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{{short description|Sultan of Brunei}}
{{Malay name|Hussin Kamaluddin|Muhammad Ali| note = on}}
{{Malay name|Hussin Kamaluddin|Muhammad Ali| note = on}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Hussin Kamaluddin
| name = Husin Kamaluddin<br/>{{no bold| حسين کمال‌‌الدین}}
| image = 1718 Armor of Sultan of Brunei.png
| caption = Armor of Hussin Kamaluddin
| succession = [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan of Brunei]]
| succession = [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan of Brunei]]
| death_date = {{circa|1770}}
⚫
| spouse = [[Puteri Raja Buwono Maimun]]
| death_place = Pulau Luba, [[Brunei Town]], [[Bruneian Empire]]
| full name = Hussin Kamaluddin ibni Muhammad Ali
| burial_place = [[Kampong Bunut Perpindahan|Makam di Luba]], [[Bandar Seri Begawan]], [[Brunei]]
⚫
| spouse = Puteri Raja Buwono Maimun
| issue = {{unbulleted list|
*Pengiran Anak Untong
*Pengiran Anak Badaruddin}}
| regnal name = Sultan Husin Kamaluddin ibnu Sultan Muhammad Ali
| house = [[House of Bolkiah|Bolkiah]]
| house = [[House of Bolkiah|Bolkiah]]
| father = [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Muhammad Ali]]
| father = [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Sultan Muhammad Ali]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| reign-type1 = First Reign
| reign-type2 = First Reign
| reign1 = 1710-1730
| reign2 = 1710–1730
| predecessor1 = [[Nasruddin]]
| predecessor2 = [[Nasruddin of Brunei|Nasruddin]]
| successor1 = [[Muhammad Alauddin]]
| successor2 = [[Muhammad Alauddin]]
| reign-type2 = Second Reign
| reign-type1 = Second Reign
| reign2 = 1737-1740
| reign1 = 1737–1740
| predecessor2 = [[Muhammad Alauddin]]
| predecessor1 = [[Muhammad Alauddin]]
| successor2 = [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]]
| successor1 = [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]]
}}
}}


Hussin Kamaluddin, also known as '''Sultan Kamaluddin Malik Al Dzahir'''<ref>{{Cite web |title="The gold Pitis coin of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei (1710-1730 and 1737-1740). - bruneiroyalfamily" |url=http://www.picluck.net/media/1212080660028940673_1809797391 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233537/http://www.picluck.net/media/1212080660028940673_1809797391 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=English Numista }}</ref>, was the 16th [[Sultan of Brunei]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2018 |title=Sultan-Sultan Brunei |url=http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/SiteAssets/Info%20Sejarah/INFO%20SEJARAH/SULTAN-SULTAN%20BRUNEI.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2018 |access-date=3 February 2018 |website=History Center Goverment}}</ref> He ascended the throne in 1710 succeeding his cousin, Sultan [[Nassaruddin|Nasruddin]] and ruled until his abdication in 1730. After the demise of Sultan [[Muhammad Alauddin]] in 1737, Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin ascended to the throne for the second time until his abdication in 1740.
'''Husin Kamaluddin ibnu Muhammad Ali''' (died {{Circa|1770}})<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXxQAQAAMAAJ&q=husin+kamaluddin+1770 |title=50 Years Historical Moments of Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, 1958-2008 |date=2008 |publisher=Ministry of Religious Affairs, Negara Brunei Darussalam |isbn=978-99917-922-0-0 |pages=68 |language=ms}}</ref> or also known as '''Sultan Kamaluddin Malik Al Dzahir''',<ref>{{Cite web |title="The gold Pitis coin of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei (1710-1730 and 1737-1740). - bruneiroyalfamily" |url=http://www.picluck.net/media/1212080660028940673_1809797391 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233537/http://www.picluck.net/media/1212080660028940673_1809797391 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |website=English Numista }}</ref> was the 16th [[Sultan of Brunei]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2018 |title=Sultan-Sultan Brunei |url=http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/SiteAssets/Info%20Sejarah/INFO%20SEJARAH/SULTAN-SULTAN%20BRUNEI.pdf |access-date=3 February 2018 |website=History Center Government}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Putu Davies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teM-AQAAIAAJ&q=Sultan+Husin+Kamaluddin |title=Constructing a National Past: National History and Historiography in Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, and Vietnam : a Collection of Conference Papers from the International Workshop on National History and Historiography |date=1996 |publisher=Department of History, Universiti Brunei Darussalam |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref> Following his death, he was posthumously given the title of '''Marhum Di Luba''' as he lives at Luba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Haniza Abdul Latif |date=2014-01-11 |title=KOMPILASI RENCANA KNK 2014 - Makam di Luba jadi tarikan |url=https://www.information.gov.bn/Malay%20Publication%20PDF/KNK%202014.pdf |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=www.information.gov.bn |pages=10–12 |language=ms}}</ref> He is descended from the 12th Sultan of Brunei, [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Sultan Muhammad Ali]], as the second son. The nation flourished during his rule, food was easily obtained, and he also introduced [[Brunei pitis|Brunei ''pitis'']], the nation's first unit of [[money]].<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, he is the only sultan to have held the throne twice.<ref name=":3" />

Within the grounds of the [[Royal Mausoleum (Brunei)|Royal Mausoleum]] (Royal Mausoleum) is a {{Convert|4|foot}}-tall stone known as the ''[[Batu Tarsilah]]''. The names of all of Brunei's monarchs from [[Muhammad Shah of Brunei|Muhammad Shah]] to Muhammad Tajuddin, are inscribed on the stone, which was built by two muslim scholars, Datu Imam Yaakub and Pehin Khatib Haji Abdul Latif, at the request of the country's 14th and 16th Sultans, Sultans [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Muhyiddin]] and Husin Kamaluddin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Art, Cultural & Heritage Brunei |url=https://www.opulentroutes.com/services/art-cultural-heritage-brunei/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=opulentroutes.com |language=en-US}}</ref>


== Background ==
== Background ==


The 1783 [[London]] publication, "Oriental Repertory, Vol. I," by [[Alexander Dalrymple]], provided a crucial English source for the name Husin (Usseen) of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, who was previously only identified as Sultan Kamaluddin in the [[Genealogy]] of the Sultans of Brunei. This source supported the notion that there is a solid historical foundation for the occasional usage of Husin Kamaluddin's name. As a consequence, the source genuinely validates every study finding the [[Brunei History Centre]] has produced throughout the years about the Sultanate of Brunei.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=SULTAN-SULTAN BRUNEI DALAM SUMBER INGGERIS |url=http://pusat-sejarah.gov.bn/SiteAssets/Info%20Sejarah/Fail-Fail%20Info%20Sejarah/Bahan%20Perpustakaan/Sultan-Sultan%20Brunei%20Dalam%20Sumber%20Inggeris.pdf |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=pusat-sejarah.gov.bn |language=ms}}</ref>
His Highness was the son of [[Muhammad Ali (Brunei)|Muhammad Ali]], the 12th [[Sultan of Brunei]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brunei7 |url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei7.htm |website=Royalark.net}}</ref>. His three daughters, '''Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Putri''','''Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Noralam''' and '''Pengiran Isteri Pengiran Anak Bongsu''' were married to Sultan [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]]. <ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
After his father and siblings were massacred, which led to the outbreak of the [[Bruneian Civil War|Bruneian civil war]], Husin Kamaluddin, the younger of Sultan Muhammad Ali's two baby sons, was spared. The Islamic ''[[aqidah]]'' was propagated by him, who studied diligently. All of his efforts were focused on the hereafter, which he preferred.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=[[Rozan Yunos]] |title=Makam Di Luba |url=http://kerambunai.blogspot.com/p/sambas-sultanate-descents-from-brunei.html |access-date=2024-05-11 |work=[[The Brunei Times]]}}</ref>


== Reign ==
== Reign ==
⚫
Hussin Kamaluddin appointed his son, Pengiran [[Bendahara]] Pengiran Anak Untong, as [[Raja]] of Dumpil Meruntum, [[Sabah]] in 1730.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 25, 2015 |title="Instagram post by @bruneiroyalfamily • Dec 25, 2015 at 6:36am UTC" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/_tHg71JWM4/ |website=Instagram}}</ref> [[Brunei pitis]] was highly encouraged. During his reign, gold pitis coins were minted that contained a picture of a cat and the Sultan's title, 'Sultan Kamaluddin Malik Al Dzahir.<ref>{{Cite web |title="The gold Pitis coin of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei (1710-1730 and 1737-1740). - bruneiroyalfamily" |url=http://www.picluck.net/media/1212080660028940673_1809797391 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233537/http://www.picluck.net/media/1212080660028940673_1809797391 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |website=Insgrum.org |access-date=23 November 2023 }}</ref> The pitis is also known as 'Kuching Emas' or Golden Cat. During the Sultan's rule, civil war almost occur in [[Brunei]]. Another theory is [[Brunei]] might have a conflict with other regional kingdoms such as [[Sulu]]. These assumptions are based on the evidence of the Sultan's [[plate armour]] which bears the old royal emblem.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2018 |title="Instagram post by Rozan Yunos • Nov 24, 2018" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bqi58TdHstj/?utm_medium=copy_link&img_index=8 |website=Instagram}}</ref>


=== First reign (1710–1730) ===
== Dutch account ==
⚫
Husin Kamaluddin first ascended the throne in 1710 succeeding his cousin, [[Nasruddin of Brunei|Sultan Nasruddin]] and ruled until his [[abdication]] in 1730.<ref name=":1" /> He was reportedly fairly old when he succeeded Sultan Nasruddin to the throne, yet he was regarded as a kind, [[Morality|moral]], and religious man.<ref name=":3" /> Husin Kamaluddin appointed his son, Pengiran Anak Untong, as [[Raja]] of Dumpil Meruntum, [[Sabah]] in 1730.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 25, 2015 |title="Instagram post by @bruneiroyalfamily • Dec 25, 2015 at 6:36am UTC" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/_tHg71JWM4/ |website=Instagram}}</ref> The Sultan continued the usage of [[Brunei pitis|Brunei ''pitis'']].<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, gold ''pitis'' coins were minted that contained a picture of a cat and the Sultan's title, Sultan Kamaluddin Malik Al Dzahir.<ref>{{Cite web |title="The gold Pitis coin of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei (1710-1730 and 1737-1740). - bruneiroyalfamily" |url=http://www.picluck.net/media/1212080660028940673_1809797391 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233537/http://www.picluck.net/media/1212080660028940673_1809797391 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=Insgrum.org}}</ref>
The [[Dutch people|Dutch]] from [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], present-day [[Jakarta]], sent a letter to the ruler of Brunei on 1 September 1721.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brunei6 |url=https://www.royalark.net/Brunei/brunei6.htm |url-status=live |website=Royalark.net}}</ref> In the letter, the Dutch addressed the ruler as 'Paduka Seri Sultan Ma-Alam Malicu '''Mataram''' Lalulla Fil Alam'. The last part of the Sultan's title is translated as 'Malik al-Zahir Zillu'llahi fil-Alam. However, the Sultan's personal name in the letter, 'Ma-Alam', is debatable. It is possible that the Dutch referred to was Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin as one of the Sultan's wives was a princess from [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]], Puteri Raja Buwono Maimun.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}


=== Second reign (1737–1740) ===
⚫
== Death ==
Seven years after his coronation, [[Muhammad Alauddin|Sultan Muhammad Alauddin]] passed away when his [[Heir|heir apparent]] was still a baby in 1737.<ref name=":4" /> Sultan Husin Kamaluddin was therefore asked to take up the role as heir apparent. Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin ascended to the throne for the second time until his abdication in 1740.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=SULTAN-SULTAN BRUNEI |url=http://history-centre.gov.bn/SiteAssets/Info%20Sejarah/INFO%20SEJARAH/SULTAN-SULTAN%20BRUNEI.pdf |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=history-centre.gov.bn |language=ms}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Yusof |first=Teh Athira |date=2022-04-13 |title=Woman wants to return armour to Brunei Sultan {{!}} New Straits Times |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/04/788236/woman-wants-return-armour-brunei-sultan |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=NST Online |language=en}}</ref> Husin Kamaluddin was adamant about denying his successors the crown, claiming [[Muhyiddin of Brunei|Sultan Muhyiddin]]'s lineage deserved it more for their efforts during the Bruneian civil war.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=[[Jamil Al-Sufri|Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri]] (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcYtaxrQSokC&q=Pengiran+Anak+Untong+sabah |title=Melayu Islam Beraja: hakikat dan hasrat |date=2008 |publisher=Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan, Negara Brunei Darussalam |isbn=978-99917-34-63-7 |pages=201 |language=ms}}</ref> Following this, Pengiran Anak Untong, his son moved to [[Sabah]] and made his home on the land that his father had given him, known as Dumpil Meruntum.<ref name=":0" />
⚫
[[File:Mausoleum of Hussin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei.jpg|thumb|216x216px|Mausoleum of Hussin Kamaluddin at [[Makam Di Luba]].]]
Hussin Kamaluddin died in 1740. He was buried at [[Makam Di Luba]] in the outskirt of [[Bandar Seri Begawan]]. After his death, he was known as 'Marhum Di Luba'. He was succeeded by his son-in-law Sultan [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]].


⚫
=== Death ===
Husin Kamaluddin died at Pulau Luba in 1770.<ref name=":2" /> After his death, he was known as Marhum Di Luba.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Pengiran Muda Tengah Omar Ali Saifuddin was then granted the sultanate of Brunei by Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin. Pengiran Muda Tengah Omar Ali Saifuddin became [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I|Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin I]] in 1740.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Kesultanan Brunei Darussalam {{!}} Kerajaan Nusantara |url=https://www.kerajaannusantara.com/id/brunei-darussalam/sejarah |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=www.kerajaannusantara.com |archive-date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928134347/https://www.kerajaannusantara.com/id/brunei-darussalam/sejarah |url-status=dead }}</ref>


== Personal life ==
Several princesses, rather than a single prince, were part of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin's lineage, resulting in his direct descendants being unable to inherit the throne.<ref name=":4" /> Husin Kamaluddin have several non-''gahara'' (pure royal lineage) sons, including:


* Pengiran Anak Untong (born 1710), died in [[Putatan]]<ref>''Makam Raja Tamba Ruyung''. Jabatan Arkib Negeri Sabah (The Sabah State Archives). Retrieved 2024-05-10</ref>
* Pengiran Anak Badaruddin<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocZRAQAAMAAJ&q=Pengiran+Anak+Badaruddin+ibni+Sultan+Husin |title=Rampai sejarah: meniti sejarah silam |date=2005 |publisher=Pusat Sejarah Brunei, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan |isbn=978-99917-34-44-6 |pages=156 |language=ms}}</ref>
Legend has it that Sultan Husin Kamaluddin enjoyed going [[fishing]] with the locals along the Brunei River's upper [[Bank (geography)|banks]], particularly in the region along the river that runs upstream to the Makam di Luba. He would frequently bring what was known as tubal wood, which was later called ''pupuh-pupuh'' and kept in a tin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Rozan Yunos]] |date=2017-09-05 |title=Mengimbas Kembali Sejarah Lama Makam Di Luba |url=http://bruneiresources.blogspot.com/2017/09/mengimbas-kembali-sejarah-lama-makam-di.html |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=bruneiresources.blogspot.com}}</ref>


== Tomb ==
⚫
[[File:Mausoleum of Hussin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei.jpg|thumb|216x216px|[[Mausoleum]] of Husin Kamaluddin at Makam di Luba in 2016]]
The Tomb of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, also called Makam di Luba (because of its location on the [[island]] of Pulau Luba, which divides the Damuan River from the [[Brunei River]]), is situated in [[Kampong Bunut Perpindahan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khartini Hamir |title=Memperkenalkan makam kesultanan Brunei kepada generasi muda |url=https://www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn/Lists/Berita%202018/NewDisplayForm.aspx?ID=47931 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn |language=ms}}</ref> The bridge, which was constructed to facilitate tomb visits, is frequently the center of attention for fishermen. In addition, the [[proboscis monkey]], a type of monkey, lives in the [[marsh]]y areas of Luba Island.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |url=https://www.information.gov.bn/Malay%20Publication%20PDF/KNK%202014.pdf |title=KOMPILASI RENCANA KNK 2014 |publisher=Kenali Negera Kitani |year=2014 |pages=9–12 |language=ms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ficus kerkhovenii |date=2019-06-30 |title=Tomb of Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin, Brunei |url=https://borneoficus.info/2019/06/30/ficus-kerkhovenii-tomb-of-sultan-hussin-kamaluddin-brunei/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=THE FIGS OF BORNEO |language=en-US}}</ref> The tomb has since been under the protection of the ''Antiquities and Treasure Trove Act, 1967 revised 1984, 1990 and 2002''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monumen dan Tapak-Tapak Arkeologi |url=http://www.museums.gov.bn/Bangunan%20dan%20Galeri/Monumen%20dan%20Tapak-Tapak%20Arkeologi.aspx |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.museums.gov.bn}}</ref>


== See also ==
== Suit of armour ==
A mystery suit of armour was discovered in Raja Aini Rahman's residence in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Rozan Yunos]] |date=November 24, 2018 |title="Instagram post by Rozan Yunos • Nov 24, 2018" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bqi58TdHstj/?img_index=8 |website=Instagram}}</ref> The then 66-year-old retiree claimed she had to protect the artifact and give it back to its owner,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=Woman wants to return armour to Brunei Sultan |url=https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2022/04/19/woman-wants-to-return-armour-to-brunei-sultan/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Southeast Asian Archaeology |language=en-GB}}</ref> but she would not elaborate on how the armour got into her possession. The [[Chain Mail Armor|chain mail armor]], which included a [[helmet]] and one [[Gauntlet (glove)|gauntlet]], was confirmed by [[National Museum (Malaysia)|Muzium Negara]] in 2014, according to Raja Aini. In response to questions from [[New Straits Times|NST]], a spokesperson at Muzium Negara stated that the study just described the artifacts and did not determine their validity. According to the story, the helmet and gauntlet were embellished with ''pitis'' and a combination of six materials, including [[rubies]], gold, silver, copper, iron, and tin, were used to make the armour.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Ang |first=May Vin |date=2022-04-15 |title=Subang Woman Looking To Return 300-Year-Old Antique Suit Of Armour To Sultan Of Brunei |url=https://says.com/my/news/subang-woman-looks-to-return-300-year-old-suit-of-armour-to-brunei |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=SAYS |language=en}}</ref>


Raja Aini said that after engaging [[broker]]s, she was unable to return the armour to Brunei. In 2007, she said, a delegation from Brunei led by a man she called [[Jamil Al-Sufri|Pehin Jamil Al-Sufri]] examined the armour. She mentioned that in 2007, a team from Brunei consisting of specialists in history, [[Jawi script|Jawi]], jewelry, and armor verified the authenticity of the armour. She pleaded with the Bruneian authorities to retrieve the armour in time for [[Ramadan]].<ref name=":5" /> On 14 April 2022, family friend Aina Belle posted an update on Instagram Story, stating, "Brunei officials have now contacted us. I sincerely appreciate your support, everyone."<ref name=":6" />

== See also ==
* [[List of Sultans of Brunei]]
* [[List of Sultans of Brunei]]


Line 49: Line 71:
{{succession box
{{succession box
| title = [[Sultan of Brunei]]
| title = [[Sultan of Brunei]]
| years = 1710–1730
| years = 1737–1740 <br> 1710–1730
| before = [[Nasruddin of Brunei|Nassaruddin]]
| before = [[Muhammad Alauddin of Brunei|Muhammad Alauddin]]
| before2 = [[Muhammad Alauddin of Brunei|Muhammad Alauddin]]
| before2 = [[Nasruddin of Brunei|Nassaruddin]]
| after = [[Muhammad Alauddin of Brunei|Muhammad Alauddin]]
| after = [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]]
| after2 = [[Muhammad Alauddin of Brunei|Muhammad Alauddin]]
| after2 = [[Omar Ali Saifuddin I]]
}}
}}
{{s-end}}{{Sultans of Brunei}}
{{s-end}}{{Sultans of Brunei}}

[[Category:18th-century sultans of Brunei]]

Latest revision as of 09:35, 30 December 2024

In this Malay name, there is no surname or family name. The name Muhammad Ali is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by their given name, Hussin Kamaluddin. The word "bin" or "binti"/"binte" means 'son of' or 'daughter of', respectively.
Husin Kamaluddin
حسين کمال‌‌الدین
Sultan of Brunei
Second Reign1737–1740
PredecessorMuhammad Alauddin
SuccessorOmar Ali Saifuddin I
First Reign1710–1730
PredecessorNasruddin
SuccessorMuhammad Alauddin
Diedc. 1770
Pulau Luba, Brunei Town, Bruneian Empire
Burial
Makam di Luba, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
SpousePuteri Raja Buwono Maimun
Issue
    • Pengiran Anak Untong
    • Pengiran Anak Badaruddin
Regnal name
Sultan Husin Kamaluddin ibnu Sultan Muhammad Ali
HouseBolkiah
FatherSultan Muhammad Ali
ReligionSunni Islam

Husin Kamaluddin ibnu Muhammad Ali (died c. 1770)[1] or also known as Sultan Kamaluddin Malik Al Dzahir,[2] was the 16th Sultan of Brunei.[3][4] Following his death, he was posthumously given the title of Marhum Di Luba as he lives at Luba.[5] He is descended from the 12th Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Muhammad Ali, as the second son. The nation flourished during his rule, food was easily obtained, and he also introduced Brunei pitis, the nation's first unit of money.[5] Additionally, he is the only sultan to have held the throne twice.[5]

Within the grounds of the Royal Mausoleum (Royal Mausoleum) is a 4 foot (1.2 m)-tall stone known as the Batu Tarsilah. The names of all of Brunei's monarchs from Muhammad Shah to Muhammad Tajuddin, are inscribed on the stone, which was built by two muslim scholars, Datu Imam Yaakub and Pehin Khatib Haji Abdul Latif, at the request of the country's 14th and 16th Sultans, Sultans Muhyiddin and Husin Kamaluddin.[6]

Background

[edit]

The 1783 London publication, "Oriental Repertory, Vol. I," by Alexander Dalrymple, provided a crucial English source for the name Husin (Usseen) of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, who was previously only identified as Sultan Kamaluddin in the Genealogy of the Sultans of Brunei. This source supported the notion that there is a solid historical foundation for the occasional usage of Husin Kamaluddin's name. As a consequence, the source genuinely validates every study finding the Brunei History Centre has produced throughout the years about the Sultanate of Brunei.[7]

Early life

[edit]

After his father and siblings were massacred, which led to the outbreak of the Bruneian civil war, Husin Kamaluddin, the younger of Sultan Muhammad Ali's two baby sons, was spared. The Islamic aqidah was propagated by him, who studied diligently. All of his efforts were focused on the hereafter, which he preferred.[8]

Reign

[edit]

First reign (1710–1730)

[edit]

Husin Kamaluddin first ascended the throne in 1710 succeeding his cousin, Sultan Nasruddin and ruled until his abdication in 1730.[9] He was reportedly fairly old when he succeeded Sultan Nasruddin to the throne, yet he was regarded as a kind, moral, and religious man.[5] Husin Kamaluddin appointed his son, Pengiran Anak Untong, as Raja of Dumpil Meruntum, Sabah in 1730.[10] The Sultan continued the usage of Brunei pitis.[9] Additionally, gold pitis coins were minted that contained a picture of a cat and the Sultan's title, Sultan Kamaluddin Malik Al Dzahir.[11]

Second reign (1737–1740)

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Seven years after his coronation, Sultan Muhammad Alauddin passed away when his heir apparent was still a baby in 1737.[8] Sultan Husin Kamaluddin was therefore asked to take up the role as heir apparent. Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin ascended to the throne for the second time until his abdication in 1740.[9][12] Husin Kamaluddin was adamant about denying his successors the crown, claiming Sultan Muhyiddin's lineage deserved it more for their efforts during the Bruneian civil war.[13] Following this, Pengiran Anak Untong, his son moved to Sabah and made his home on the land that his father had given him, known as Dumpil Meruntum.[13]

Death

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Husin Kamaluddin died at Pulau Luba in 1770.[1] After his death, he was known as Marhum Di Luba.[5][1] Pengiran Muda Tengah Omar Ali Saifuddin was then granted the sultanate of Brunei by Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin. Pengiran Muda Tengah Omar Ali Saifuddin became Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin I in 1740.[14]

Personal life

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Several princesses, rather than a single prince, were part of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin's lineage, resulting in his direct descendants being unable to inherit the throne.[8] Husin Kamaluddin have several non-gahara (pure royal lineage) sons, including:

  • Pengiran Anak Untong (born 1710), died in Putatan[15]
  • Pengiran Anak Badaruddin[16]

Legend has it that Sultan Husin Kamaluddin enjoyed going fishing with the locals along the Brunei River's upper banks, particularly in the region along the river that runs upstream to the Makam di Luba. He would frequently bring what was known as tubal wood, which was later called pupuh-pupuh and kept in a tin.[17]

Tomb

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Mausoleum of Husin Kamaluddin at Makam di Luba in 2016

The Tomb of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, also called Makam di Luba (because of its location on the island of Pulau Luba, which divides the Damuan River from the Brunei River), is situated in Kampong Bunut Perpindahan.[18] The bridge, which was constructed to facilitate tomb visits, is frequently the center of attention for fishermen. In addition, the proboscis monkey, a type of monkey, lives in the marshy areas of Luba Island.[19][20] The tomb has since been under the protection of the Antiquities and Treasure Trove Act, 1967 revised 1984, 1990 and 2002.[21]

Suit of armour

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A mystery suit of armour was discovered in Raja Aini Rahman's residence in 2004.[22] The then 66-year-old retiree claimed she had to protect the artifact and give it back to its owner,[23] but she would not elaborate on how the armour got into her possession. The chain mail armor, which included a helmet and one gauntlet, was confirmed by Muzium Negara in 2014, according to Raja Aini. In response to questions from NST, a spokesperson at Muzium Negara stated that the study just described the artifacts and did not determine their validity. According to the story, the helmet and gauntlet were embellished with pitis and a combination of six materials, including rubies, gold, silver, copper, iron, and tin, were used to make the armour.[12][24]

Raja Aini said that after engaging brokers, she was unable to return the armour to Brunei. In 2007, she said, a delegation from Brunei led by a man she called Pehin Jamil Al-Sufri examined the armour. She mentioned that in 2007, a team from Brunei consisting of specialists in history, Jawi, jewelry, and armor verified the authenticity of the armour. She pleaded with the Bruneian authorities to retrieve the armour in time for Ramadan.[12] On 14 April 2022, family friend Aina Belle posted an update on Instagram Story, stating, "Brunei officials have now contacted us. I sincerely appreciate your support, everyone."[24]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c 50 Years Historical Moments of Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, 1958-2008 (in Malay). Ministry of Religious Affairs, Negara Brunei Darussalam. 2008. p. 68. ISBN 978-99917-922-0-0.
  2. ^ ""The gold Pitis coin of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei (1710-1730 and 1737-1740). - bruneiroyalfamily"". English Numista. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  3. ^ "Sultan-Sultan Brunei" (PDF). History Center Government. 3 February 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  4. ^ Putu Davies (1996). Constructing a National Past: National History and Historiography in Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, the Philippines, and Vietnam : a Collection of Conference Papers from the International Workshop on National History and Historiography. Department of History, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. p. 95.
  5. ^ a b c d e Haniza Abdul Latif (2014-01-11). "KOMPILASI RENCANA KNK 2014 - Makam di Luba jadi tarikan" (PDF). www.information.gov.bn (in Malay). pp. 10–12. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
  6. ^ "Art, Cultural & Heritage Brunei". opulentroutes.com. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
  7. ^ "SULTAN-SULTAN BRUNEI DALAM SUMBER INGGERIS" (PDF). pusat-sejarah.gov.bn (in Malay). 2003. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
  8. ^ a b c Rozan Yunos. "Makam Di Luba". The Brunei Times. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
  9. ^ a b c "SULTAN-SULTAN BRUNEI" (PDF). history-centre.gov.bn (in Malay). Retrieved 2024-05-11.
  10. ^ ""Instagram post by @bruneiroyalfamily • Dec 25, 2015 at 6:36am UTC"". Instagram. December 25, 2015.
  11. ^ ""The gold Pitis coin of Sultan Husin Kamaluddin, the 16th Sultan of Brunei (1710-1730 and 1737-1740). - bruneiroyalfamily"". Insgrum.org. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  12. ^ a b c Yusof, Teh Athira (2022-04-13). "Woman wants to return armour to Brunei Sultan | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  13. ^ a b Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) (2008). Melayu Islam Beraja: hakikat dan hasrat (in Malay). Jabatan Pusat Sejarah, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan, Negara Brunei Darussalam. p. 201. ISBN 978-99917-34-63-7.
  14. ^ "Kesultanan Brunei Darussalam | Kerajaan Nusantara". www.kerajaannusantara.com. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  15. ^ Makam Raja Tamba Ruyung. Jabatan Arkib Negeri Sabah (The Sabah State Archives). Retrieved 2024-05-10
  16. ^ Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji Awang.) (2005). Rampai sejarah: meniti sejarah silam (in Malay). Pusat Sejarah Brunei, Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan. p. 156. ISBN 978-99917-34-44-6.
  17. ^ Rozan Yunos (2017-09-05). "Mengimbas Kembali Sejarah Lama Makam Di Luba". bruneiresources.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  18. ^ Khartini Hamir. "Memperkenalkan makam kesultanan Brunei kepada generasi muda". www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn (in Malay). Retrieved 2024-05-11.
  19. ^ KOMPILASI RENCANA KNK 2014 (PDF) (in Malay). Kenali Negera Kitani. 2014. pp. 9–12.
  20. ^ Ficus kerkhovenii (2019-06-30). "Tomb of Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin, Brunei". THE FIGS OF BORNEO. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  21. ^ "Monumen dan Tapak-Tapak Arkeologi". www.museums.gov.bn. Retrieved 2024-05-10.
  22. ^ Rozan Yunos (November 24, 2018). ""Instagram post by Rozan Yunos • Nov 24, 2018"". Instagram.
  23. ^ "Woman wants to return armour to Brunei Sultan". Southeast Asian Archaeology. 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
  24. ^ a b Ang, May Vin (2022-04-15). "Subang Woman Looking To Return 300-Year-Old Antique Suit Of Armour To Sultan Of Brunei". SAYS. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sultan of Brunei
1737–1740
1710–1730 		Succeeded by
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