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An '''electrolarynx''', sometimes referred to as a "'''throat back'''", is a medical device |
An '''electrolarynx''', sometimes referred to as a "'''throat back'''", is a medical device used to produce clearer [[Speech communication|speech]] by those people who have lost their [[Larynx|voice box]], usually due to [[cancer of the larynx]]. The most common device is a handheld, battery-operated device pressed against the skin under the [[Human mandible|mandible]] which produces vibrations to allow speech;<ref>{{cite web |last=Department of Otolaryngology |title=Electrolaryngeal Speech |url=http://www.evmsent.org/electrolarynx.asp |publisher=Eastern Virginia Medical School |access-date=2013-03-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824010237/http://www.evmsent.org/electrolarynx.asp |archive-date=2012-08-24}}</ref> other variations include a device similar to the "[[talk box]]" electronic music device, which delivers the basis of the speech sound via a tube placed in the mouth.<!-- Do not delete the following cite just because it's from YouTube. It's a professionally produced news video consisting of content properly licensed from footage owner Cineflix. --><ref name=YouTube_laryngeal_transplantation>{{cite video |title=Speaking with a Dead Man's Voice by Organ Transplant Surgery {{!}} Only Human |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5j2tQPhOHGc |last1=Only Human |last2=Cineflix |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2018-06-20 |access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> Earlier non-electric devices were called mechanical larynxes. Along with developing [[esophageal voice]], using a [[speech synthesizer]], or undergoing a surgical procedure, the electrolarynx serves as a mode of speech recovery for [[laryngectomy]] patients.<ref name=YouTube_laryngeal_transplantation /><ref name=Laryngoscope_laryngeal_transplantation>{{cite journal |last1=Krishnan |first1=Giri |last2=Du |first2=Charles |last3=Fishman |first3=Jonathan M. |last4=Foreman |first4=Andrew |last5=Lott |first5=David G. |last6=Farwell |first6=Gregory |last7=Belafsky |first7=Peter |last8=Krishnan |first8=Suren |last9=Birchall |first9=Martin A. |date=August 2017 |title=The current status of human laryngeal transplantation in 2017: A state of the field review |journal=The Laryngoscope |volume=127 |issue=8 |pages=1861–1868 |doi=10.1002/lary.26503 |issn=1531-4995 |pmid=28224630|s2cid=24360597 }}</ref> |
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The [[Voice Quality Symbol]] for electrolaryngeal [[phonation]] in speech is И, approximating the symbol for electricity. |
The [[Voice Quality Symbol]] for electrolaryngeal [[phonation]] in speech is И, approximating the symbol for electricity. |
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==Overview== |
==Overview== |
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Initially, the [[pneumatic]] mechanical larynx was developed in the 1920s by [[Western Electric]]. It did not run on [[electricity]], and was flawed in that it produced a strong voice. Electrolarynxes were introduced in the 1940s, at a time when esophageal speech was being promoted as the best course in speech recovery; however, since that technique is difficult to master, the electrolarynx became quite popular. Since then, medical procedures, such as the [[tracheo-oesophageal puncture]], and the rarely performed laryngeal transplantation surgery, have been created to enable speech without continued dependence on a handheld device.<ref name=YouTube_laryngeal_transplantation /><ref name=Laryngoscope_laryngeal_transplantation /> |
Initially, the [[pneumatic]] mechanical larynx was developed in the 1920s by [[Western Electric]]. It did not run on [[electricity]], and was flawed in that it produced a strong voice. However, more recent mechanical larynxes have demonstrated similar voice production to commercially available electrolarynxes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tuttle |first1=Tyler |last2=Erath |first2=Byron |title=Design and Evaluation of a Mechanically Driven Artificial Speech Device |journal=ASME Journal of Medical Devices |date=Mar 2018 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=011002 |doi=10.1115/1.4038222 |url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/medicaldevices/article/12/1/011002/366897/Design-and-Evaluation-of-a-Mechanically-Driven}}</ref> Electrolarynxes were introduced in the 1940s, at a time when esophageal speech was being promoted as the best course in speech recovery; however, since that technique is difficult to master, the electrolarynx became quite popular. Since then, medical procedures, such as the [[tracheo-oesophageal puncture]], and the rarely performed laryngeal transplantation surgery, have been created to enable speech without continued dependence on a handheld device.<ref name=YouTube_laryngeal_transplantation /><ref name=Laryngoscope_laryngeal_transplantation /> |
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{{external media |width=210px |float=right |audio1=[https://www.npr.org/2012/01/20/145459323/using-a-new-voice-to-enjoy-life-after-cancer Using A New Voice To Enjoy Life After Cancer] (2:54), [[StoryCorps]]<ref name="NPR"/> |
{{external media |width=210px |float=right |audio1=[https://www.npr.org/2012/01/20/145459323/using-a-new-voice-to-enjoy-life-after-cancer Using A New Voice To Enjoy Life After Cancer] (2:54), [[StoryCorps]]<ref name="NPR"/> |
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| access-date =February 13, 2012 }} Also hear the audio at [https://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=145459323&m=145500289 NPR]</ref>}} |
| access-date =February 13, 2012 }} Also hear the audio at [https://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=145459323&m=145500289 NPR]</ref>}} |
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Traditional electrolarynxes produce a monotone buzz that the user articulates into speech sounds, resulting in the characteristic "robotlike" voice quality. However, in the 1990s, research and commercial multi-tone devices began to be developed, including discrete-tone devices using multiple-position switches<ref name=AT&T_5E>{{cite web |url=http://www.webwhispers.org/news/dec2004.htm |title=Whispers on the Web - December 2004 |last=Helms |first=Dutch |date=December 2004 |access-date=2016-08-19 |archive-date=2017-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212044915/http://www.webwhispers.org/news/dec2004.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> or multiple buttons;<ref name=Servox>{{cite web |url=http://www.brucemedical.com/serspeecaid.html |title=Servox Digital Electro Larynx Speech Aid |year=2016 |access-date=2016-08-10}}</ref><ref name=Nu-Vois>{{cite web |url=http://www.nu-vois.com/nuvois3.php |title=Nu-Vois III Electro-Larynges |access-date=2016-08-19 |archive-date=2016-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724080858/http://www.nu-vois.com/nuvois3.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as variable-tone devices controlled by single pressure-sensitive buttons,<ref name=TruTone>{{cite web |url=http://www.griffinlab.com/Products/TruTone-Electrolarynx.html | |
Traditional electrolarynxes produce a monotone buzz that the user articulates into speech sounds, resulting in the characteristic "robotlike" voice quality. However, in the 1990s, research and commercial multi-tone devices began to be developed, including discrete-tone devices using multiple-position switches<ref name=AT&T_5E>{{cite web |url=http://www.webwhispers.org/news/dec2004.htm |title=Whispers on the Web - December 2004 |last=Helms |first=Dutch |date=December 2004 |access-date=2016-08-19 |archive-date=2017-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212044915/http://www.webwhispers.org/news/dec2004.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> or multiple buttons;<ref name=Servox>{{cite web |url=http://www.brucemedical.com/serspeecaid.html |title=Servox Digital Electro Larynx Speech Aid |year=2016 |access-date=2016-08-10}}</ref><ref name=Nu-Vois>{{cite web |url=http://www.nu-vois.com/nuvois3.php |title=Nu-Vois III Electro-Larynges |access-date=2016-08-19 |archive-date=2016-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724080858/http://www.nu-vois.com/nuvois3.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as variable-tone devices controlled by single pressure-sensitive buttons,<ref name="TruTone">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=The TruTone™ Electrolarynx |url=http://www.griffinlab.com/Products/TruTone-Electrolarynx.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524081017/http://www.griffinlab.com/Products/TruTone-Electrolarynx.html |archive-date=24 May 2008 |access-date=2016-08-10}}</ref> [[trackball]]s,<ref name=Wan>{{cite book |last1=Wan |first1=Congying |last2=Wang |first2=Erqiang |last3=Wu |first3=Liang |last4=Wang |first4=Supin |title=2012 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing |chapter=Design and evaluation of an electrolarynx with Mandarin tone-control function |year=2012 |pages=627–631 |doi=10.1109/ICALIP.2012.6376692|isbn=978-1-4673-0174-9 |s2cid=10867420 }}</ref> gyroscopes,<ref name="Shakya">{{cite web|last1=Shakya|first1=Bicky|last2=Bharam|first2=Vishal|last3=Merchen|first3=Alexander|year=2014|title=Development of an Electrolarynx Capable of Supporting Tonal Distinctions in Mandarin|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/Academics/MajorsAndMinors/Engineering/Documents/Merchen,%20Shakya,%20and%20Bharam.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810130728/http://www.trincoll.edu/Academics/MajorsAndMinors/Engineering/Documents/Merchen,%20Shakya,%20and%20Bharam.pdf|archive-date=August 10, 2017|access-date=2016-08-10|publisher=[[Trinity College (Connecticut)]]}}</ref> [[touchpad]]-like input devices,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://labextrade.com/ |title=Electrolarynx Speech Aid » by Labex |website=labextrade.com |access-date=2019-06-20}}</ref> or even electrical detection of the movement of neck muscles.<ref name=Kubert>{{cite journal |last1=Kubert |first1=Heather L. |last2=Stepp |first2=Cara E. |last3=Zeitels |first3=Steven M. |last4=Gooey |first4=John E. |last5=Walsh |first5=Michael J. |last6=Prakash |first6=S. R. |last7=Hillman |first7=Robert E. |last8=Heaton |first8=James T. |title=Electromyographic control of a hands-free electrolarynx using neck strap muscles |journal=Journal of Communication Disorders |date=2009-01-19 |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=211–225 |doi=10.1016/j.jcomdis.2008.12.002 |pmc=3748802 |pmid=19233382}}</ref> In addition to allowing speakers of non-[[Tone (linguistics)|tonal languages]] such as English to have a more natural speaking voice,<ref name=AT&T_5E /><ref name=Servox /><ref name=TruTone /><ref name=Kubert /> some of these newer devices have allowed speakers of tonal languages such as [[Mandarin Chinese]] to speak more intelligibly.<ref name=Wan /><ref name=Shakya /> |
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==Notable fictional users== |
==Notable fictional users== |
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* Komtuan, the crime lord from the film ''[[Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior]]'', notable as a speaker of [[Thai language|a tonal language]] being understood despite using a traditional monotone electrolarynx |
* Komtuan, the crime lord from the film ''[[Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior]]'', notable as a speaker of [[Thai language|a tonal language]] being understood despite using a traditional monotone electrolarynx |
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* Nassara in ''[[Dry_Season_(film)|Dry Season]]'' |
* Nassara in ''[[Dry_Season_(film)|Dry Season]]'' |
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* Ned Gerblanski from ''[[South Park]]'' |
* [[Ned Gerblanski]] from ''[[South Park]]'' |
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* Sawyer the Cleaner from ''[[List of Black Lagoon characters#Sawyer the Cleaner|Black Lagoon]]'' |
* Sawyer the Cleaner from ''[[List of Black Lagoon characters#Sawyer the Cleaner|Black Lagoon]]'' |
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* Sheriff Jerry/Angela Baker in ''[[Return to Sleepaway Camp]]'' |
* Sheriff Jerry/Angela Baker in ''[[Return to Sleepaway Camp]]'' |
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* Zimos from ''[[Saints Row The Third]]'' |
* Zimos from ''[[Saints Row The Third]]'' |
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* Evil Troy from ''[[Community (TV series)]]'' |
* Evil Troy from ''[[Community (TV series)]]'' |
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* |
* The Killer from ''[[Night Terror (Film)]]'' |
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* Glory Dodge in ''[[North Country (film)|North Country]]'' |
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* Krishnadas in ''Abraham Ozhler'' (Malayalam Movie) |
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* Walter Wingfield in ''[[Say It Isn't So (film)|Say It Isn't So]]'' |
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* Sani Crow in ''[[Banshee (TV series)|Banshee]]'' |
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* Ned Gerblanski in "[[South Park]]" |
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* A [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] in [[Santa's Slay]]. |
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* A victim survivor in [[Cell (film)]]. |
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* The mother Anne Sawyer in [[Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III]]. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Latest revision as of 10:31, 24 December 2024
| Electrolaryngeal speech | |
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| И | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | И |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0418 |
An electrolarynx, sometimes referred to as a "throat back", is a medical device used to produce clearer speech by those people who have lost their voice box, usually due to cancer of the larynx. The most common device is a handheld, battery-operated device pressed against the skin under the mandible which produces vibrations to allow speech;[1] other variations include a device similar to the "talk box" electronic music device, which delivers the basis of the speech sound via a tube placed in the mouth.[2] Earlier non-electric devices were called mechanical larynxes. Along with developing esophageal voice, using a speech synthesizer, or undergoing a surgical procedure, the electrolarynx serves as a mode of speech recovery for laryngectomy patients.[2][3]
The Voice Quality Symbol for electrolaryngeal phonation in speech is И, approximating the symbol for electricity.
Overview
[edit]Initially, the pneumatic mechanical larynx was developed in the 1920s by Western Electric. It did not run on electricity, and was flawed in that it produced a strong voice. However, more recent mechanical larynxes have demonstrated similar voice production to commercially available electrolarynxes.[4] Electrolarynxes were introduced in the 1940s, at a time when esophageal speech was being promoted as the best course in speech recovery; however, since that technique is difficult to master, the electrolarynx became quite popular. Since then, medical procedures, such as the tracheo-oesophageal puncture, and the rarely performed laryngeal transplantation surgery, have been created to enable speech without continued dependence on a handheld device.[2][3]
| External media | |
|---|---|
| Audio | |
 Using A New Voice To Enjoy Life After Cancer (2:54), StoryCorps[5] | |
| Video | |
 Communication after laryngectomy (8:58), South East Coast Laryngectomy Support Groups (UK)[6] |
The use of an electrolarynx can cause social issues, for instance difficulty ordering food, drinks, or other items in noisy environments;[6] or, when answering a telephone, having the caller respond, "Am I talking to a computer?"[5]
However, quality-of-life improvements due to electrolarynx usage are generally significant. One user states:
People are really very kind once they realize what the situation is. I may go into a restaurant once, and if I go back there a year later, and it's the same woman at the front desk, she'll say, "Where have you been? We haven't seen you for a while." So, I feel like a movie star...
I'm really very blessed in my life. I am happier now, without my voice, than I've ever been with my voice. It's a small price to pay for being alive and enjoying life. So I am very happy where I am now.[5]
Traditional electrolarynxes produce a monotone buzz that the user articulates into speech sounds, resulting in the characteristic "robotlike" voice quality. However, in the 1990s, research and commercial multi-tone devices began to be developed, including discrete-tone devices using multiple-position switches[7] or multiple buttons;[8][9] as well as variable-tone devices controlled by single pressure-sensitive buttons,[10] trackballs,[11] gyroscopes,[12] touchpad-like input devices,[13] or even electrical detection of the movement of neck muscles.[14] In addition to allowing speakers of non-tonal languages such as English to have a more natural speaking voice,[7][8][10][14] some of these newer devices have allowed speakers of tonal languages such as Mandarin Chinese to speak more intelligibly.[11][12]
Notable fictional users
[edit]Fictional characters notable for their use of an electrolarynx include:
- Agents of "Leviathan" on Agent Carter
- Alpha 60 from Alphaville
- Charlie in Mad Max
- Electrolarynx Guy (Jack Axelrod) on My Name Is Earl
- Emilio Sanchez, one of the residents of the Lawrence Hilton Jacobs housing project on The PJs
- Gray Baker in Dead Again
- Heathrow, Madea's brother in Tyler Perry's A Madea Family Funeral
- Komtuan, the crime lord from the film Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior, notable as a speaker of a tonal language being understood despite using a traditional monotone electrolarynx
- Nassara in Dry Season
- Ned Gerblanski from South Park
- Sawyer the Cleaner from Black Lagoon
- Sheriff Jerry/Angela Baker in Return to Sleepaway Camp
- Smokie Martling, a parody of Jackie Martling from The Howard Stern Show
- The Smoking Family from Chewin' The Fat
- Stemroach (David Bradley) on Ideal
- WWE wrestler Kane, for his first three years in the company (1997–1999)
- Zimos from Saints Row The Third
- Evil Troy from Community (TV series)
- The Killer from Night Terror (Film)
- Glory Dodge in North Country
- Krishnadas in Abraham Ozhler (Malayalam Movie)
- Walter Wingfield in Say It Isn't So
- Sani Crow in Banshee
- Ned Gerblanski in "South Park"
- A Indigenous peoples of the Americas in Santa's Slay.
- A victim survivor in Cell (film).
- The mother Anne Sawyer in Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Department of Otolaryngology. "Electrolaryngeal Speech". Eastern Virginia Medical School. Archived from the original on 2012-08-24. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ^ a b c Only Human; Cineflix (2018-06-20). Speaking with a Dead Man's Voice by Organ Transplant Surgery | Only Human. YouTube. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
- ^ a b Krishnan, Giri; Du, Charles; Fishman, Jonathan M.; Foreman, Andrew; Lott, David G.; Farwell, Gregory; Belafsky, Peter; Krishnan, Suren; Birchall, Martin A. (August 2017). "The current status of human laryngeal transplantation in 2017: A state of the field review". The Laryngoscope. 127 (8): 1861–1868. doi:10.1002/lary.26503. ISSN 1531-4995. PMID 28224630. S2CID 24360597.
- ^ Tuttle, Tyler; Erath, Byron (Mar 2018). "Design and Evaluation of a Mechanically Driven Artificial Speech Device". ASME Journal of Medical Devices. 12 (1): 011002. doi:10.1115/1.4038222.
- ^ a b c Forman, Rene; Reiman, Nadia; Esty-Kendall, Jud; radio station KCRW (2012). "Using A New Voice To Enjoy Life After Cancer". StoryCorps. National Public Radio. Retrieved February 13, 2012. Also hear the audio at NPR
- ^ a b Communication after laryngectomy. YouTube. South East Coast Laryngectomy Support Groups (UK). 2011-03-09. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ^ a b Helms, Dutch (December 2004). "Whispers on the Web - December 2004". Archived from the original on 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
- ^ a b "Servox Digital Electro Larynx Speech Aid". 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
- ^ "Nu-Vois III Electro-Larynges". Archived from the original on 2016-07-24. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
- ^ a b "The TruTone™ Electrolarynx". 2008. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
- ^ a b Wan, Congying; Wang, Erqiang; Wu, Liang; Wang, Supin (2012). "Design and evaluation of an electrolarynx with Mandarin tone-control function". 2012 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing. pp. 627–631. doi:10.1109/ICALIP.2012.6376692. ISBN 978-1-4673-0174-9. S2CID 10867420.
- ^ a b Shakya, Bicky; Bharam, Vishal; Merchen, Alexander (2014). "Development of an Electrolarynx Capable of Supporting Tonal Distinctions in Mandarin" (PDF). Trinity College (Connecticut). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2017. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
- ^ "Electrolarynx Speech Aid » by Labex". labextrade.com. Retrieved 2019-06-20.
- ^ a b Kubert, Heather L.; Stepp, Cara E.; Zeitels, Steven M.; Gooey, John E.; Walsh, Michael J.; Prakash, S. R.; Hillman, Robert E.; Heaton, James T. (2009-01-19). "Electromyographic control of a hands-free electrolarynx using neck strap muscles". Journal of Communication Disorders. 42 (3): 211–225. doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2008.12.002. PMC 3748802. PMID 19233382.