nasal '-en'(ę) into '-ya'(я) in Russian language.

Western Galindians

The Western Galindians (Old Prussian: *Galindis,^{[nb 1]} Latin: Galindae) – at first a West Baltic tribe, and later an Old Prussian clan – lived in Galindia, roughly the area of present-day Masuria but including territory further south in what would become the Duchy of Masovia. The region lay adjacent to the territory of the Yotvingians, which is today in Podlaskie Voivodeship.

Ptolemy was the first to mention the Galindians (Koine Greek: Galindoi – Γαλίνδοι) in the 2nd century AD.^[3] From the 6th/7th century until the 17th century the former central part of the Galindian tribe continued to exist as the Old Prussian clan of *Galindis. The language of the Old Prussians in Galindia became extinct by 17th century, mainly because of the 16th centuries influx of Protestants seeking refuge from Catholic Poland into the Galindian area^{[citation needed]} and German-language administration of Prussia.^{[citation needed]}

Eastern Galindians

The Eastern Galindians (East Galindian: *Galindai, Russian: голядь, lit. 'Goliadj', from Old East Slavic голѧдь golędĭ), an extinct East Baltic tribe, lived from the 4th century in the basin of the Protva River, near the modern Russian towns of Mozhaysk, Vereya, and Borovsk. It is probable that the Eastern Galindians, as the bearers of the Moshchiny culture, also occupied all the Kaluga Oblast before the Early East Slavs populated the Moshchiny culture's area at the turn of the 7th and 8th centuries.^[4]

The contemporary sources mention Golyad only twice, briefly.^[5]

The Golyad are first mentioned in the Laurentian Codex, where it is written that they were conquered by Iziaslav I of Kiev in 1058.^[1] This shows that even at the height of the power of the Kievan Rus', were not its subjects or tributaries.^[6]

Second, the Hypatian Codex mentions that Sviatoslav Olgovich defeated the Golyad' who lived up the Porotva (now Protva) river in 1147 ("взя люди Голядь, верхъ Поротве").^[1]

In addition the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle mentioned that Mikhail Khorobrit "was killed by 'Litva' (Lithuanians) on the Porotva" (Russian: убьенъ бысть от Литвы на Поротве, romanized: ubien byst' ot Litvy na Porotve) in 1248. Historian Valentin Sedov [ru] argues that this 'Litva' people were descendants the Galindians, because he sees no reason why would actual Lithuanians make military excursions so far from their lands.^[7]

The Russians probably did not completely assimilate them until the 15th (or 16th) century.^[7]^[8]

There are several toponyms probably related to golyad: two villages named Голяди, a village Голяжье, and the Golyada River, a tributary of the Moskva River.^[5]

In folk traditions that lived on into the 20th century there are tales about mighty giants with the (personal) name Golyada.^[1] However, this may have been conflated with the Biblical mention about Goliath.^{[citation needed]}

Language

Notes

^ An asterisk placed before the word means that it is reconstructed and is therefore not attested.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bojtár 1999, p. 109.
^ Nalepa, Jerzy, 'Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź.', Opuscula. Slavica 1, [=Slaviska och baltiska studier 9]: 93–115. Lund 1971 Även publicerad i: Acta-Baltico Slavica 9: 191–209. Wrocław 1976.
^ Tarasov 2017, p. 99.
^ Sedov 1982, p. 41-45.
^ ^a ^b "Голядь" . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
^ Studia Ucrainica. University of Ottawa Press. 1986. p. 24. ISBN 9780776601403.
^ ^a ^b Sedov 2000, p. 75-84.
^ Tarasov 2017, pp. 100–112.

Sources

Bojtár, Endre (1999). Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People. Central European University Press. ISBN 9789639116429.
Tarasov, Ilya (2017). "Балты в миграциях Великого переселения народов" [Balts in the migrations of the Great Migration]. Исторический формат (in Russian). 3–4 (11–12): 95–124.
Wixman, Ronald (2017). Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780873325066.
Sedov, V.V. (1982). Восточные славяне в VI-XIII вв [Eastern Slavs in the VI-XIII centuries] (in Russian).
Sedov, Valentin V. (2000). "Голядь" [Golyad']. In Kazakevičius, Viktoras (ed.). Iš baltų kultūros istorijos. Vilnius: Diemedis. pp. 75–84. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18.

[3] An asterisk placed before the word means that it is reconstructed and is therefore not attested.

[FOOTNOTEBojtár1999109-1] Bojtár 1999, p. 109.

[Nalepa-2] Nalepa, Jerzy, 'Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź.', Opuscula. Slavica 1, [=Slaviska och baltiska studier 9]: 93–115. Lund 1971 Även publicerad i: Acta-Baltico Slavica 9: 191–209. Wrocław 1976.

[FOOTNOTETarasov201799-4] Tarasov 2017, p. 99.

[FOOTNOTESedov198241-45-5] Sedov 1982, p. 41-45.

[efron-6] "Голядь" . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.

[7] Studia Ucrainica. University of Ottawa Press. 1986. p. 24. ISBN 9780776601403.

[FOOTNOTESedov200075-84-8] Sedov 2000, p. 75-84.

[FOOTNOTETarasov2017100–112-9] Tarasov 2017, pp. 100–112.

[1]

[2]

[nb 1]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Split|Western Galindians|Eastern Galindians|date=September 2023|discuss=Talk:Galindians#Split proposal|reason=these two tribes are unrelated and should not be grouped into one article}}
 [[Image:Baltic Tribes c 1200.svg|thumb|right|The Western Galindians in the context of the other Baltic tribes, [[Wiktionary:circa|circa]] 1200 [[Common Era|CE]].  The Eastern Balts are shown in brown hues while the Western Balts are shown in green.  The boundaries are approximate.]]
-'''Galindians''' were two distinct, and now extinct, tribes of the [[Balts]].  Most commonly, Galindians refers to the Western Galindians who lived in the southeast part of [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]].  Less commonly, it is used for a tribe that lived in the area of what is today [[Moscow]].
+'''Galindians''' were two distinct, and now extinct, tribes of the [[Balts]].  Most commonly, Galindians refers to the Western Galindians who lived in the southeast part of [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]].  Less commonly, it is used for a tribe that lived in the area of what is today [[Moscow]] ({{langx|ru|Голядь}}).
+== Etymology ==
+[[Johannes Voigt]] (supported by many others) suggested that name is derived from the Baltic word *''galas'' ("the end", probably synonymous to "located farthest", "located near the border of the territory or area"), alluding to the fact that they settled for some time further west and further east than any other Baltic tribe.{{Sfn|Bojtár|1999|p=109}}
+Polish historian {{ill|Jerzy Nalepa|pl}} suggested another etymology: the name ''Galind''- may be derived from the [[hydronym]] of {{ill|Gielądzkie Lake|pl|Gielądzkie Jezioro}}  in the province of [[Olsztyn]], in what was the very center of ancient ''Galindia''. J. Nalepa (1971) suggested the root *''gal''- was originally a different [[apophony|ablaut]] grade of the same root found in Lithuanian "''gilus''" – deep, and "''gelmė''" – depth. The original meaning referred to the depth of the lake mentioned, which is one of the deepest in the area.<ref name="Nalepa">Nalepa, Jerzy, 'Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź.', Opuscula. Slavica 1, [=Slaviska och baltiska studier 9]: 93–115. Lund 1971 Även publicerad i: Acta-Baltico Slavica 9: 191–209. Wrocław 1976.</ref>
+The Russian 'golyad' is the result of the common shift of nasal '-en'(ę) into '-ya'(я) in Russian language.
-The name "Galinda" is thought to derive from the Baltic word *''galas'' ("the end"), alluding to the fact that they settled for some time further west and further east than any other Baltic tribe.
 == Western Galindians  ==
-The Western Galindians ([[Old Prussian]]: *''Galindis'',<ref group="nb">An asterisk placed before the word means that it is [[Linguistic reconstruction|reconstructed]] and is therefore not attested.</ref> [[Latin]]: ''Galindae'') – at first a West Baltic [[tribe]], and later an Old Prussian [[clan]] – lived in '''Galindia''', roughly the area of present-day [[Masuria]] but including territory further south in what would become the [[Duchy of Masovia]]. The region lay adjacent to the territory of the [[Yotvingians]], which is today in [[Podlaskie Voivodeship]].[[File:Prussian clans 13th century.png|thumb|The Prussian tribes in the 13th century (Galindia shown in grey).|left]]The name ''Galind''- is probably derived from the [[hydronym]] of ''Gielądzkie Jezioro'' (53°&nbsp;52'&nbsp;N, 21°&nbsp;10'&nbsp;E) in the province of Olsztyn, in what was the very center of ancient ''Galindia''. J. Nalepa (1971) suggested the root *''gal''- was originally a different [[apophony|ablaut]] grade of the same root found in Lith. "''gilus''" – deep, and "''gelmė''" – depth. The original meaning referred to the depth of the lake mentioned, which is one of the deepest in the area.<ref name="Nalepa">Nalepa, Jerzy, 'Próba nowej etymologii nazwy Galindia czyli Golędź.', Opuscula. Slavica 1, [=Slaviska och baltiska studier 9]: 93-115. Lund 1971 Även publicerad i: Acta-Baltico Slavica 9: 191-209. Wrocław 1976.</ref>
+The Western Galindians ([[Old Prussian]]: *''Galindis'',<ref group="nb">An asterisk placed before the word means that it is [[Linguistic reconstruction|reconstructed]] and is therefore not attested.</ref> [[Latin]]: ''Galindae'') – at first a West Baltic [[tribe]], and later an Old Prussian [[clan]] – lived in '''Galindia''', roughly the area of present-day [[Masuria]] but including territory further south in what would become the [[Duchy of Masovia]]. The region lay adjacent to the territory of the [[Yotvingians]], which is today in [[Podlaskie Voivodeship]].
+[[File:Prussian clans 13th century.png|thumb|The Prussian tribes in the 13th century (Galindia shown in light grey).|left]]
-[[Ptolemy]] was the first to mention the Galindians ([[Koine Greek]]: ''Galindoi'' – '''Γαλίνδοι''') in the 2nd century AD.{{Sfn|Tarasov|2017|p=99}} From the 6th/7th century until the 17th century the former central part of the Galindian tribe continued to exist as the [[Old Prussians|Old Prussian]] [[clan]] of *Galindis. The language of the Old Prussians in Galindia became extinct by 17th century, mainly because of the 16th centuries influx of Protestants seeking refuge from Catholic Poland into the Galindian area{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} and German-language administration of Prussia.
+[[Ptolemy]] was the first to mention the Galindians ([[Koine Greek]]: ''Galindoi'' – '''Γαλίνδοι''') in the 2nd century AD.{{Sfn|Tarasov|2017|p=99}} From the 6th/7th century until the 17th century the former central part of the Galindian tribe continued to exist as the [[Old Prussians|Old Prussian]] [[clan]] of *Galindis. The language of the Old Prussians in Galindia became extinct by 17th century, mainly because of the 16th centuries influx of Protestants seeking refuge from Catholic Poland into the Galindian area{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} and German-language administration of Prussia.{{cn|date=August 2023}}
 == Eastern Galindians ==
-[[File:Slav-7-8-obrez.png|thumbnail|Europe in 7-8th century - Baltic tribes are shown in dark purple. Eastern Galindians can be seen within the Slavic territory.]]
+[[File:Slav-7-8-obrez.png|thumbnail|Europe in 7–8th century – Baltic tribes are shown in dark purple. Eastern Galindians can be seen within the Slavic territory.]]
-The Eastern Galindians (East Galindian: *''Galindai'', {{Lang-ru|голядь|lit=Goliadj}}, from [[Old East Slavic]] *''Golędĭ''), an extinct [[East Baltic languages|East Baltic]] [[tribe]], lived from the 4th century in the basin of the [[Protva]] River, near the modern [[Russia]]n towns of [[Mozhaysk]], [[Vereya]], and [[Borovsk]]. It is probable that the Eastern Galindians, as the bearers of the [[Moshchiny culture]], also occupied all the [[Kaluga Oblast]] before the [[Early East Slavs]] populated the Moshchiny culture's area at the turn of the 7th and 8th centuries.{{Sfn|Sedov|1982|p=41-45}}
+The Eastern Galindians (East Galindian: *''Galindai'', {{Langx|ru|голядь|lit=Goliadj}}, from [[Old East Slavic]] голѧдь ''golędĭ''), an extinct [[East Baltic languages|East Baltic]] [[tribe]], lived from the 4th century in the basin of the [[Protva]] River, near the modern [[Russia]]n towns of [[Mozhaysk]], [[Vereya]], and [[Borovsk]]. It is probable that the Eastern Galindians, as the bearers of the [[Moshchiny culture]], also occupied all the [[Kaluga Oblast]] before the [[Early East Slavs]] populated the Moshchiny culture's area at the turn of the 7th and 8th centuries.{{Sfn|Sedov|1982|p=41-45}}
+The contemporary sources mention ''Golyad'' only twice, briefly.<ref name=efron>{{cite Efron|Голядь}}</ref>
-The Golyad are first mentioned in the [[Laurentian Codex]], where it is written that they were conquered by [[Iziaslav I of Kiev]] in 1058.{{Sfn|Bojtár|1999|p=109}} This shows that even at the height of the power of the [[Kievan Rus']], were not its subjects or [[Tributary state|tributaries]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1986 |title= |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Studia_Ucrainica/dsgcAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |journal=[[Studia Ucrainica]] |issue=3 |pages=24}}</ref> The Hypatian Codex mentions that [[Sviatoslav Olgovich]] defeated the Golyad' who lived near the Porotva (now [[Protva]]) river in 1147.{{Sfn|Bojtár|1999|p=109}} The annals mentioned that [[Mikhail Khorobrit]] killed by "Lithuania on the Porotva" ({{Lang-ru|Литвы на Поротве|lit=Litvy na Porotve}}) in 1248, which clearly refers to the Galindians.{{Sfn|Sedov|2000|p=75-84}}
+The Golyad are first mentioned in the [[Laurentian Codex]], where it is written that they were conquered by [[Iziaslav I of Kiev]] in 1058.{{Sfn|Bojtár|1999|p=109}} This shows that even at the height of the power of the [[Kievan Rus']], were not its subjects or [[Tributary state|tributaries]].<ref>{{Cite book |date=1986 |title=Studia Ucrainica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dsgcAAAAMAAJ |issue=3 |pages=24 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=9780776601403}}</ref>
-The Prince [[Yuri Dolgorukiy]] arranged a campaign against them in 1147, the year of the first mention of [[Moscow]] in the Russian chronicles.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Subsequent chronicles do not mention the Eastern Galindians.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
+Second, the [[Hypatian Codex]] mentions that [[Sviatoslav Olgovich]] defeated the Golyad' who lived up the Porotva (now [[Protva]]) river in 1147 ("взя люди Голядь, верхъ Поротве").{{Sfn|Bojtár|1999|p=109}}
-Nevertheless, the [[Russians]] probably did not completely assimilate them until the 15th (or 16th) century.{{Sfn|Sedov|2000|p=75-84}}{{Sfn|Tarasov|2017|pp=100-112}} Some people still identified as Goliads in the 19th century.{{Sfn|Wixman|2017|p=75|ps=; The Golyad are the descendants of a Baltic tribe (Galinds) who were assimilated by the Belorussians (in Brest and Grodno Guberniyas) and Ukrainians (in Volynia). They lived along the Ugra and Protva rivers. There were still individuals who referred to themselves as Golyad in the 19th cent.}} Their folk traditions lived on into the 20th century.{{Sfn|Bojtár|1999|p=109}}
+In addition the [[Novgorod Fourth Chronicle]] mentioned that [[Mikhail Khorobrit]] "was killed by 'Litva' (Lithuanians) on the Porotva" ({{Langx|ru| убьенъ бысть от Литвы на Поротве|translit=ubien byst' ot Litvy na Porotve}}) in 1248. Historian {{ill|Valentin Sedov|ru|Седов, Валентин Васильевич}} argues that this 'Litva' people were descendants the Galindians, because he sees no reason why would actual [[Lithuanians]] make military excursions so far from their lands.{{Sfn|Sedov|2000|p=75-84}}
-In modern Moscow there is Golyadski lane.
+The [[Russians]] probably did not completely assimilate them until the 15th (or 16th) century.{{Sfn|Sedov|2000|p=75-84}}{{Sfn|Tarasov|2017|pp=100–112}}
+There are several toponyms probably related to ''golyad'': two villages named Голяди,  a village Голяжье, and the Golyada River, a tributary of the [[Moskva River]].<ref name=efron/>
+In folk traditions that lived on into the 20th century there are tales about mighty giants with the (personal) name ''Golyada''.{{Sfn|Bojtár|1999|p=109}} However, this may have been conflated with the Biblical mention about [[Goliath]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
+==Language==
+{{main article|Galindian language}}
+{{main article|Golyad language}}
 == See also ==
-* [[Dniepr Balts]]
+* [[Dnieper Balts]]
 * [[Yotvingians]]
 * [[Neuri]]
@@ Line 34: / Line 52: @@
 == Sources ==
+{{refbegin}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Bojtár |first=Endre |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Foreword_to_the_Past/Er1_CwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=galindians+Moscow&pg=PA109&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=galindians%20Moscow&f=false |title=Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People |publisher=[[Central European University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=9789639116429}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Bojtár |first=Endre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Er1_CwAAQBAJ&dq=galindians+Moscow&pg=PA109 |title=Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People |publisher=[[Central European University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=9789639116429}}
-* {{Cite journal |last=Tarasov |first=Ilya |date=2017 |title=Балты в миграциях Великого переселения народов |trans-title=Balts in the migrations of the Great Migration |url=https://www.academia.edu/37147068/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2._%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_3-4_2017._%D0%A1._95-124 |journal=Исторический формат |language=ru |volume=3-4 |issue=11-12 |pages=95-124}}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Tarasov |first=Ilya |date=2017 |title=Балты в миграциях Великого переселения народов |trans-title=Balts in the migrations of the Great Migration |url=https://www.academia.edu/37147068 |journal=Исторический формат |language=ru |volume=3–4 |issue=11–12 |pages=95–124}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Wixman |first=Ronald |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Peoples_of_the_USSR/XpcuDwAAQBAJ?q=Golyad&gbpv=1#f=false |title=Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2017 |isbn=9780873325066 |location=London and New York}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Wixman |first=Ronald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpcuDwAAQBAJ&q=Golyad |title=Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2017 |isbn=9780873325066 |location=London and New York}}
 * {{Cite book |last=Sedov |first=V.V. |title=Восточные славяне в VI-XIII вв. |year=1982 |language=ru |trans-title=Eastern Slavs in the VI-XIII centuries}}
-* {{Cite book |last=Sedov |first=Valentin V. |url=http://www.laborunion.lt/memo/modules/sections/index.php?op=viewarticle&artid=9 |title=Iš baltų kultūros istorijos |publisher=Diemedis |year=2000 |editor-last=Kazakevičius |editor-first=Viktoras |location=Vilnius |pages=75-84 |language= |chapter=Голядь |trans-chapter=Golyad' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718054016/http://www.laborunion.lt/memo/modules/sections/index.php?op=viewarticle&artid=9 |archive-date=2011-07-18 |url-status=dead}}
+* {{Cite book |last=Sedov |first=Valentin V. |url=http://www.laborunion.lt/memo/modules/sections/index.php?op=viewarticle&artid=9 |title=Iš baltų kultūros istorijos |publisher=Diemedis |year=2000 |editor-last=Kazakevičius |editor-first=Viktoras |location=Vilnius |pages=75–84 |language= |chapter=Голядь |trans-chapter=Golyad' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718054016/http://www.laborunion.lt/memo/modules/sections/index.php?op=viewarticle&artid=9 |archive-date=2011-07-18 |url-status=dead}}
+{{refend}}
 {{prussian clans}}
+{{interwiki extra|qid=Q684211}}
 [[Category:People from Prussia proper]]
 [[Category:Old Prussians]]
 [[Category:Historical Baltic peoples]]
+[[Category:History of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship]]

v t e Clans of the Old Prussians
Included by modern historians:	Bartians Nadruvians Natangians Pogesanians Pomesanians Sambians Warmians
Included by Peter von Dusburg:	Galindians Kulmerland Skalvians Sudovians