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Coordinates: 36°05′N 76°39′E / 36.083°N 76.650°E / 36.083; 76.650
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{{coord|36|05|N|76|39|E|display=title}}
{{coord|36|05|N|76|39|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox river
{{Infobox river
| name = Saksham River
| name = Saksham singh River
| image =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Narendra Modi Southern
| pushpin_map = China Xinjiang Southern
| pushpin_map_caption = The junction of the Shaksam River with the Yarkand River
| pushpin_map_caption= The junction of the Shaksam River with the Yarkand River
| pushpin_map_relief = 1
| pushpin_map_relief = 1
| source1 = Karakoram range
| source1 = Karakoram range
| source1_location = Gasherbrum Glaciers
| source1_location = Gasherbrum Glaciers
| source1_elevation =
| source1_elevation =
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|35.6084|N|77.33|E}}
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|35.6084|N|77.33|E}}
| mouth = [[Yarkand River]]
| mouth = [[Yarkand River]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|36.626697|N|76.202991|E}}
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|36.626697|N|76.202991|E}}
| mouth_elevation =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression = {{RYarkand}}
| progression = {{RYarkand}}
| tributaries_left = Shimshal Braldu river, Oprang river
| tributaries_left = Shimshal Braldu river, Oprang river
| tributaries_right =
| tributaries_right =
| basin_landmarks =
| basin_landmarks =
| location =
| location =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]] (disputed by [[china ]] )
| subdivision_name1 = [[China]] (disputed by [[India]] )
| subdivision_type2 = Province
| subdivision_type2 = Province
| subdivision_name2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Xinjiang]]
| length =
| length =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size =
| basin_size =
| river_system =
| river_system =
}}
}}
The '''Shaksgam River''' ({{zh|c=沙克思干河|p=Shakesigan He}}, {{lang-hi|शक्सगाम नदी|translit=Shaksgām Nadi}}, {{lang-ur|دریائے شکسگام|translit=Daryá-e-Shaksgám}}) is a left tributary of the [[Yarkand River]]. The river is also known as the '''Kelechin River''' ({{lang-zh|克勒青河}}) and '''Muztagh River''' ({{lang-zh|穆斯塔格河}}).<ref name=ibs>[http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS085.pdf US Bureau of Intelligence and Research ''International Boundary Study No. 85'' (1968)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211132925/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS085.pdf |date=2012-02-11 }}</ref> It rises in the Gasherbrum, Urdok, Staghar, Singhi and Kyagar Glaciers in the [[Karakoram]].<ref>[http://www.itia.ntua.gr/hsj/redbooks/138/iahs_138_0259.pdf Hewitt, K. (1982) ''Natural dams and outburst floods of the Karakoram Himalaya''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721082835/http://itia.ntua.gr/hsj/redbooks/138/iahs_138_0259.pdf |date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> It then flows in a general northwestern direction parallel to the Karakoram ridge line in the Shaksgam Valley. It receives the waters of the Shimshal Braldu river and the Oprang river from the Pakistan-administered [[Hunza District]] before turning east and joining the Yarkand River. The stretch of the river's course between Shimshal Braldu and Oprang is used as the Pakistan–China border.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2713757#map=9/36.1819/76.8127 Shaksgam river basin], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 13 September 2019.</ref>
The '''Shaksgam River''' ({{zh|c=沙克思干河|p=Shakesigan He}}, {{langx|hi|शक्सगाम नदी|translit=Shaksgām Nadi}}, {{langx|ur|دریائے شکسگام|translit=Daryá-e-Shaksgám}}) is a left tributary of the [[Yarkand River]]. The river is also known as the '''Kelechin River''' ({{lang-zh|克勒青河}}) and '''Muztagh River''' ({{lang-zh|穆斯塔格河}}).<ref name=ibs>[http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS085.pdf US Bureau of Intelligence and Research ''International Boundary Study No. 85'' (1968)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211132925/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS085.pdf |date=2012-02-11 }}</ref> It rises in the Gasherbrum, [[Urdok Glacier|Urdok]], Staghar, Singhi and Kyagar Glaciers in the [[Karakoram]].<ref>[http://www.itia.ntua.gr/hsj/redbooks/138/iahs_138_0259.pdf Hewitt, K. (1982) ''Natural dams and outburst floods of the Karakoram Himalaya''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721082835/http://itia.ntua.gr/hsj/redbooks/138/iahs_138_0259.pdf |date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> It then flows in a general northwestern direction parallel to the Karakoram ridge line in the Shaksgam Valley. It receives the waters of the Shimshal Braldu river and the Oprang river from the Pakistan-administered [[Hunza District]] before turning east and joining the Yarkand River. The stretch of the river's course between Shimshal Braldu and Oprang is used as the Pakistan–China border.<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2713757#map=9/36.1819/76.8127 Shaksgam river basin], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 13 September 2019.</ref>


Administratively, the Chinese part of the valley is within the southernmost portions of [[Yarkand County]] (the source) and the [[Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County]] (lower course). India claims the entire valley as part of its [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir state]], now part of [[Ladakh]].<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/340291900 Boundary of the Trans-Kakarakoram Tract], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 13 September 2019. Saksham Singh river</ref>
Administratively, the Chinese part of the valley is within the southernmost portions of [[Yarkand County]] (the source) and the [[Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County]] (lower course). India claims the entire valley as part of its [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir state]], now part of [[Ladakh]].<ref>[https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/340291900 Boundary of the Trans-Kakarakoram Tract], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 13 September 2019. Saksham Singh river</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
The river valley was explored in 1889 by [[Francis Younghusband]] (who referred to the Shaksgam as the Oprang).,<ref>{{Cite book
The river valley was explored in 1889 by [[Francis Younghusband]] (who referred to the Shaksgam as the Oprang),<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Younghusband
| last = Younghusband
| first = Francis
| first = Francis
Line 47: Line 47:
| year = 1896
| year = 1896
| pages = 200ff
| pages = 200ff
| publisher = Asian Educational Services
| isbn = 9788120608504
| isbn = 9788120608504
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Avk88OI8bQkC
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Avk88OI8bQkC
}}</ref> and again in 1926 by [[Kenneth Mason (geographer)|Kenneth Mason]], who confirmed the sources of the river.<ref>{{Cite book
}}</ref> and again in 1926 by [[Kenneth Mason (geographer)|Kenneth Mason]], who confirmed the sources of the river.<ref>{{Cite book
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| year = 1928
| year = 1928
| pages = 62ff
| pages = 62ff
| publisher = Asian Educational Services
| isbn = 9788120617940
| isbn = 9788120617940
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LrbVqD06aXYC
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LrbVqD06aXYC
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
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The upper river valley is used by climbers approaching the north face of [[K2 (mountain)#North Ridge|K2]]. The approach requires a crossing of the river, which is hazardous. Between its confluence with the Shimshal Braldu River and its confluence with the Oprang River the river forms the border between China and [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]].<ref name=ibs/> The area is used as winter pastures by yak herdsmen from the village of [[Shimshal]].<ref>[http://www.mockandoneil.com/stg-rpt.htm 2000 Mock & O'Neil Oprang Expedition Report]</ref> Historically, the bed of the Yarkand river where Shaksgam joins it, was used for cultivation by farmers from the state of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]]. The rulers of Hunza are said to have obtained these "territorial rights to Shaksgam" in the distant past.<ref>{{citation |first=Ahmad Hasan |last=Dani |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |chapter=The Western Himalayan States |editor1=M. S. Asimov |editor2=C. E. Bosworth |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV, Part 1 — The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century — The historical, social and economic setting |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA215 |date=1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |pages=215–225}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |title=An "agreed" frontier: Ladakh and India's northernmost borders, 1846-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIduAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=95–97|isbn=978-0-19-562758-9 }}</ref>
The upper river valley is used by climbers approaching the north face of [[K2 (mountain)#North Ridge|K2]]. The approach requires a crossing of the river, which is hazardous. Between its confluence with the Shimshal Braldu River and its confluence with the Oprang River the river forms the border between China and [[Pakistan administered Kashmir]].<ref name=ibs/> The area is used as winter pastures by yak herdsmen from the village of [[Shimshal]].<ref>[http://www.mockandoneil.com/stg-rpt.htm 2000 Mock & O'Neil Oprang Expedition Report]</ref> Historically, the bed of the Yarkand river where Shaksgam joins it, was used for cultivation by farmers from the state of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]]. The rulers of Hunza are said to have obtained these "territorial rights to Shaksgam" in the distant past.<ref>{{citation |first=Ahmad Hasan |last=Dani |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |chapter=The Western Himalayan States |editor1=M. S. Asimov |editor2=C. E. Bosworth |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV, Part 1 — The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century — The historical, social and economic setting |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA215 |date=1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |pages=215–225}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |title=An "agreed" frontier: Ladakh and India's northernmost borders, 1846-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIduAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=95–97|isbn=978-0-19-562758-9 }}</ref>


The average annual temperature in the region can fall below freezing.
It is not rare for the average annual temperature in the region to fall below freezing during the winter months.{{According to whom|date=July 2024}}


== See also ==
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 17:15, 16 December 2024

36°05′N 76°39′E / 36.083°N 76.650°E / 36.083; 76.650

Saksham singh River
Shaksgam River is located in Southern Xinjiang
Shaksgam River
The junction of the Shaksam River with the Yarkand River
Location
CountryChina (disputed by India )
ProvinceXinjiang
Physical characteristics
SourceKarakoram range
 • locationGasherbrum Glaciers
 • coordinates35°36′30″N 77°19′48″E / 35.6084°N 77.33°E / 35.6084; 77.33
MouthYarkand River
 • coordinates
36°37′36″N 76°12′11″E / 36.626697°N 76.202991°E / 36.626697; 76.202991
Basin features
ProgressionYarkand→ Tarim→ Taitema Lake
Tributaries 
 • leftShimshal Braldu river, Oprang river

The Shaksgam River (Chinese: 沙克思干河; pinyin: Shakesigan He, Hindi: शक्सगाम नदी, romanized: Shaksgām Nadi, Urdu: دریائے شکسگام, romanized: Daryá-e-Shaksgám) is a left tributary of the Yarkand River. The river is also known as the Kelechin River (Chinese: 克勒青河) and Muztagh River (Chinese: 穆斯塔格河).[1] It rises in the Gasherbrum, Urdok, Staghar, Singhi and Kyagar Glaciers in the Karakoram.[2] It then flows in a general northwestern direction parallel to the Karakoram ridge line in the Shaksgam Valley. It receives the waters of the Shimshal Braldu river and the Oprang river from the Pakistan-administered Hunza District before turning east and joining the Yarkand River. The stretch of the river's course between Shimshal Braldu and Oprang is used as the Pakistan–China border.[3]

Administratively, the Chinese part of the valley is within the southernmost portions of Yarkand County (the source) and the Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County (lower course). India claims the entire valley as part of its Jammu and Kashmir state, now part of Ladakh.[4]

History

[edit]

The river valley was explored in 1889 by Francis Younghusband (who referred to the Shaksgam as the Oprang),[5] and again in 1926 by Kenneth Mason, who confirmed the sources of the river.[6]

Geography

[edit]

The upper river valley is used by climbers approaching the north face of K2. The approach requires a crossing of the river, which is hazardous. Between its confluence with the Shimshal Braldu River and its confluence with the Oprang River the river forms the border between China and Pakistan administered Kashmir.[1] The area is used as winter pastures by yak herdsmen from the village of Shimshal.[7] Historically, the bed of the Yarkand river where Shaksgam joins it, was used for cultivation by farmers from the state of Hunza. The rulers of Hunza are said to have obtained these "territorial rights to Shaksgam" in the distant past.[8][9]

It is not rare for the average annual temperature in the region to fall below freezing during the winter months.[according to whom?]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b US Bureau of Intelligence and Research International Boundary Study No. 85 (1968) Archived 2012-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Hewitt, K. (1982) Natural dams and outburst floods of the Karakoram Himalaya Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Shaksgam river basin, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 13 September 2019.
  4. ^ Boundary of the Trans-Kakarakoram Tract, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 13 September 2019. Saksham Singh river
  5. ^ Younghusband, Francis (1896). The Heart of a Continent. Asian Educational Services. pp. 200ff. ISBN 9788120608504.
  6. ^ Mason, Kenneth (1928). Exploration of the Shaksgam Valley and Aghil ranges, 1926. Asian Educational Services. pp. 62ff. ISBN 9788120617940.
  7. ^ 2000 Mock & O'Neil Oprang Expedition Report
  8. ^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan (1998), "The Western Himalayan States", in M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bosworth (eds.), History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV, Part 1 — The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century — The historical, social and economic setting, UNESCO, pp. 215–225, ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1
  9. ^ Mehra, Parshotam (1992), An "agreed" frontier: Ladakh and India's northernmost borders, 1846-1947, Oxford University Press, pp. 95–97, ISBN 978-0-19-562758-9
[edit]
  • The Shaksgam river marked on the OpenStreetMap, Upper course: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; Lower course: 1, 2 3, 4, 5
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