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{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Korean man voting in Nae Chon 1948 cph.3b13550.jpg|200px|thumb|Voting in the election]]{{Politics of South Korea}}
{{Infobox legislative election
The '''1948 South Korean Constitutional Assembly election''' took place on 10 May 1948. It was held under the [[United States Army Military Government in Korea|American military occupation]], with supervision from the [[UNTCOK|United Nations]], and resulted in a victory for the [[National Association (South Korea)|National Association for the Rapid Realisation of Korean Independence]], which won 55 of the 200 seats, although 85 were held by independents. Voter turnout was 95.5%.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II'', p428 {{ISBN|0-19-924959-8}}</ref>
| country = South Korea
| flag_year = 1948
| previous_election = [[1946 South Korean legislative election|1946]]
| next_election = [[1950 South Korean legislative election|1950]]
| turnout = 95.50%
| seats_for_election = All 200 seats in the [[Constituent National Assembly (South Korea)|Constituent National Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 101
| election_date = 10 May 1948
| first_election = yes

| party1 = National Association (South Korea)
| leader1 = [[Syngman Rhee]]
| percentage1 = 25.87
| seats1 = 55

| party2 = [[Korea Democratic Party|Korea Democratic]]
| leader2 = [[Kim Seong-su]]
| percentage2 = 13.51
| seats2 = 29

| color3 = #000
| party3 = [[Korea Youth Party|Korea Youth]]
| leader3 = [[Ji Cheong-cheon]]
| percentage3 = 9.66
| seats3 = 12

| party4 = [[Korean National Youth Association|National Youth]]
| leader4 = [[Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)|Lee Beom-seok]]
| percentage4 = 2.23
| seats4 = 6

| color5 = #c93
| party5 = [[Taehan Labour Federation]]
| leader5 =
| percentage5 = 1.57
| seats5 = 1

| color6 = #663
| party6 = [[Farmers Federation]]
| leader6 =
| percentage6 = 0.77
| seats6 = 2

| party7 = Other parties
| leader7 = –
| percentage7 = 5.92
| seats7 = 10

| party8 = Independents
| leader8 = –
| percentage8 = 40.47
| seats8 = 85

| map = Republic_of_Korea_Constituency_of_The_Constituent_Assembly_election_1948_districts_result.png
| map_caption = Results by constituency

| title = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of South Korea|Speaker]]
| before_election = None
| after_election = [[Rhee Syng-man]] | after_party = National Association (South Korea)
}}{{Politics of South Korea}}

Constitutional Assembly elections were held in [[South Korea]] on 10 May 1948. They were held under the [[United States Army Military Government in Korea|U.S. military occupation]], with supervision from the [[UNTCOK|United Nations]], and resulted in a victory for the [[National Association (South Korea)|National Association for the Rapid Realisation of Korean Independence]], which won 55 of the 200 seats, although 85 were held by independents. Voter turnout was 95%.<ref>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II'', p428 {{ISBN|0-19-924959-8}}</ref>

The elections were the first time in Korean history that the citizens were allowed to vote for a national legislative body.<ref name=KPIT/> The Korean peninsula had been under Japanese colonial rule for thirty-five years (1910–1945), and for hundreds of years before that, it had been governed by the ([[Yi Dynasty]]) Korean royal family and scholarly officials.


==Background==
==Background==
[[File:Korean man voting in Nae Chon 1948 cph.3b13550.jpg|thumb|left|Voting in the election]]
The elections were a milestone in Korean political history. The Korean people had not previously experienced democracy under written constitutional rule; the very foundation of South Korean politics were still under construction and were unstable.<ref name=PCISK>Kim, Ilpyong. Young, Whan Kihl. Political Change in South Korea. The Korean PWPA, Inc. Paragon House, New York. 1988. p24.</ref> The elections would lead to a constitution, roughly based on the [[constitution of the United States]], and establish democracy in South Korea.<ref name=PCISK/>
The elections were a milestone in Korean political history. The Korean people had not previously experienced democracy under written constitutional rule; the very foundation of South Korean politics were still under construction and were unstable.<ref name=PCISK>Kim, Ilpyong. Young, Whan Kihl. Political Change in South Korea. The Korean PWPA, Inc. Paragon House, New York. 1988. p24.</ref> The elections would lead to a constitution, roughly based on the [[constitution of the United States]].<ref name=PCISK/>


In 1948, the subject of an election of any kind in South Korea was an issue worldwide. On 8 and 9 March 1948, UN delegates from Australia, Canada, India, and Syria expressed their doubts and some complete rejection of the elections on 10 May 1948 for South Korea.<ref name=SRAI>{{cite book|first=Robert Tarbell |last = Oliver
In 1948 the subject of an election of any kind in South Korea was an issue worldwide. On 8 and 9 March 1948, UN delegates from Australia, Canada, India, and Syria expressed their doubts and some complete rejection of the elections on 10 May 1948 for South Korea.<ref name=SRAI>{{cite book
|first=Robert Tarbell |last = Oliver
|author-link=Robert T. Oliver
|title=Syngman Rhee and American Involvement in Korea, 1942-1960: A Personal Narrative
|title=Syngman Rhee and American Involvement in Korea, 1942-1960: A Personal Narrative
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1xxAAAAMAAJ
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1xxAAAAMAAJ
Line 12: Line 79:
|publisher=Panmun Book Company
|publisher=Panmun Book Company
|oclc=568651495
|oclc=568651495
|page=149}}</ref> The U.N. delegates were concerned by Korea's political maturity at the time, feeling that the elections might not validly express the popular will in a country which had only been independent for four years.<ref name=SRUP>{{cite book
|page=149}}</ref> The UN delegates were concerned by Korea's political maturity at the time, feeling that the elections might not validly express the popular will in a country which had only been independent for four years.<ref name=SRUP>{{cite book
|first=Richard C. |last = Allen
|first=Richard C. |last = Allen
|title=Korea's Syngman Rhee: An Unauthorized Portrait
|title=Korea's Syngman Rhee: An Unauthorized Portrait
Line 22: Line 89:
|page = 94}}</ref> Some Korean politicians, such as [[Kim Koo]] and [[Kim Kyu-sik]], denounced the election as it would dash the hopes of reunification with North Korea.<ref name=SRAI/> However, a vote in the [[South Korean Interim Legislature]] on 10 March ruled 40 to 0 in favor of holding the election.<ref name=SRAI/>
|page = 94}}</ref> Some Korean politicians, such as [[Kim Koo]] and [[Kim Kyu-sik]], denounced the election as it would dash the hopes of reunification with North Korea.<ref name=SRAI/> However, a vote in the [[South Korean Interim Legislature]] on 10 March ruled 40 to 0 in favor of holding the election.<ref name=SRAI/>


The elections were originally intended to be held throughout the [[Korean peninsula]], but Soviet Union forces and [[Kim Il-sung]] refused the UN supervisors entry into North Korea for the elections. They were therefore held only in the US-administered territory, making the elections a purely South Korean event. Because of this, [[Kim Koo]] and [[Kim Kyu-sik]] denounced the elections as they would dash hopes of reunification with North Korea, but could not prevent them from happening.<ref name=SRAI/> The voters elected members of parliament, who then voted on the constitution and elected the president. At the proceedings, they left one hundred seats open in the South Korean Parliament for North Koreans to vote on when they were able.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGoA65bSFpQC&pg=PA13 ''The Korean War, 1950-1953''], Carter Malkasian, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2001, {{ISBN|1-57958-364-4}}, p.13</ref>
The elections were originally intended to be held throughout the [[Korean peninsula]], but Soviet Union forces and [[Kim Il-sung]] refused the UN supervisors entry into North Korea for the elections.<ref name="Malkasian2001">{{cite book
|first=Carter |last = Malkasian
|title=The Korean War 1950-1953
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGoA65bSFpQC&pg=PA13
|year=2001
|publisher=Taylor & Francis
|isbn=978-1-57958-364-4
|page=13}}</ref> They were therefore held only in the US-administered territory, making the elections a purely South Korean event. Because of this, [[Kim Koo]] the last president of the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea|Korean Provisional Government]] and [[Kim Kyu-sik]] the former chairman of the South Korean Interim Legislature,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weems |first=Benjamin |date=1948 |title=Behind the Korean Election |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3022008 |journal=Far Eastern Survey |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=142–147 |doi=10.2307/3022008 |jstor=3022008 |issn=0362-8949}}</ref> denounced the elections as they would dash hopes of reunification with North Korea, but could not prevent them from happening.<ref name=SRAI/> The voters elected members of a [[Constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]], which then voted on the constitution and re-convened as the national legislature to elect the president. At the proceedings, they left one hundred seats open in the [[Constituent National Assembly (South Korea)|Constituent National Assembly]] for North Koreans to vote on when they were able.<ref name="Malkasian2001"/>


==Electoral system==
The election system corresponded to the same limited system that had been established under the Japanese. In larger towns, only landowners and taxpayers could vote, while in small towns, elders voted on behalf of everyone else.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cumings|first1=Bruce|title=The Korean War: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/koreanwarhistory0000cumi|url-access=registration|date=2010|page=[https://archive.org/details/koreanwarhistory0000cumi/page/113 113]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |pp=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n76 66], 69}}</ref>
The election system corresponded to the same limited system that had been established under the Japanese. In larger towns, only landowners and taxpayers could vote, while in small towns, elders voted on behalf of everyone else.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cumings|first1=Bruce|title=The Korean War: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/koreanwarhistory0000cumi|url-access=registration|date=2010|page=[https://archive.org/details/koreanwarhistory0000cumi/page/113 113]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n76 66], 69}}</ref>


==Conduct==
The elections were marred by terrorism resulting in 600 deaths between March and May.<ref name=stueck38>{{cite book |title= The Korean War in world history |publisher= Univ Pr of Kentucky | last= Stueck | first= William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yqLZUITEI0C&pg=PA38 | ISBN= 0-8131-2306-2 |page= 38}}</ref> In April, North Korea, supposedly in an effort to delay the elections, sponsored a unity conference in [[Pyongyang]] to promote reunification of the two Koreas, which both Kim Koo and Kim Kyu-sik attended. The conference was inconclusive towards any upcoming reunification,{{clarify|date=August 2020}} and did not delay the elections.<ref>Allen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=O_VkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 p. 93]</ref>
The elections were marred by terrorism resulting in 600 deaths between March and May.<ref name=stueck38>{{cite book |title= The Korean War in world history |publisher= Univ Pr of Kentucky | last= Stueck | first= William|date= 14 May 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yqLZUITEI0C&pg=PA38 | isbn= 0-8131-2306-2 |page= 38}}</ref> In April, North Korea, supposedly in an effort to delay the elections, sponsored a unity conference in [[Pyongyang]] to promote reunification of the two Koreas, which both Kim Koo and Kim Kyu-sik attended. The conference was inconclusive towards any upcoming reunification,{{clarify|date=August 2020}} and did not delay the elections.<ref>Allen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=O_VkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 p. 93]</ref>


The people of [[Jeju island]] saw the election as a unilateral attempt by the [[United States Army Military Government in Korea|United States military government]] under the [[flag of United Nations]] to separate a southern regime and to employ its first president [[Syngman Rhee]],<ref name="jejuweekly20100331"/><ref name=KPIT>Wright, Edward Reynolds. Korean Politics in Transition. University of Washington Press. Seattle Washington. 1975. Page 19</ref> The [[Jeju uprising]] occurred, during which tens of thousands of Jeju people were killed.<ref name="jejuweekly20100331">{{cite web |url = http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=657 |title = Islanders still mourn April 3 massacre|publisher = [[Jeju weekly]]|date = March 31, 2010 | accessdate = 2013-05-05 | first=Song| last=Jung Hee}}</ref>
The people of [[Jeju island]] saw the election as a unilateral attempt by the [[United States Army Military Government in Korea|United States military government]] under the [[flag of United Nations]] to separate a southern regime and to employ its first president [[Syngman Rhee]],<ref name="jejuweekly20100331"/><ref name=KPIT>Wright, Edward Reynolds. Korean Politics in Transition. University of Washington Press. Seattle Washington. 1975. Page 19</ref> The [[Jeju uprising]] occurred, during which tens of thousands of Jeju people were killed.<ref name="jejuweekly20100331">{{cite news |url = http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=657 |title = Islanders still mourn April 3 massacre|publisher = [[Jeju weekly]]|date = March 31, 2010 | accessdate = 2013-05-05 | first=Song| last=Jung Hee}}</ref>

The elections were the first time in Korean history that the citizens were allowed to vote for a national legislative body.<ref name=KPIT/> The Korean peninsula had been under Japanese colonial rule for thirty-five years (1910–1945), and for thousands of years before that, it had been governed by the ([[Yi Dynasty]]) Korean royal family and scholarly officials.


==Results==
==Results==
{{Election results
|party1=[[National Association (South Korea)|NARRKI]]|votes1=1755543|seats1=55
|party2=[[Korea Democratic Party]]|votes2=916322|seats2=29
|party3=[[Korea Youth Party]]|votes3=655653|seats3=12|color3=#000
|party4=[[Korean National Youth Association|National Youth Party]]|votes4=151043|seats4=6
|party5=[[Taehan Labour Federation]]|votes5=106629|seats5=1|color5=#c93
|party6=[[Farmers Federation]]|votes6=52512|seats6=2|color6=#663
|party7=Other parties|votes7=401554|seats7=10
|party8=Independents|votes8=2745483|seats8=85
|valid=7216942
|invalid=270707
|total_sc=0
|electorate=7840871
|source=Nohlen ''et al.''{{efn|The official results are inconsistent, with party totals around 400,000 lower than the reported number of valid votes.<ref>Nohlen ''et al''., p428</ref>}}
}}
{{notelist}}


===By city/province===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Seats
|-
|bgcolor={{Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color}}|
|align=left|[[National Association (South Korea)|NARRKI]]||1,755,543||26.1||55
|-
|bgcolor=#3c3|
|align=left|[[Korea Democratic Party]]||916,322||13.5||29
|-
|bgcolor=#c0f|
|align=left|[[Taedang Youth Party|Eastern Youth Party]]||655,653||9.6||12
|-
|bgcolor=#2cc|
|align=left|[[National Youth Party]]||151,043||2.2||6
|-
|bgcolor=#c93|
|align=left|[[Taehan Labour Federation]]||106,629||1.6||1
|-
|bgcolor=#663|
|align=left|[[Farmers Federation]]||52,512||0.8||2
|-
|bgcolor=white|
|align=left|Other parties||401,554||5.9||10
|-
|bgcolor={{Independents/meta/color}}|
|align=left|Independents||2,745,483||40.3||85
|-
| colspan="2" align=left|Invalid or blank votes||270,707||–||–
|-
| colspan="2" align=left|'''Total'''||'''7,847,649'''||'''100'''||'''200'''
|-
| colspan="2" align=left|Registered voters/turnout||7,840,871||95.5||–
|-
| colspan="5" align=left|Source: Nohlen ''et al.''
|}

=== Results by city/province ===
{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;"
! rowspan="3" |Region
! rowspan="3" |Region
! rowspan="3" |Total<br>seats
! rowspan="3" |Total<br>seats
Line 80: Line 131:
|-
|-
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |[[National Association (South Korea)|NARRKI]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |[[National Association (South Korea)|NARRKI]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |[[Korea Democratic Party|Korea Democratic]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |[[Korea Democratic Party|KNP]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |Eastern Youth
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |KY
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |National Youth
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |[[Korean National Youth Association|NY]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |Taehan Labour Federation
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |TLF
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |Farmers Federation
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |FF
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |Other
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |Other
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |Ind.
! class="unsortable" style="width:60px;" |Ind.
|-
|-
! style="background:{{Conservative (South Korea)/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|National Association (South Korea)}};" |
! style="background:#3c3;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Korea Democratic Party}};" |
! style="background:#c0f;" |
! style="background:#000;" |
! style="background:#2cc;" |
! style="background:{{party color|Korean National Youth Association}}" |
! style="background:#c93;" |
! style="background:#c93;" |
! style="background:#663;" |
! style="background:#663;" |
! style="background:white;" |
! style="background:white;" |
! style="background:{{Independent/meta/color}};" |
! style="background:{{party color|Independent}};" |
|-
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Seoul]]
! style="text-align: left;" |[[Seoul]]
Line 218: Line 269:
!85
!85
|}
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Republic of korea trunout of the Constituent Assembly election.svg|Turnout
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of members of the South Korean Constituent Assembly, 1948–50]]
*[[List of members of the South Korean Constituent Assembly, 1948–1950]]
*[[1946 North Korean local elections]]
*[[1946 North Korean local elections]]
*[[1947 North Korean local elections]]
*[[1947 North Korean local elections]]
Line 229: Line 285:


==External links==
==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Commonscat-inline|Republic of Korea's Constituencies Assembly elections, 1948}}


{{South Korean elections}}
{{South Korean elections}}
Line 235: Line 291:
[[Category:Legislative elections in South Korea]]
[[Category:Legislative elections in South Korea]]
[[Category:1948 elections in Asia|South Korea]]
[[Category:1948 elections in Asia|South Korea]]
[[Category:1948 in South Korea]]
[[Category:1948 elections in South Korea|Constitutional]]
[[Category:Allied occupation of Korea]]
[[Category:Allied occupation of Korea]]
[[Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results]]

Latest revision as of 22:08, 3 January 2025

1948 South Korean Constitutional Assembly election
South Korea
← 1946 10 May 1948 1950 →
All 200 seats in the Constituent National Assembly
101 seats needed for a majority
Turnout95.50%
Party Leader Vote % Seats
National Association Syngman Rhee 25.87 55
Korea Democratic Kim Seong-su 13.51 29
Korea Youth Ji Cheong-cheon 9.66 12
National Youth Lee Beom-seok 2.23 6
Taehan Labour Federation 1.57 1
Farmers Federation 0.77 2
Other parties – 5.92 10
Independents – 40.47 85
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Results by constituency
Speaker before Speaker after
None Rhee Syng-man
National Association
This article is part of a series on
Politics of South Korea
Government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Elections
Political parties
Korean conflict

Constitutional Assembly elections were held in South Korea on 10 May 1948. They were held under the U.S. military occupation, with supervision from the United Nations, and resulted in a victory for the National Association for the Rapid Realisation of Korean Independence, which won 55 of the 200 seats, although 85 were held by independents. Voter turnout was 95%.[1]

The elections were the first time in Korean history that the citizens were allowed to vote for a national legislative body.[2] The Korean peninsula had been under Japanese colonial rule for thirty-five years (1910–1945), and for hundreds of years before that, it had been governed by the (Yi Dynasty) Korean royal family and scholarly officials.

Background

[edit]
Voting in the election

The elections were a milestone in Korean political history. The Korean people had not previously experienced democracy under written constitutional rule; the very foundation of South Korean politics were still under construction and were unstable.[3] The elections would lead to a constitution, roughly based on the constitution of the United States.[3]

In 1948 the subject of an election of any kind in South Korea was an issue worldwide. On 8 and 9 March 1948, UN delegates from Australia, Canada, India, and Syria expressed their doubts and some complete rejection of the elections on 10 May 1948 for South Korea.[4] The UN delegates were concerned by Korea's political maturity at the time, feeling that the elections might not validly express the popular will in a country which had only been independent for four years.[5] Some Korean politicians, such as Kim Koo and Kim Kyu-sik, denounced the election as it would dash the hopes of reunification with North Korea.[4] However, a vote in the South Korean Interim Legislature on 10 March ruled 40 to 0 in favor of holding the election.[4]

The elections were originally intended to be held throughout the Korean peninsula, but Soviet Union forces and Kim Il-sung refused the UN supervisors entry into North Korea for the elections.[6] They were therefore held only in the US-administered territory, making the elections a purely South Korean event. Because of this, Kim Koo the last president of the Korean Provisional Government and Kim Kyu-sik the former chairman of the South Korean Interim Legislature,[7] denounced the elections as they would dash hopes of reunification with North Korea, but could not prevent them from happening.[4] The voters elected members of a constitutional convention, which then voted on the constitution and re-convened as the national legislature to elect the president. At the proceedings, they left one hundred seats open in the Constituent National Assembly for North Koreans to vote on when they were able.[6]

Electoral system

[edit]

The election system corresponded to the same limited system that had been established under the Japanese. In larger towns, only landowners and taxpayers could vote, while in small towns, elders voted on behalf of everyone else.[8][9]

Conduct

[edit]

The elections were marred by terrorism resulting in 600 deaths between March and May.[10] In April, North Korea, supposedly in an effort to delay the elections, sponsored a unity conference in Pyongyang to promote reunification of the two Koreas, which both Kim Koo and Kim Kyu-sik attended. The conference was inconclusive towards any upcoming reunification,[clarification needed] and did not delay the elections.[11]

The people of Jeju island saw the election as a unilateral attempt by the United States military government under the flag of United Nations to separate a southern regime and to employ its first president Syngman Rhee,[12][2] The Jeju uprising occurred, during which tens of thousands of Jeju people were killed.[12]

Results

[edit]
PartyVotes%Seats
NARRKI1,755,54325.8755
Korea Democratic Party916,32213.5129
Korea Youth Party655,6539.6612
National Youth Party151,0432.236
Taehan Labour Federation106,6291.571
Farmers Federation52,5120.772
Other parties401,5545.9210
Independents2,745,48340.4785
Total6,784,739100.00200
Valid votes7,216,94296.38
Invalid/blank votes270,7073.62
Total votes7,487,649100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,840,87195.50
Source: Nohlen et al.[a]
  1. ^ The official results are inconsistent, with party totals around 400,000 lower than the reported number of valid votes.[13]

By city/province

[edit]
Region Total
seats 		Seats won
NARRKI KNP KY NY TLF FF Other Ind.
Seoul 10 1 4 2 0 0 0 1 2
Gyeonggi 29 7 2 3 0 0 0 1 16
Gangwon 12 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 5
North Chungcheong 12 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 8
South Chungcheong 19 10 0 1 0 0 0 0 8
North Jeolla 22 6 4 1 2 0 1 0 8
South Jeolla 29 5 10 1 1 0 1 2 9
North Gyeongsang 33 11 5 2 0 1 0 3 11
South Gyeongsang 31 6 3 0 3 0 0 2 17
Jeju 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Total 200 55 29 12 6 1 2 10 85
[edit]
  • Turnout
    Turnout

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p428 ISBN 0-19-924959-8
  2. ^ a b Wright, Edward Reynolds. Korean Politics in Transition. University of Washington Press. Seattle Washington. 1975. Page 19
  3. ^ a b Kim, Ilpyong. Young, Whan Kihl. Political Change in South Korea. The Korean PWPA, Inc. Paragon House, New York. 1988. p24.
  4. ^ a b c d Oliver, Robert Tarbell (1978). Syngman Rhee and American Involvement in Korea, 1942-1960: A Personal Narrative. Seoul, South Korea: Panmun Book Company. p. 149. OCLC 568651495.
  5. ^ Allen, Richard C. (3 February 2016). Korea's Syngman Rhee: An Unauthorized Portrait. Rutland Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Publishing. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-4629-1809-6.
  6. ^ a b Malkasian, Carter (2001). The Korean War 1950-1953. Taylor & Francis. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-57958-364-4.
  7. ^ Weems, Benjamin (1948). "Behind the Korean Election". Far Eastern Survey. 17 (12): 142–147. doi:10.2307/3022008. ISSN 0362-8949. JSTOR 3022008.
  8. ^ Cumings, Bruce (2010). The Korean War: A History. p. 113.
  9. ^ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 66, 69. ISBN 0-415-23749-1.
  10. ^ Stueck, William (14 May 2004). The Korean War in world history. Univ Pr of Kentucky. p. 38. ISBN 0-8131-2306-2.
  11. ^ Allen, p. 93
  12. ^ a b Jung Hee, Song (March 31, 2010). "Islanders still mourn April 3 massacre". Jeju weekly. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  13. ^ Nohlen et al., p428
[edit]
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