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{{Short description|Handheld device to produce clearer speech}}
An '''electrolarynx''', sometimes referred to as a "throat back" is a medical device about the size of a small electric razor used to produce clearer [[Speech communication|speech]] by those people who have lost their [[Larynx|voicebox]], usually due to [[cancer of the larynx]]. The most common device is a handheld, battery-operated device placed under the [[Human mandible|mandible]] which produces vibrations to allow speech.<ref>{{cite web|last=Department of Otolaryngology|title=Electrolaryngeal Speech|url=http://www.evmsent.org/electrolarynx.asp|publisher=Eastern Virginia Medical School|accessdate=14 March 2013}}</ref> Earlier non-electric devices were called mechanical larynxes. Along with developing esophageal voice, robotic voice or undergoing a surgical procedure, the electrolarynx sehello my name is jaun they call me felipe rves as a mode of speech recovery for [[laryngectomy]] patients.
{{infobox IPA
|above=Electrolaryngeal speech
|ipa number=
|ipa symbol=И
|decimal=1048
|x-sampa=
|kirshenbaum=
|braille=}}

An '''electrolarynx''', sometimes referred to as a "'''throat back'''", is a medical device used to produce clearer [[Speech communication|speech]] by those people who have lost their [[Larynx|voice box]], usually due to [[cancer of the larynx]]. The most common device is a handheld, battery-operated device pressed against the skin under the [[Human mandible|mandible]] which produces vibrations to allow speech;<ref>{{cite web |last=Department of Otolaryngology |title=Electrolaryngeal Speech |url=http://www.evmsent.org/electrolarynx.asp |publisher=Eastern Virginia Medical School |access-date=2013-03-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824010237/http://www.evmsent.org/electrolarynx.asp |archive-date=2012-08-24}}</ref> other variations include a device similar to the "[[talk box]]" electronic music device, which delivers the basis of the speech sound via a tube placed in the mouth.<!-- Do not delete the following cite just because it's from YouTube. It's a professionally produced news video consisting of content properly licensed from footage owner Cineflix. --><ref name=YouTube_laryngeal_transplantation>{{cite video |title=Speaking with a Dead Man's Voice by Organ Transplant Surgery {{!}} Only Human |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5j2tQPhOHGc |last1=Only Human |last2=Cineflix |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2018-06-20 |access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> Earlier non-electric devices were called mechanical larynxes. Along with developing [[esophageal voice]], using a [[speech synthesizer]], or undergoing a surgical procedure, the electrolarynx serves as a mode of speech recovery for [[laryngectomy]] patients.<ref name=YouTube_laryngeal_transplantation /><ref name=Laryngoscope_laryngeal_transplantation>{{cite journal |last1=Krishnan |first1=Giri |last2=Du |first2=Charles |last3=Fishman |first3=Jonathan M. |last4=Foreman |first4=Andrew |last5=Lott |first5=David G. |last6=Farwell |first6=Gregory |last7=Belafsky |first7=Peter |last8=Krishnan |first8=Suren |last9=Birchall |first9=Martin A. |date=August 2017 |title=The current status of human laryngeal transplantation in 2017: A state of the field review |journal=The Laryngoscope |volume=127 |issue=8 |pages=1861–1868 |doi=10.1002/lary.26503 |issn=1531-4995 |pmid=28224630|s2cid=24360597 }}</ref>

The [[Voice Quality Symbol]] for electrolaryngeal [[phonation]] in speech is И, approximating the symbol for electricity.


==Overview==
==Overview==
Initially, the [[pneumatic]] mechanical larynx was developed in the 1920s by [[Western Electric]]. It did not run on [[electricity]], and was flawed in that it produced a weak voice. Electrolarynxes were introduced in the 1940s, at a time when [[Esophageal speech|esophageal voice]] was being promoted as the best course in speech recovery; however, since that technique is difficult to master, the electrolarynx became quite popular. Since then, many medical procedures, such as the [[tracheo-oesophageal puncture]], were created to enable speech without continued dependence on a handheld device.
Initially, the [[pneumatic]] mechanical larynx was developed in the 1920s by [[Western Electric]]. It did not run on [[electricity]], and was flawed in that it produced a strong voice. However, more recent mechanical larynxes have demonstrated similar voice production to commercially available electrolarynxes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tuttle |first1=Tyler |last2=Erath |first2=Byron |title=Design and Evaluation of a Mechanically Driven Artificial Speech Device |journal=ASME Journal of Medical Devices |date=Mar 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=011002 |doi=10.1115/1.4038222 |url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/medicaldevices/article/12/1/011002/366897/Design-and-Evaluation-of-a-Mechanically-Driven}}</ref> Electrolarynxes were introduced in the 1940s, at a time when esophageal speech was being promoted as the best course in speech recovery; however, since that technique is difficult to master, the electrolarynx became quite popular. Since then, medical procedures, such as the [[tracheo-oesophageal puncture]], and the rarely performed laryngeal transplantation surgery, have been created to enable speech without continued dependence on a handheld device.<ref name=YouTube_laryngeal_transplantation /><ref name=Laryngoscope_laryngeal_transplantation />
⚫
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | audio1 = [http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=145459323&m=145500289 Using A New Voice To Enjoy Life After Cancer] (2:54), [[StoryCorps]]<ref name="NPR"/>
⚫
| video1=[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4azcU6i2IE Communication after laryngectomy] (8:58), South East Coast Laryngectomy Support Groups (UK)<ref name="SECLSG">{{cite web | title =Communication after laryngectomy | work = | publisher =South East Coast Laryngectomy Support Groups (UK)| date =March 9, 2011 | url =http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4azcU6i2IE | accessdate =March 14, 2013 }}</ref> }}


⚫
{{external media |width=210px |float=right |audio1=[https://www.npr.org/2012/01/20/145459323/using-a-new-voice-to-enjoy-life-after-cancer Using A New Voice To Enjoy Life After Cancer] (2:54), [[StoryCorps]]<ref name="NPR"/>
⚫
The use of an electrolarynx can cause some social issues including difficulty ordering a drink in a noisy pub,<ref name="SECLSG"/> and, when answering a telephone, the caller responds "Is this a computer that I'm speaking to?"<ref name="NPR"/> One user states: {{Quote|People are really very kind once they realize what the situation is. I may go into a restaurant once, and if I go back there a year later, and it's the same woman at the front desk, she'll say, 'Where have you been? We haven't seen you for a while.' So, I feel like a movie star... <br>I'm really very blessed in my life. I am happier now, without my voice, than I've ever been with my voice. It's a small price to pay for being alive and enjoying life. So I am very happy where I am now.<ref name="NPR">{{cite web
⚫
|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4azcU6i2IE Communication after laryngectomy] (8:58), South East Coast Laryngectomy Support Groups (UK)<ref name="SECLSG">{{cite video |title=Communication after laryngectomy | publisher=South East Coast Laryngectomy Support Groups (UK) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4azcU6i2IE |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2011-03-09 |access-date=2013-03-14}}</ref>}}
⚫
| last =Forman

⚫
| first =Rene
The use of an electrolarynx can cause social issues, for instance difficulty ordering food, drinks, or other items in noisy environments;<ref name="SECLSG"/> or, when answering a telephone, having the caller respond, "Am I talking to a computer?"<ref name="NPR"/>
| coauthors = Nadia Reiman, Jud Esty-Kendall with radio station [[KCRW]]

⚫
However, quality-of-life improvements due to electrolarynx usage are generally significant. One user states: {{Blockquote|People are really very kind once they realize what the situation is. I may go into a restaurant once, and if I go back there a year later, and it's the same woman at the front desk, she'll say, "Where have you been? We haven't seen you for a while." So, I feel like a movie star...<br><br>I'm really very blessed in my life. I am happier now, without my voice, than I've ever been with my voice. It's a small price to pay for being alive and enjoying life. So I am very happy where I am now.<ref name="NPR">{{cite web
⚫
| last1 =Forman
⚫
| first1 =Rene
| last2 =Reiman
| first2 =Nadia
| last3 =Esty-Kendall
| first3 =Jud
| last4 =radio station [[KCRW]]
| title =Using A New Voice To Enjoy Life After Cancer
| title =Using A New Voice To Enjoy Life After Cancer
| work =[[StoryCorps]]
| work =[[StoryCorps]]
| publisher =[[National Public Radio]]
| publisher =[[National Public Radio]]
| year =2012
| year =2012
| url =http://www.npr.org/2012/01/20/145459323/using-a-new-voice-to-enjoy-life-after-cancer
| url =https://www.npr.org/2012/01/20/145459323/using-a-new-voice-to-enjoy-life-after-cancer
⚫
| access-date =February 13, 2012 }} Also hear the audio at [https://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=145459323&m=145500289 NPR]</ref>}}
| format =

| doi =
Traditional electrolarynxes produce a monotone buzz that the user articulates into speech sounds, resulting in the characteristic "robotlike" voice quality. However, in the 1990s, research and commercial multi-tone devices began to be developed, including discrete-tone devices using multiple-position switches<ref name=AT&T_5E>{{cite web |url=http://www.webwhispers.org/news/dec2004.htm |title=Whispers on the Web - December 2004 |last=Helms |first=Dutch |date=December 2004 |access-date=2016-08-19 |archive-date=2017-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212044915/http://www.webwhispers.org/news/dec2004.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> or multiple buttons;<ref name=Servox>{{cite web |url=http://www.brucemedical.com/serspeecaid.html |title=Servox Digital Electro Larynx Speech Aid |year=2016 |access-date=2016-08-10}}</ref><ref name=Nu-Vois>{{cite web |url=http://www.nu-vois.com/nuvois3.php |title=Nu-Vois III Electro-Larynges |access-date=2016-08-19 |archive-date=2016-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724080858/http://www.nu-vois.com/nuvois3.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as variable-tone devices controlled by single pressure-sensitive buttons,<ref name="TruTone">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=The TruTone™ Electrolarynx |url=http://www.griffinlab.com/Products/TruTone-Electrolarynx.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524081017/http://www.griffinlab.com/Products/TruTone-Electrolarynx.html |archive-date=24 May 2008 |access-date=2016-08-10}}</ref> [[trackball]]s,<ref name=Wan>{{cite book |last1=Wan |first1=Congying |last2=Wang |first2=Erqiang |last3=Wu |first3=Liang |last4=Wang |first4=Supin |title=2012 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing |chapter=Design and evaluation of an electrolarynx with Mandarin tone-control function |year=2012 |pages=627–631 |doi=10.1109/ICALIP.2012.6376692|isbn=978-1-4673-0174-9 |s2cid=10867420 }}</ref> gyroscopes,<ref name="Shakya">{{cite web|last1=Shakya|first1=Bicky|last2=Bharam|first2=Vishal|last3=Merchen|first3=Alexander|year=2014|title=Development of an Electrolarynx Capable of Supporting Tonal Distinctions in Mandarin|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/Academics/MajorsAndMinors/Engineering/Documents/Merchen,%20Shakya,%20and%20Bharam.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810130728/http://www.trincoll.edu/Academics/MajorsAndMinors/Engineering/Documents/Merchen,%20Shakya,%20and%20Bharam.pdf|archive-date=August 10, 2017|access-date=2016-08-10|publisher=[[Trinity College (Connecticut)]]}}</ref> [[touchpad]]-like input devices,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://labextrade.com/ |title=Electrolarynx Speech Aid » by Labex |website=labextrade.com |access-date=2019-06-20}}</ref> or even electrical detection of the movement of neck muscles.<ref name=Kubert>{{cite journal |last1=Kubert |first1=Heather L. |last2=Stepp |first2=Cara E. |last3=Zeitels |first3=Steven M. |last4=Gooey |first4=John E. |last5=Walsh |first5=Michael J. |last6=Prakash |first6=S. R. |last7=Hillman |first7=Robert E. |last8=Heaton |first8=James T. |title=Electromyographic control of a hands-free electrolarynx using neck strap muscles |journal=Journal of Communication Disorders |date=2009-01-19 |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=211–225 |doi=10.1016/j.jcomdis.2008.12.002 |pmc=3748802 |pmid=19233382}}</ref> In addition to allowing speakers of non-[[Tone (linguistics)|tonal languages]] such as English to have a more natural speaking voice,<ref name=AT&T_5E /><ref name=Servox /><ref name=TruTone /><ref name=Kubert /> some of these newer devices have allowed speakers of tonal languages such as [[Mandarin Chinese]] to speak more intelligibly.<ref name=Wan /><ref name=Shakya />
⚫
| accessdate =February 13, 2012 }} Also hear the audio at [http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=145459323&m=145500289 NPR]</ref>}}


==Fictional users==
==Notable fictional users==
Fictional characters notable for their use of an electrolarynx include:


⚫
*[[Ned Gerblansky]] on ''[[South Park]].''
⚫
*Stemroach ([[David Bradley (actor)|David Bradley]]) on ''[[Ideal (TV series)|Ideal]].''
⚫
*[[List_of_My_Name_Is_Earl_characters#Electrolarynx_Guy|Electrolarynx Guy]] ([[Jack Axelrod]]) on ''[[My Name Is Earl]]''.
⚫
* [[WWE]] wrestler [[Kane (wrestler)|Kane]], for his first two years in the company (1998-99)
⚫
* The Smoking Family from [[Chewin' The Fat]].
⚫
* Charlie in [[Mad Max]].
⚫
* Zimos from [[Saints Row The Third]].
* The tobacco company representative in episode 3 of ''[[The Games (Australian TV series)|The Games]]''.
⚫
* Sawyer the Cleaner from [[List of Black Lagoon characters#Sawyer the Cleaner|Black Lagoon]]
* The sales representative for the fictional company ''Hamilton's Water Breaks'' appearing in episode 3 of [[I'm Alan Partridge]]. The title character comments that he 'sounds like the girl in [[The Exorcist]]'
* Agents of "Leviathan" on ''[[Agent Carter (TV series)|Agent Carter]]''
* Agents of "Leviathan" on ''[[Agent Carter (TV series)|Agent Carter]]''
* Alpha 60 from ''[[Alphaville (film)|Alphaville]]''
⚫
* Charlie in ''[[Mad Max]]''
⚫
* [[List of My Name Is Earl characters#Electrolarynx Guy|Electrolarynx Guy]] (Jack Axelrod) on ''[[My Name Is Earl]]''
* Emilio Sanchez, one of the residents of the Lawrence Hilton Jacobs housing project on ''[[The PJs]]''
* Emilio Sanchez, one of the residents of the Lawrence Hilton Jacobs housing project on ''[[The PJs]]''
* Gray Baker in ''[[Dead Again]]''
* Heathrow, Madea's brother in ''[[Tyler Perry]]'''s ''[[A Madea Family Funeral]]''
* Komtuan, the crime lord from the film ''[[Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior]]'', notable as a speaker of [[Thai language|a tonal language]] being understood despite using a traditional monotone electrolarynx
* Nassara in ''[[Dry_Season_(film)|Dry Season]]''
⚫
* [[Ned Gerblanski]] from ''[[South Park]]''
⚫
* Sawyer the Cleaner from ''[[List of Black Lagoon characters#Sawyer the Cleaner|Black Lagoon]]''
* Sheriff Jerry/Angela Baker in ''[[Return to Sleepaway Camp]]''
* Smokie Martling, a parody of [[Jackie Martling]] from ''[[The Howard Stern Show]]''
⚫
* The Smoking Family from ''[[Chewin' The Fat]]''
⚫
* Stemroach ([[David Bradley (English actor)|David Bradley]]) on ''[[Ideal (TV series)|Ideal]]''
⚫
* [[WWE]] wrestler [[Kane (wrestler)|Kane]], for his first three years in the company (1997–1999)
⚫
* Zimos from ''[[Saints Row The Third]]''
* Evil Troy from ''[[Community (TV series)]]''
* The Killer from ''[[Night Terror (Film)]]''
* Glory Dodge in ''[[North Country (film)|North Country]]''
* Krishnadas in ''Abraham Ozhler'' (Malayalam Movie)
* Walter Wingfield in ''[[Say It Isn't So (film)|Say It Isn't So]]''
* Sani Crow in ''[[Banshee (TV series)|Banshee]]''
* Ned Gerblanski in "[[South Park]]"
* A [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] in [[Santa's Slay]].
* A victim survivor in [[Cell (film)]].
* The mother Anne Sawyer in [[Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III]].


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Esophageal speech]]
* {{section link |Larynx |Treatments}}
* [[Silent speech interface]]
* [[Silent speech interface]]


Revision as of 10:31, 24 December 2024

Electrolaryngeal speech
И
Encoding
Entity (decimal)&#1048;
Unicode (hex)U+0418

An electrolarynx, sometimes referred to as a "throat back", is a medical device used to produce clearer speech by those people who have lost their voice box, usually due to cancer of the larynx. The most common device is a handheld, battery-operated device pressed against the skin under the mandible which produces vibrations to allow speech;[1] other variations include a device similar to the "talk box" electronic music device, which delivers the basis of the speech sound via a tube placed in the mouth.[2] Earlier non-electric devices were called mechanical larynxes. Along with developing esophageal voice, using a speech synthesizer, or undergoing a surgical procedure, the electrolarynx serves as a mode of speech recovery for laryngectomy patients.[2][3]

The Voice Quality Symbol for electrolaryngeal phonation in speech is И, approximating the symbol for electricity.

Overview

Initially, the pneumatic mechanical larynx was developed in the 1920s by Western Electric. It did not run on electricity, and was flawed in that it produced a strong voice. However, more recent mechanical larynxes have demonstrated similar voice production to commercially available electrolarynxes.[4] Electrolarynxes were introduced in the 1940s, at a time when esophageal speech was being promoted as the best course in speech recovery; however, since that technique is difficult to master, the electrolarynx became quite popular. Since then, medical procedures, such as the tracheo-oesophageal puncture, and the rarely performed laryngeal transplantation surgery, have been created to enable speech without continued dependence on a handheld device.[2][3]

External media
Audio
audio icon Using A New Voice To Enjoy Life After Cancer (2:54), StoryCorps[5]
Video
video icon Communication after laryngectomy (8:58), South East Coast Laryngectomy Support Groups (UK)[6]

The use of an electrolarynx can cause social issues, for instance difficulty ordering food, drinks, or other items in noisy environments;[6] or, when answering a telephone, having the caller respond, "Am I talking to a computer?"[5]

However, quality-of-life improvements due to electrolarynx usage are generally significant. One user states:

People are really very kind once they realize what the situation is. I may go into a restaurant once, and if I go back there a year later, and it's the same woman at the front desk, she'll say, "Where have you been? We haven't seen you for a while." So, I feel like a movie star...

I'm really very blessed in my life. I am happier now, without my voice, than I've ever been with my voice. It's a small price to pay for being alive and enjoying life. So I am very happy where I am now.[5]

Traditional electrolarynxes produce a monotone buzz that the user articulates into speech sounds, resulting in the characteristic "robotlike" voice quality. However, in the 1990s, research and commercial multi-tone devices began to be developed, including discrete-tone devices using multiple-position switches[7] or multiple buttons;[8][9] as well as variable-tone devices controlled by single pressure-sensitive buttons,[10] trackballs,[11] gyroscopes,[12] touchpad-like input devices,[13] or even electrical detection of the movement of neck muscles.[14] In addition to allowing speakers of non-tonal languages such as English to have a more natural speaking voice,[7][8][10][14] some of these newer devices have allowed speakers of tonal languages such as Mandarin Chinese to speak more intelligibly.[11][12]

Notable fictional users

Fictional characters notable for their use of an electrolarynx include:

See also

References

  1. ^ Department of Otolaryngology. "Electrolaryngeal Speech". Eastern Virginia Medical School. Archived from the original on 2012-08-24. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  2. ^ a b c Only Human; Cineflix (2018-06-20). Speaking with a Dead Man's Voice by Organ Transplant Surgery | Only Human. YouTube. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
  3. ^ a b Krishnan, Giri; Du, Charles; Fishman, Jonathan M.; Foreman, Andrew; Lott, David G.; Farwell, Gregory; Belafsky, Peter; Krishnan, Suren; Birchall, Martin A. (August 2017). "The current status of human laryngeal transplantation in 2017: A state of the field review". The Laryngoscope. 127 (8): 1861–1868. doi:10.1002/lary.26503. ISSN 1531-4995. PMID 28224630. S2CID 24360597.
  4. ^ Tuttle, Tyler; Erath, Byron (Mar 2018). "Design and Evaluation of a Mechanically Driven Artificial Speech Device". ASME Journal of Medical Devices. 12 (1): 011002. doi:10.1115/1.4038222.
  5. ^ a b c Forman, Rene; Reiman, Nadia; Esty-Kendall, Jud; radio station KCRW (2012). "Using A New Voice To Enjoy Life After Cancer". StoryCorps. National Public Radio. Retrieved February 13, 2012. Also hear the audio at NPR
  6. ^ a b Communication after laryngectomy. YouTube. South East Coast Laryngectomy Support Groups (UK). 2011-03-09. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
  7. ^ a b Helms, Dutch (December 2004). "Whispers on the Web - December 2004". Archived from the original on 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
  8. ^ a b "Servox Digital Electro Larynx Speech Aid". 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
  9. ^ "Nu-Vois III Electro-Larynges". Archived from the original on 2016-07-24. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
  10. ^ a b "The TruTone™ Electrolarynx". 2008. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
  11. ^ a b Wan, Congying; Wang, Erqiang; Wu, Liang; Wang, Supin (2012). "Design and evaluation of an electrolarynx with Mandarin tone-control function". 2012 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing. pp. 627–631. doi:10.1109/ICALIP.2012.6376692. ISBN 978-1-4673-0174-9. S2CID 10867420.
  12. ^ a b Shakya, Bicky; Bharam, Vishal; Merchen, Alexander (2014). "Development of an Electrolarynx Capable of Supporting Tonal Distinctions in Mandarin" (PDF). Trinity College (Connecticut). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2017. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
  13. ^ "Electrolarynx Speech Aid » by Labex". labextrade.com. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
  14. ^ a b Kubert, Heather L.; Stepp, Cara E.; Zeitels, Steven M.; Gooey, John E.; Walsh, Michael J.; Prakash, S. R.; Hillman, Robert E.; Heaton, James T. (2009-01-19). "Electromyographic control of a hands-free electrolarynx using neck strap muscles". Journal of Communication Disorders. 42 (3): 211–225. doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2008.12.002. PMC 3748802. PMID 19233382.
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