Oudh State: Difference between revisions

Oudh
Awadh
Oudh; Awadh
1572–1856
	Flag Coat of arms
	The Kingdom of Oudh in 1856 (red)
Status	Province of the Mughal Empire (1572–1722); Vassal state of the Mughal Empire (1722–1816); Princely state under British protection (1816–1856);
Capital	Ayodhya (1722–1740); Faizabad (1740–1775); Lucknow (1775–1858);
Common languages	Urdu and Persian (official), Awadhi (regional), English
Religion	Shia Islam (official), Hinduism (majority), Sunni Islam, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity
Government	Mughal provincial government (1572–1722); Monarchy (1722–1858);
Nawab/Padshah
• 1722–1739	Saadat Ali Khan I (first)
• 1847–1856	Wajid Ali Shah (last)
Subedar
• 1722	Girdhar Bahadur (last)
History
• Independence from Mughal Empire	26 January 1722
• Annexation of Oudh	1856
• Siege of Cawnpore	5 – 25 June 1857
• Oudh campaign	3 March 1858
• Merger of Oudh to North-Western Provinces	1859
Area
	62,072 km2 (23,966 sq mi)
Currency	Rupee
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Mughal Empire
	Chero dynasty
North-Western Provinces and Oudh
Benares State

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The Oudh State (/ˈaʊd/,^[1] also Kingdom of Awadh, Kingdom of Oudh, Awadh Subah, Oudh Subah or Awadh State) was a Mughal subah, then an independent kingdom, and lastly a princely state in the Awadh region of North India until its annexation by the British in 1856. The name Oudh, now obsolete, was once the anglicized name of the state, also written historically as Oudhe.

As the Mughal Empire declined and decentralized, local governors in Oudh began asserting greater autonomy, and eventually Oudh matured into an independent polity governing the fertile lands of the Central and Lower Doab. With the British East India Company entering Bengal and decisively defeating Oudh at the Battle of Buxar in 1764, Oudh fell into the British orbit.

The capital of Oudh was in Faizabad, but the Company's Political Agents, officially known as "Residents", had their seat in Lucknow. At par existed a Maratha embassy, in the Oudh court, led by the Vakil of the Peshwa, until the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The Nawab of Oudh, one of the richest princes, paid for and erected a Residency in Lucknow as a part of a wider programme of civic improvements.^[2]

Oudh joined other Indian states in an upheaval against British rule in 1858 during one of the last series of actions in the Indian rebellion of 1857. In the course of this uprising, detachments of the Bombay Army of the East India Company overcame the disunited collection of Indian states in a single rapid campaign. Determined rebels continued to wage sporadic guerrilla clashes until the spring of 1859. This rebellion is also historically known as the Oudh campaign.^[3]

After the British annexation of Oudh by the Doctrine of Lapse, the North Western Provinces became the North Western Provinces and Oudh.^[4]

History

Oudh Subah was one of the initial 12 subahs (later expanded to 15 subahs by the end of Akbar's reign) established by Akbar during his administrative reforms of 1572–1580. A Mughal Subah was divided into Sarkars, or districts. Sarkars were further divided into Parganas or Mahals. Saadat Ali Khan I was appointed Subahdar of Oudh Subah on 9 September 1722, succeeding Girdhar Bahadur. He immediately subdued the autonomous Shaikhzadas of Lucknow and Raja Mohan Singh of Tiloi, consolidating Oudh as a state. In 1728, Oudh further acquired Varanasi, Jaunpur and surrounding lands from the Mughal noble Rustam Ali Khan and established stable revenue collection in that province after quelling the chief of Azamgarh, Mahabat Khan.^[5]^: 44 In 1739 Saadat Khan mobilized Oudh to defend against Nader Shah's invasion of India, ultimately being captured in the Battle of Karnal. He attempted to negotiate with Nader Shah but died in Delhi.

Establishment

In 1740, his successor Safdar Jang moved the capital of the state from Ayodhya to Faizabad.^[6] Safdar Jang gained recognition from Persia after paying tribute. He continued Saadat Khan's expansionist policy, promising military protection to Bengal in exchange for the forts at Rohtasgarh and Chunar, and annexing portions of Farrukhabad with Mughal military aid which was ruled by Muhammad Khan Bangash.

As the Mughal empire began to dissolve in the early 18th century, many subahs became effectively independent.^[7] As regional officials asserted their autonomy in Bengal and the Deccan as well as with the rise of the Maratha Empire, the rulers of Oudh gradually affirmed their own sovereignty. Safdar Jang went as far as to control the ruler of Delhi, putting Ahmad Shah Bahadur on the Mughal throne with the cooperation of other Mughal nobility. In 1748 he gained the subah of Allahabad with Ahmad Shah's official support. This was arguably the zenith of Oudh's territorial span.^[8]^: 132 ^[9]^: 193

The next nawab, Shuja-ud-Daula, extended Oudh's control of the Mughal emperor. He was appointed vazir to Shah Alam II in 1762 and offered him asylum after his failed campaigns against the British in the Bengal War.^[9]

British contact and control

Since Oudh was located in a prosperous region, the British East India Company soon took notice of the affluence in which the Nawabs of Oudh lived. Primarily, the British sought to protect the frontiers of Bengal and their lucrative trade there; only later did direct expansion occur.

Shuja-ud-Daula

British dominance was established at the Battle of Buxar of 1764, when the East India Company defeated the alliance between the nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula and the deposed nawab of Bengal Mir Kasim.^[10]^: 25 The battle was a turning point for the once rising star of Oudh. The immediate effect was the British occupation of the fort at Chunar and the cession of the provinces of Kora and Allahabad to Mughal ruler Shah Alam II under the Treaty of Benares (1765). Shaja-ud-Daula further had to pay 5 million rupees as an indemnity, which was paid off in one year.^[11]^: 158^[9]^: 252 The long-term result would be direct British interference in the internal state matters of Oudh, useful as a buffer state against the Marathas. The treaty also granted British traders special privileges and exemptions from many customs duties, which led to tensions as British monopolies were established.

Shuja-ud-Daula bought the Mughal provinces of Kora and Allahabad in the Treaty of Benares (1773) with the British (who held de facto control over the area) for 50 lakh rupees, increased the cost of Company mercenaries, and military aid in the First Rohilla War to expand Oudh as a buffer state against Maratha interests.^[10]^: 65^[11]^: 75 Done by Warren Hastings, this move was unpopular among the rest of Company leadership, but Hastings continued a harsh policy on Oudh, justifying the military aid as a bid to strengthen Oudh's status as a buffer state against the Marathas. To shape the policy of Oudh and direct its internal affairs Hastings appointed the resident Nathaniel Middleton in Lucknow that year as well. At the conclusion of the First Rohilla War in 1774, Oudh gained the entirety of Rohilkhand and the Middle Doab region, only leaving the independent Rampur State as a Rohilla enclave.

Asaf-ud-Daula

Asaf-ud-Daula acceded to the nawabship of Oudh with British aid in exchange for the Treaty of Benares (1775) which further increased the cost of mercenaries and ceded the sarkars of Benares, Ghazipur, Chunar, and Jaunpur. From this time onwards, Oudh consistently complied with the Company's demands, which continued to demand more land and economic control over the state.^[12]

The Treaty of Chunar (1781) sought to reduce the number of British troops in Oudh's service to cut costs, but failed in this measure due to the instability of Asaf-ud-Daula's rule and thus his reliance on British aid essentially as a puppet regime.^[13]

Later rulers

Saadat Ali Khan II acceded to the throne of Oudh in 1798, owing his seat to British intervention including Governor-General of Bengal Sir John Shore's personal proclamation in Lucknow of his rule. A treaty signed on 21 February 1798 increased the subsidy paid to the British to 70 lakh rupees per year.^[12]

In light of the Napoleonic Wars and British demands for greater revenue from the Company, in 1801, Saadat Ali Khan II ceded the entire Rohilkhand and Lower Doab as well as the sarkar of Gorakhpur under the pressure of Lord Wellesley to the British in lieu of the annual tribute.^[14] The cession halved the size of the polity, reducing it to the original Mughal subah of Awadh (excepting Gorakhpur which was ceded) and surrounded it by directly-administered British territory, rendering it useless as a buffer. The treaty also mandated a government to be put in place that primarily served the citizens of Oudh. It was on the basis of the failure to meet this demand that the British later justified the annexation of Oudh.

Farrukhabad and Rampur was not annexed by the British yet; instead, they served as separate princely states for the moment.^[12]

The kingdom became a British protectorate in May 1816. Three years later, in 1819, the Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah took the title of Badshah (king), signaling formal independence from the Mughal Empire under the advice of the Marquis of Hastings.

Throughout the early 1800s until annexation, several areas were gradually ceded to the British.

British annexation

On 7 February 1856, by order of Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, the Nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali Shah, was deposed, and Oudh State was annexed to the territories of the British East India Company under the terms of the Doctrine of lapse on the grounds of alleged internal misrule.^[15]

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Between 5 July 1857 and 3 March 1858, during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Begum Hazrat Mahal, the wife of Wajid Ali Shah proclaimed their son Birjis Qadr the Wali of Awadh and ruled as regent. At the time of the rebellion, the British lost control of the territory; they reestablished their rule over the next eighteen months, during which time there were massacres such as those that had occurred in the course of the Siege of Cawnpore.^[16]^[17]

After the rebellion, Oudh's territory was merged with the North Western Provinces, forming the larger province of North-Western Provinces and Oudh. In 1902, the latter was renamed the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. In 1921, it became the United Provinces of British India. In 1937, it became the United Provinces and continued as a province in independent India until finally becoming the state of Uttar Pradesh in 1950.^[15]

Government

Feudatory states

The following were feudatory estates —taluqdaris^[18] or parganas— of Oudh:

Rulers

The first ruler of Oudh State belonged to the Shia Muslim Sayyid Family and descended of Musa al-Kadhim originated from Nishapur. But the dynasty also belonged from the paternal line to the Kara Koyunlu through Qara Yusuf. They were renowned for their secularism and broad outlook.^[26]

All rulers used the title of 'Nawab'.^[27]

Title	Reign Start	Reign End	Name
Subadar Nawab	1722	19 Mar 1739	Borhan al-Molk Mir Mohammad Amin Musawi Saʾadat ʾAli Khan I
Subadar Nawab	19 Mar 1739	28 Apr 1748	Abu'l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan
Nawab Wazir al-Mamalik	28 Apr 1748	13 May 1753
Subadar Nawab	5 Nov 1753	5 Oct 1754
Subadar Nawab	5 Oct 1754	15 Feb 1762	Jalal ad-Din Shojaʾ ad-Dowla Haydar
Nawab Wazir al-Mamalik	15 Feb 1762	26 Jan 1775	Jalal ad-Din Shojaʾ ad-Dowla Haydar
	26 Jan 1775	21 Sep 1797	Asaf ad-Dowla Amani
	21 Sep 1797	21 Jan 1798	Mirza Wazir ʾAli Khan
	21 Jan 1798	11 Jul 1814	Yamin ad-Dowla Nazem al-Molk Saʾadat ʾAli Khan II Bahadur
	11 Jul 1814	19 Oct 1818	Ghazi ad-Din Rafaʾat ad-Dowla Abul-Mozaffar Haydar Khan
King (Padshah-e Awadh, Shah-e Zaman)	19 Oct 1818	19 Oct 1827	Ghazi ad-Din Rafaʾat ad-Dowla Abul-Mozaffar Haydar Khan
	19 Oct 1827	7 Jul 1837	Naser ad-Din Haydar Solayman Jah Shah
	7 Jul 1837	17 May 1842	Moʾin ad-Din Abu'l-Fath Mohammad ʾAli Shah
	17 May 1842	13 Feb 1847	Naser ad-Dowla Amjad ʾAli Thorayya Jah Shah
	13 Feb 1847	7 Feb 1856	Naser ad-Din ʾAbd al-Mansur Mohammad Wajed ʾAli Shah
	5 Jul 1857	3 Mar 1858	Berjis Qadr (in rebellion)

Residents

Name	Start	End
Nathaniel Middleton	1773	1774
John Bristow	1774	1776
Nathaniel Middleton	1776	1779 (second time)
C. Purling	1779	1780
John Bristow	1780	1781 (second time)
Nathaniel Middleton	1781	1782 (third time)
John Bristow	1782	1783 (third time)
William Palmer	1783	1784
Gabriel Harper	1784	1785
Edward Otto Ives	1785	1794
George Frederick Cherry	1794	1796
James Lumsden	1796	1799
William Scott	1799	1804
John Ulrich Collins	1804	1807
John Baillie	1807	1815
Richard Charles Strachey	1815	1817
John.R. Monckton	1818	1820
Felix Vincent Raper	1820	1823
Mordaunt Ricketts	1823	1827
Thomas Herbert Maddock	1829	1831
John Low	1831	1842
James Caulfield (interí)	1839	1841
William Nott	1841	1843
George Pollock	1843	1844
J. D. Shakespear	1844	1845
T. Reid Davidson	1845	1847
Archibald Richmond	1847	1849
Sir William Henry Sleeman	1849	1854
Sir James Outram	1854	1856

Demographics

In the early eighteenth century, the population of Oudh was estimated to be 3 million. Oudh underwent a demographic shift in which Lucknow and Varanasi expanded to become metropolises of over 200,000 people over the course of the 18th century at the expense of Agra and Delhi. During this period the land on the banks of the Yamuna suffered frequent dry spells, while the Baiswara did not.^[28]^: 38

Although it was ruled by Muslims, a majority, roughly four fifths, of Oudh's population were Hindus.^[8]^: 155^[29]

Culture

The Nawabs of Oudh were descended from a Sayyid line from Nishapur in Persia. They were Shia Muslims, and promoted Shia as the state religion.^[13] Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah instituted the Oudh Bequest, a system of fixed payments by the British paid to the Shia holy cities of Najaf and Karbala. These payments, along with lifelong stipends to the wives and mother of Ghazi-ud-Din served as interest on the Third Oudh Loan taken in 1825.^[30]

The cities of Allahabad, Varanasi, and Ayodhya were important pilgrimage sites for followers of Hinduism and other Dharmic religions. The town of Bahraich was also revered by some Muslims.^[31]

References

^ "Oudh – definition of Oudh in English from the Oxford dictionary". Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ Davies, Philip, Splendours of the Raj: British Architecture in India, 1660–1947. New York: Penguin Books, 1987
^ Michael Edwardes, Battles of the Indian Mutiny, Pan, 1963, ISBN 0-330-02524-4
^ Ashutosh Joshi (1 January 2008). Town Planning Regeneration of Cities. New India Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 978-8189422820. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
^ Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1933). The First Two Nawabs Of Oudh (a Critical Study Based On Original Sources). Lucknow: The Upper India Publishing House, Ltd.
^ Sarvepalli Gopal (15 October 1993). Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-1-85649-050-4. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
^ Whitworth, George Clifford (1885). "Subah". An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India. K. Paul, Trench. pp. 301–. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
^ ^a ^b Jaswant Lal, Mehta (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers. ISBN 9781932705546.
^ ^a ^b ^c Markovits, Claude, ed. (2005). A History of Modern India 1480–1950 (Anthem South Asian Studies). Anthem Press. ISBN 1-84331-152-6.
^ ^a ^b Ramusack, Barbara N. (2004). The Indian Princes and their States. Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a ^b Grover, B.L.; Mehta, Alka (2018). A New Look at Modern Indian History (From 1707 to the Modern Times) (32 ed.). S. Chand Publishing. ISBN 9789352534340.
^ ^a ^b ^c Habib, Irfan; Habib, Faiz (2014). "Mapping the Dismemberment of Awadh 1775-1801". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 75 (455–460).
^ ^a ^b Davies, C. Collin (1960–2005). "Awadh". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition (12 vols.). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
^ Treaty with the Nawab of Oudh for the cession of Territory in commutation of Subsidy, concluded by Henry Wellesley and Lieut.-Col. William Scott 10th Nov. 1801
^ ^a ^b Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V 1908, p. 72
^ Ben Cahoon. "Princely States of India – Oudh". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
^ William Barton, The princes of India. Delhi 1983
^ The Feudatory and zemindari India, Volume 17, Issue 2. 1937. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
^ "Balrampur (Taluqdari)". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
^ Bayly, C. A. (19 May 1988). Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-31054-3.
^ "Bhadri (Taluq)". Archived from the original on 29 November 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
^ "Itaunja – Raipur Ekdaria (Taluq)". Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
^ Rathore, Abhinay. "Kohra (Taluk)". Rajput Provinces of India. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
^ The Indian Year Book, Volume 29. Bennett, Coleman & Company. 1942. p. 1286. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
^ "Pratapgarh (Taluq)". Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
^ B. S. Saxena (1974). "Repertoire On Wajid Ali Shah & Monuments of Avadh – Nawabs of Oudh & their Secularism". Avadh Cultural Club (Lucknow). Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
^ Ben Cahoon. "List of rulers of Oudh". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
^ Cole, J. R. I. (1989). Roots of North Indian Shīʾism in Iran and Iraq: Religion and State in Awadh, 1722-1859. Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520056411.
^ Defence Journal, Volume 5, Issues 2-4. p. 88. On the contrary the annexation of Oudh in 1856 was viewed by the Muslim elite and the Hindu majority population of Oudh
^ Litvak, Meir (February 2001). "Money, religion, and politics: The Oudh Bequest in Najaf and Karbala, 1850-1903". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 33 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0020743801001015. S2CID 155865344.
^ Surya Narain Singh (2003). The Kingdom of Awadh. Mittal Publications.

External links

Media related to Oudh State at Wikimedia Commons
Heraldry of Oudh State

26°47′N 82°08′E / 26.78°N 82.13°E / 26.78; 82.13

[1] "Oudh – definition of Oudh in English from the Oxford dictionary". Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.

[2] Davies, Philip, Splendours of the Raj: British Architecture in India, 1660–1947. New York: Penguin Books, 1987

[3] Michael Edwardes, Battles of the Indian Mutiny, Pan, 1963, ISBN 0-330-02524-4

[4] Ashutosh Joshi (1 January 2008). Town Planning Regeneration of Cities. New India Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 978-8189422820. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2016.

[5] Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1933). The First Two Nawabs Of Oudh (a Critical Study Based On Original Sources). Lucknow: The Upper India Publishing House, Ltd.

[Gopal1993-6] Sarvepalli Gopal (15 October 1993). Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-1-85649-050-4. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2019.

[Whitworth1885-7] Whitworth, George Clifford (1885). "Subah". An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India. K. Paul, Trench. pp. 301–. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2020.

[lal-8] Jaswant Lal, Mehta (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers. ISBN 9781932705546.

[markovits-9] Markovits, Claude, ed. (2005). A History of Modern India 1480–1950 (Anthem South Asian Studies). Anthem Press. ISBN 1-84331-152-6.

[ramusack-10] Ramusack, Barbara N. (2004). The Indian Princes and their States. Cambridge University Press.

[grover-11] Grover, B.L.; Mehta, Alka (2018). A New Look at Modern Indian History (From 1707 to the Modern Times) (32 ed.). S. Chand Publishing. ISBN 9789352534340.

[habib-12] Habib, Irfan; Habib, Faiz (2014). "Mapping the Dismemberment of Awadh 1775-1801". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 75 (455–460).

[EI-13] Davies, C. Collin (1960–2005). "Awadh". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition (12 vols.). Leiden: E. J. Brill.

[14] Treaty with the Nawab of Oudh for the cession of Territory in commutation of Subsidy, concluded by Henry Wellesley and Lieut.-Col. William Scott 10th Nov. 1801

[igi-V-72-15] Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V 1908, p. 72

[16] Ben Cahoon. "Princely States of India – Oudh". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2014.

[17] William Barton, The princes of India. Delhi 1983

[18] The Feudatory and zemindari India, Volume 17, Issue 2. 1937. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2014.

[19] "Balrampur (Taluqdari)". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2015.

[20] Bayly, C. A. (19 May 1988). Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870. CUP Archive. ISBN 978-0-521-31054-3.

[21] "Bhadri (Taluq)". Archived from the original on 29 November 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2015.

[22] "Itaunja – Raipur Ekdaria (Taluq)". Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.

[23] Rathore, Abhinay. "Kohra (Taluk)". Rajput Provinces of India. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.

[24] The Indian Year Book, Volume 29. Bennett, Coleman & Company. 1942. p. 1286. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2014.

[25] "Pratapgarh (Taluq)". Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2024.

[26] B. S. Saxena (1974). "Repertoire On Wajid Ali Shah & Monuments of Avadh – Nawabs of Oudh & their Secularism". Avadh Cultural Club (Lucknow). Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2014.

[27] Ben Cahoon. "List of rulers of Oudh". Worldstatesmen.org. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2014.

[28] Cole, J. R. I. (1989). Roots of North Indian Shīʾism in Iran and Iraq: Religion and State in Awadh, 1722-1859. Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520056411.

[29] Defence Journal, Volume 5, Issues 2-4. p. 88. On the contrary the annexation of Oudh in 1856 was viewed by the Muslim elite and the Hindu majority population of Oudh

[30] Litvak, Meir (February 2001). "Money, religion, and politics: The Oudh Bequest in Najaf and Karbala, 1850-1903". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 33 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0020743801001015. S2CID 155865344.

[31] Surya Narain Singh (2003). The Kingdom of Awadh. Mittal Publications.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Princely state in the Awadh region of North India (1732-1856)}}
+{{Short description|Polity in the Awadh region of North India (1732–1856)}}
-{{About|the state during the Company rule in India|the natural and historical region in Uttar Pradesh |Awadh}}
+{{About|the Mughal province and later kingdom|the natural and historical region in Uttar Pradesh |Awadh}}
 {{redirect|Oudh|the Oudh tree|agarwood|the Arabic musical instrument|Oud}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
 {{Infobox country
-|life_span              = 1572–1858
+| life_span              = 1572–1856
-|name = '''Oudh'''<br>''Awadh''
+| conventional_long_name = Oudh<br>Awadh
-|religion = [[Shia Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]), [[Hinduism]] (majority), [[Sunni Islam]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Christianity]]
+| religion               = [[Shia Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]), [[Hinduism]] (majority), [[Sunni Islam]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Christianity]]
-|government_type = {{plainlist|
+| government_type        = {{plainlist|
-*Mughal [[State government|provincial government]] (1572-1722)
+*Mughal [[State government|provincial government]] (1572–1722)
-*[[Monarchy]] (1722–1816)
+*[[Monarchy]] (1722–1858)}}
+| status                 = {{blist
-*[[Princely state]] (1816–1858)}}
+| [[Subah|Province]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] (1572–1722)
-|status= {{Plainlist|
+| [[Vassal state]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] (1722–1816)
-*[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[subah]] (1572–1722)
+| [[Princely state]] under [[Company rule in India|British protection]] (1816–1856)
-*Mughal [[suzerainty]] (1722–1816)
+}}
-*[[Princely state]] of the [[Company rule in India|British East India Company]] (1816–1856)
+| event_start            = Independence from [[Mughal Empire]]
-*[[Presidencies and provinces of British India|State]] of the [[Company rule in India|British East India Company]] (1856–1858)}}
+| date_start             = 26 January
-|event_start = Independence from [[Mughal Empire]]
+| year_start             = 1722
-|date_start =
+| event_end              = [[Central Indian campaign of 1858|Oudh campaign]]
-|year_start = 1722
+| date_end               = 3 March
-|event_end = [[Central Indian campaign of 1858|Oudh campaign]]
+| year_end               = 1858
-|date_end =  3 March
+| event1                 = Annexation of Oudh
-|year_end = 1858
+| date_event1            = 1856
-|event1 = Annexation of Oudh
+| event2                 = [[Siege of Cawnpore]]
-|date_event1 = 1856
+| date_event2            = 5 – 25 June 1857
-|event2 = [[Siege of Cawnpore]]
+| event_post             = Merger of Oudh to [[North-Western Provinces]]
-|date_event2 = 5 – 25 June 1857
+| date_post              = 1859
-|event_post = Merger of Oudh to [[North-Western Provinces]]
+| p1                     = Mughal Empire
-|date_post = 1859
-|p1 = Mughal Empire
+| flag_p1                = Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg
+| border_p1              = no
-|flag_p1 = Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg
+| p2                     = Chero dynasty
-|border_p1=no
+| s1                     = North-Western Provinces and Oudh
-|p2=Chero dynasty
+| flag_s1                = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
-|s1 = North-Western Provinces and Oudh
+| s2                     = Benares State
-|flag_s1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
+| flag_s2                = Drapeau Benares.png
-|s2 = Benares State
+| border_s2              = no
-|flag_s2=Drapeau Benares.png
+| image_flag             = Flag of Awadh.svg
-|border_s2=no
+| flag_border            = no
-|image_flag =Flag of Awadh.svg
-|image_coat = Oudh-arms short.gif
+| image_coat             = Oudh-arms short.gif
-|image_map = Pope1880Oudh2.jpg
+| image_map              = Pope1880Oudh2.jpg
-|image_map_caption = The Kingdom of Oudh in 1856 (red)
+| image_map_caption      = The Kingdom of Oudh in 1856 (red)
-|capital = {{Plainlist|
+| capital                = {{Plainlist|
-*[[Ayodhya]] (1722-1740)
+*[[Ayodhya]] (1722–1740)
-*[[Faizabad]] (1740-1775)
+*[[Faizabad]] (1740–1775)
-*[[Lucknow]] (1775-1858)}}
+*[[Lucknow]] (1775–1858)}}
-|common_languages = [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] (official), [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] (regional), [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
+| common_languages       = Urdu
+ and [[Persian language|Persian]] (official), [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] (regional), [[English language|English]]
-|stat_area1             = 62072
+| stat_area1             = 62072
-|currency =  [[Rupee]]
+| currency               = [[Rupee]]
-|representative1        =
+| representative1        = [[Girdhar Bahadur]] (last)
-|representative2        =
+| representative2        =
-|year_representative1   =
+| year_representative1   = 1722
-|year_representative2   =
+| year_representative2   =
-|title_representative   =
+| title_representative   = [[Subedar]]
-|leader1 = [[Saadat Ali Khan I]] (first)
+| leader1                = [[Saadat Ali Khan I]] (first)
-|leader2 = [[Wajid Ali Shah]] (last)
+| leader2                = [[Wajid Ali Shah]] (last)
-|year_leader1 = 1722–1739
+| year_leader1           = 1722–1739
-|year_leader2 = 1847-1856
+| year_leader2           = 1847–1856
-|title_leader = [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab]]
+| title_leader           = [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab/Padshah]]
-|footnotes=
+| footnotes              =
 }}
-[[File:Saadut Aly Khan.jpg|thumb|Nawab [[Saadat Ali Khan II]].]]
+[[File:Saadat_Ali_Khan_II.jpg|thumb|Nawab [[Saadat Ali Khan II]].]]
-[[File:Nasir ud din haidar.jpg|thumb|Nawab [[Nasiruddin Haider]]]]The '''Oudh State''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|aʊ|d}},<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Oudh |title=Oudh – definition of Oudh in English from the Oxford dictionary |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909123759/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Oudh |archive-date=9 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> also '''Kingdom of Awadh''', '''Kingdom of Oudh''', '''Awadh Subah''', '''Oudh Subah''' or '''Awadh State''') was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Subah|subah]], then an independent kingdom, and lastly a [[princely state]] in the [[Awadh]] region of [[North India]] until its annexation by the British in 1856. The name Oudh, now obsolete, was once the anglicized name of the state, also written historically as '''Oudhe.'''
+[[File:Nasir ud din haidar.jpg|thumb|Nawab [[Nasiruddin Haider]]]]The '''Oudh State''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|aʊ|d}},<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Oudh |title=Oudh – definition of Oudh in English from the Oxford dictionary |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909123759/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Oudh |archive-date=9 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> also '''Kingdom of Awadh''', '''Kingdom of Oudh''', '''Awadh Subah''', '''Oudh Subah''' or '''Awadh State''') was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[subah]], then an independent kingdom, and lastly a [[princely state]] in the [[Awadh]] region of [[North India]] until its annexation by the British in 1856. The name Oudh, now obsolete, was once the anglicized name of the state, also written historically as '''Oudhe.'''
 As the [[Mughal Empire]] declined and decentralized, local governors in Oudh began asserting greater autonomy, and eventually Oudh matured into an independent polity governing the fertile lands of the Central and Lower [[Doab]]. With the [[British East India Company]] entering Bengal and decisively defeating Oudh at the [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1764, Oudh fell into the British orbit.
@@ Line 70: / Line 71: @@
 The capital of Oudh was in [[Faizabad]], but the Company's Political Agents, officially known as "Residents", had their seat in [[Lucknow]]. At par existed a Maratha embassy, in the Oudh court, led by the [[Vakil]] of the [[Peshwa]], until the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. The Nawab of Oudh, one of the richest princes, paid for and erected a [[The Residency, Lucknow|Residency in Lucknow]] as a part of a wider programme of civic improvements.<ref>Davies, Philip, ''Splendours of the Raj: British Architecture in India, 1660–1947.'' New York: Penguin Books, 1987</ref>
-Oudh joined other Indian states in an upheaval against British rule in 1858 during one of the last series of actions in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]]. In the course of this uprising detachments of the British Indian Army from the [[Bombay Presidency]] overcame the disunited collection of Indian states in a single rapid campaign. Determined rebels continued to wage sporadic guerrilla clashes until the spring of 1859. This rebellion is also historically known as the ''[[Oudh campaign of 1858-9|Oudh campaign]]''.<ref>Michael Edwardes, ''Battles of the Indian Mutiny,'' Pan, 1963, {{ISBN|0-330-02524-4}}</ref>
+Oudh joined other Indian states in an upheaval against British rule in 1858 during one of the last series of actions in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]]. In the course of this uprising, detachments of the [[Bombay Army]] of the East India Company overcame the disunited collection of Indian states in a single rapid campaign. Determined rebels continued to wage sporadic guerrilla clashes until the spring of 1859. This rebellion is also historically known as the [[Oudh campaign of 1858-9|Oudh campaign]].<ref>Michael Edwardes, ''Battles of the Indian Mutiny,'' Pan, 1963, {{ISBN|0-330-02524-4}}</ref>
-After the British [[annexation]] of Oudh by the [[Doctrine of Lapse]], the [[North Western Provinces]] became the ''North Western Provinces and Oudh''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|author=Ashutosh Joshi|publisher=New India Publishing|date=1 Jan 2008|isbn=978-8189422820|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145638/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
+After the British [[annexation]] of Oudh by the [[Doctrine of Lapse]], the [[North Western Provinces]] became the North Western Provinces and Oudh.<ref>{{cite book|title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|author=Ashutosh Joshi|publisher=New India Publishing|date=1 Jan 2008|isbn=978-8189422820|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145638/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==History==
 {{see also|Oudh Bequest}}
+[[File:Elaborately illustrated map of the Awadh Subah of the Mughal Empire, commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770.jpg|thumb|Elaborately illustrated map of the Awadh Subah of the Mughal Empire, commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770]]
-''Oudh Subah'' was one of the initial 12 subahs (later expanded to 15 ''subahs'' by the end of Akbar's reign) established by [[Akbar]] during his administrative reforms of 1572–1580. ''Subah'' was divided into ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|Sarkars]]'', or districts. ''Sarkars'' were further divided into ''[[Pargana]]s'' or ''[[Mahalla|Mahals]]''. As the [[Mughal empire]] began to dissolve in the early 18th century, Oudh, like many ''subahs'' became effectively independent.<ref name="Whitworth1885">{{cite book|last=Whitworth|first=George Clifford|title=An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301|year=1885|publisher=K. Paul, Trench|pages=301–|chapter=Subah|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112831/https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
+''Oudh Subah'' was one of the initial 12 subahs (later expanded to 15 ''subahs'' by the end of Akbar's reign) established by [[Akbar]] during his administrative reforms of 1572–1580.  A Mughal ''[[Subah]]'' was divided into ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|Sarkars]]'', or districts. ''Sarkars'' were further divided into ''[[Pargana]]s'' or ''[[Mahalla|Mahals]]''.  [[Saadat Ali Khan I]] was appointed [[Subahdar]] of Oudh Subah on 9 September 1722, succeeding [[Girdhar Bahadur]]. He immediately subdued the autonomous Shaikhzadas of [[Lucknow]] and Raja Mohan Singh of [[Tiloi]], consolidating Oudh as a state. In 1728, Oudh further acquired [[Varanasi]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] and surrounding lands from the Mughal noble Rustam Ali Khan and established stable revenue collection in that province after quelling the chief of [[Azamgarh]], [[Mahabat Khan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Ashirbadi Lal |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49871/page/n1 |title=The First Two Nawabs Of Oudh (a Critical Study Based On Original Sources) |date=1933 |publisher=The Upper India Publishing House, Ltd. |location=Lucknow}}</ref>{{rp|44}} In 1739 Saadat Khan mobilized Oudh to defend against [[Nader Shah]]'s [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|invasion of India]], ultimately being captured in the [[Battle of Karnal]]. He attempted to negotiate with Nader Shah but died in Delhi.
 ===Establishment===
-[[Saadat Ali Khan I]] was appointed [[Nawab of Oudh]] on 9 September 1722, succeeding [[Girdhar Bahadur]]. He immediately subdued the autonomous Shaikhzadas of [[Lucknow]] and Raja Mohan Singh of [[Tiloi]], consolidating Oudh as a state. In 1728, Oudh further acquired [[Varanasi]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] and surrounding lands from the Mughal noble Rustam Ali Khan and established stable revenue collection in that province after quelling the chief of [[Azamgarh]], [[Mahabat Khan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Ashirbadi Lal |title=The First Two Nawabs Of Oudh (a Critical Study Based On Original Sources) |date=1933 |publisher=The Upper India Publishing House, Ltd. |location=Lucknow |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49871/page/n1}}</ref>{{rp|44}} In 1739 Saadat Khan mobilized Oudh to defend against [[Nader Shah]]'s [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|invasion of India]], ultimately being captured in the [[Battle of Karnal]]. He attempted to cooperate with Nader Shah but died in Delhi.
 In 1740, his successor [[Safdar Jang]] moved the capital of the state from [[Ayodhya]] to [[Faizabad]].<ref name="Gopal1993">{{cite book|author=Sarvepalli Gopal|title=Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47AARF595dUC&pg=PA39|date=15 October 1993|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-85649-050-4|pages=39–|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112831/https://books.google.com/books?id=47AARF595dUC&pg=PA39#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Safdar Jang gained recognition from Persia after paying tribute. He continued Saadat Khan's expansionist policy, promising military protection to Bengal in exchange for the forts at [[Rohtasgarh]] and [[Chunar]], and annexing portions of [[Farrukhabad]] with Mughal military aid which was ruled by [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]].
-As regional officials asserted their autonomy in [[Bengal]] and the [[Deccan]] as well as with the rise of the [[Maratha Empire]], the rulers of Oudh gradually affirmed their own sovereignty. [[Safdar Jang]] went as far as to control the ruler of Delhi, putting [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] on the Mughal throne with the cooperation of other Mughal nobility. In 1748 he gained the [[subah]] of [[Allahabad]] with Ahmad Shah's official support. This was arguably the zenith of Oudh's territorial span.<ref name="lal">{{cite book|last1=Jaswant Lal|first1=Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707-1813|date=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=9781932705546}}</ref>{{rp|132}} <ref name="markovits">{{Cite book| editor-last=Markovits| editor-first=Claude | year=2005| title=A History of Modern India 1480–1950 (Anthem South Asian Studies)| publisher=Anthem Press.| isbn=1-84331-152-6}}</ref>{{rp|193}}
+As the [[Mughal empire]] began to dissolve in the early 18th century, many ''subahs'' became effectively independent.<ref name="Whitworth1885">{{cite book |last=Whitworth |first=George Clifford |title=An Anglo-Indian Dictionary: A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English, and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India |publisher=K. Paul, Trench |year=1885 |pages=301– |chapter=Subah |access-date=13 July 2020 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112831/https://books.google.com/books?id=7tAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=9 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> As regional officials asserted their autonomy in [[Bengal]] and the [[Deccan]] as well as with the rise of the [[Maratha Empire]], the rulers of Oudh gradually affirmed their own sovereignty. [[Safdar Jang]] went as far as to control the ruler of Delhi, putting [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] on the Mughal throne with the cooperation of other Mughal nobility. In 1748 he gained the [[subah]] of [[Allahabad]] with Ahmad Shah's official support. This was arguably the zenith of Oudh's territorial span.<ref name="lal">{{cite book|last1=Jaswant Lal|first1=Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707-1813|date=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=9781932705546}}</ref>{{rp|132}} <ref name="markovits">{{Cite book| editor-last=Markovits| editor-first=Claude | year=2005| title=A History of Modern India 1480–1950 (Anthem South Asian Studies)| publisher=Anthem Press.| isbn=1-84331-152-6}}</ref>{{rp|193}}
 The next nawab, [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], extended Oudh's control of the Mughal emperor. He was appointed [[Vizier|vazir]] to [[Shah Alam II]] in 1762 and offered him asylum after his failed campaigns against the British in the [[Bengal War]].<ref name="markovits"/>
@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 Shuja-ud-Daula bought the Mughal provinces of Kora and Allahabad in the Treaty of Benares (1773) with the British (who held ''de facto'' control over the area) for 50 lakh rupees, increased the cost of Company mercenaries, and military aid in the [[First Rohilla War]] to expand Oudh as a buffer state against Maratha interests.<ref name="ramusack" />{{rp|65}}<ref name="grover" />{{rp|75}} Done by [[Warren Hastings]], this move was unpopular among the rest of Company leadership, but Hastings continued a harsh policy on Oudh, justifying the military aid as a bid to strengthen Oudh's status as a buffer state against the Marathas. To shape the policy of Oudh and direct its internal affairs Hastings appointed the resident [[Nathaniel Middleton]] in Lucknow that year as well. At the conclusion of the First Rohilla War in 1774, Oudh gained the entirety of [[Rohilkhand]] and the Middle [[Doab]] region, only leaving the independent [[Rampur State]] as a Rohilla enclave.
-The [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[Persians|Persian]] [[Twelver Shia]] Muslim royal family ruling the [[Oudh]] (Awadh) state in India obtained their eunuchs (khwajasarais) through crushing Hindu rebellions by their [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Hindu]] subjects that they ruled, massacring Hindu men and enslaving the Hindu women and children with the [[South Asian]] Indian Hindu boys being castrated and sent into the harems for service as eunuchs, massacring Hindu men and enslaving the Hindu women and children with the Hindu boys being castrated and sent into the harems for service as eunuchs. Jawahir Ali was a eunuch of Oudh state who was born a Hindu. The rulers of Oudh (Awadh) state were Twelver Shia while [[Rajput]] Hindus made up most of the local cultivator landholding rajas. The Hindu Rajas of [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]] rebelled since they refused to pay taxes to the Twelver Shia district administrator Nawab Muhammad Ali Khan so Nawab Muhammad Ali defeated the Hindus in battle and the Muslim historian [[Muhammad Faiz Bakhsh]] recorded in his book Tarikh Farahbakhsh that Muhammad Ali sent "hundreds of unbelievers (Hindus) to hell", enslaving their children and women and castrated the Hindu boys among the children. Adult Hindu women, Hindu girls, and Hindu boys like Jawahir Ali were enslaved by their Twelver Shia ruler. One Hindu boy died from being castrated but the rest of the Hindu boys including Jawahir Ali survived the castration and entered Muhammad Ali's service as eunuchs. The castrated Hindu boys were converted to Twelver Shia Islam and given Muslim names after being enslaved and then educated. The Twelver Shia Turkic Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula (a descendant of the Turkic Twelver Shia [[Qara Qoyunlu]] dynasty through his father Safdar Jang) made Nawab Muhammad Ali Khan give his eunuchs including Jawahir Ali to him.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hinchy |first1=Jessica |title=Enslaved childhoods in eighteenth-century Awadh |journal=South Asian History and Culture |date=2015 |volume=6 |issue=3: Childhoods in India: Contemporary and Historical Perspectives |pages=7, 8 |doi=10.1080/19472498.2015.1030874|s2cid=145412277 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bowen |editor1-first=Zazie |editor2-last=Hinchy |editor2-first=Jessica |title=Children and Knowledge: Contemporary and Historical Perspectives from India |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge South Asian History and Culture Series |isbn=978-1000740417 |edition=reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NXpDwAAQBAJ&dq=Hundreds+of+unbelievers+went+to+hell%2C+and+most+of+their+women+and+children+were+captured.+When+the+Naw%C3%A1b&pg=PT105 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112950/https://books.google.com/books?id=5NXpDwAAQBAJ&dq=Hundreds+of+unbelievers+went+to+hell%2C+and+most+of+their+women+and+children+were+captured.+When+the+Naw%C3%A1b&pg=PT105#v=onepage&q=Hundreds%20of%20unbelievers%20went%20to%20hell%2C%20and%20most%20of%20their%20women%20and%20children%20were%20captured.%20When%20the%20Naw%C3%A1b&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Jawahir Ali (Joahir Ali) served as nazir eunuch to Bahu Begum (Bahu Begam, Bahoo Begum or Buhoo Begum) (Begum Amanat-uz Zahra Bano), the Iranian Persian wife of the Turkic Twelver Shia ruler of Oudh, Shuja-ud-Daula.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Chatterjee |first=Indrani |date=July 1996 |title=Slavery and the Household in Bengal, 1770 - 1880 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of London |page=63 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29751/1/10752723.pdf |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603170644/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29751/1/10752723.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Bahu Begum owned multiple eunuchs, all of them of Indian Hindu background. One of them was born a eunuch with defective genital and sold to the Nawab by his family, Darab Ali Khan and he was a general agent of Bahu Begam after Jawahir Ali. Another was a [[Brahmin]] Hindu boy who was kidnaped by castrators, enslaved and castrated when he was 14 after his famine stricken parents sold him to a woman of [[Sayyid]] background and he was the treasurer of Bahu Begam, Bahar Ali.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakhsh |first1=Muhammad Faiz |last2=Hoey |first2=William |editor1-last=Qureshi |editor1-first=Hamid Afaq |title=Memoirs of Faizabad, Being a Translation of the "Tarikh-i-Farahbakhsh" of Muhammad Faiz Bakhsh: 1782-1818 |date=2005 |publisher=New Royal Book Company |isbn=8185936927 |page=218 |series=Part 2 of Memoirs of Faizabad, Being a Translation of the "Tarikh-i-Farahbakhsh" of Muhammad Faiz Bakhsh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQhWAAAAYAAJ&q=Bahar+Ali+brahmin+eunuch+castrated+nawab |quote=Out of regard for Zainu'labdin and in remembrance of Bahar Ali Khan's kindness to me , I went to Jawahir Ali Khan and interceded and pleaded until I ... She bought a Brahman boy from his father and mother in year of famine and brought him up as her son . ... The castrators lifted him , carried him off , castrated him and sold him to the Nawab , who made him over to Shuja'u'ddaulah . The latter entrusted him for education and board to Khushnazr Ali Khan , who was a very old eunuch . |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112944/https://books.google.com/books?id=xQhWAAAAYAAJ&q=Bahar+Ali+brahmin+eunuch+castrated+nawab |url-status=live }}</ref> Jawahir Ali was the first general agent of Bahu Begam.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Hinchy |first=Jessica Bridgette |date=January 2013 |title=Power, Perversion and Panic: Eunuchs, Colonialism and Modernity in North India |degree=PhD |publisher=The Australian National University |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/156178/2/b31265091-Hinchy_J.pdf |pages=63, 64, 65 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408212305/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/156178/2/b31265091-Hinchy_J.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Bahu Begam's estates were managed by Javahir 'Ali Khan. The Twelver Shia cleric Mawlavi Muhammad Munir who came to Faizabad and was there during a riot in 1779 between Sufi pirs and physicians against Twelver Shia clerics. Muhammad Munir was paid a stipend and backed up by Javahir Ali. Javahir Ali sent soldiers to support the Twelver scholars against the physicians. The Twelver Shia Usuli ulama were also supported by Javahir Ali when they implemented Friday prayers 7 years after the riots. Javahir paid 20 people to make people attend the 5 mandatory prayers and Friday prayer during the winter and rainy season.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=J. R. I. |title=Roots of North Indian Shi'ism in Iran and Iraq : Religion and State in Awadh, 1722-1859 |date=1988 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |pages=57, 58 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0f59n6r9;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002221336/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0f59n6r9;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print |url-status=live }}</ref> Bahu Begum was of Persian Iranian descent. The British East India Company under [[Warren Hastings]] tortured the eunuchs Bahar Ali and Jawahir Ali after they arrested Bahu Begum in 1781 in order to force them to give their treasure over.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Khan |first=Vijaya |date=August 1983 |title=Glimpses into the life and times of the Begums of Avadh |url=https://oudh.tripod.com/oudhbegam/vnawab.htm |magazine=the India Magazine of her people and culture |location= |publisher= |volume=3 |number=9 |access-date= |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408105615/https://oudh.tripod.com/oudhbegam/vnawab.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Jawahir Ali Khan ordered 2 fellow eunuchs belonging to Bahu Begum, Sa'adat and Basharat to assist the Qadi (Qazi) at Ali Beg Khan mosque.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakhsh |first1=Muhammad Faiz |last2=Hoey |first2=William |editor1-last=Qureshi |editor1-first=Hamid Afaq |title=Memoirs of Faizabad, Being a Translation of the "Tarikh-i-Farahbakhsh" of Muhammad Faiz Bakhsh: 1722-1781 |series=Part 1 of Memoirs of Faizabad, Being a Translation of the "Tarikh-i-Farahbakhsh" of Muhammad Faiz Bakhsh |date=2004 |publisher=New Royal Book Company |isbn=8189267019 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWNuAAAAMAAJ&q=jawahir+ali+eunuch+bahu+begum |quote=The Qazi came and took his seat at Ali Beg Khan's mosque . Basharat and Sa'adat , two of the Bahu Begum's eunuchs , attended at the mosque by Jawahir Ali Khan's order to support the Qazi . The Qazi sent a verbal order to Bani Khanam ... |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112938/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWNuAAAAMAAJ&q=jawahir+ali+eunuch+bahu+begum |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Qidwai |first1=Ikramuddin |title=Nawwab Bani Khanam |journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |date=April 1, 1994 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=115–119 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/5d9c18f732dfd2472f5c28085cec56cd/1?cbl=1819375&pq-origsite=gscholar |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725060214/https://www.proquest.com/openview/5d9c18f732dfd2472f5c28085cec56cd/1?cbl=1819375&pq-origsite=gscholar |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to cold weather, the eunuch minister Darab Ali Khan tried to stop Bahu Begam from reciting Fatiha at Imam Husain's tazia during Muharram but she went regardless and got a fever and cold.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Culture, Volume 1 |date=1934 |publisher=Indian Research Institute |page=633 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRh2zs132xsC&q=jawahir+ali+eunuch+bahu+begum |quote=In this connection an account of the death of his royal consort Bahu Begam who outlived him by 41 years may , in fitness of things , be recorded here . ... This year she prepared to go as usual but Darab Ali Khan , her eunuch minister , tried to prevent her on account of the fear of a ... She was borne with great respect and ceremony to the Jawahir Bagh on the shoulders of the nobles of Faizabad ; around ... |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112939/https://books.google.com/books?id=SRh2zs132xsC&q=jawahir+ali+eunuch+bahu+begum |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Bahu Begum only allowed Jawahir to enter when she was on her Sedan Chair speaking before British East India Company representative Mr. Lumsden in Lucknow. Darab Ali Khan came from the Salone district, Rusulabad.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abdul Ali |first1=A. F. M |title=The last will and testament of Bahu Begum |pages=6, 7, 8 |url=https://archive.org/stream/McGillLibrary-rbsc_isl_last-will-bahu-begum_DS470B3A641920z-5270/rbsc_isl_last-will-bahu-begum_DS470B3A641920z_djvu.txt}}</ref> Jawahir was interred in an [[imambarah]] made out of wood after he died in 1799 in Faizabad.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Keshani |first=Hussein |title=The Architecture of Ritual: Eighteenth-century Lucknow and the Making of the Great Imambarah Complex, a Forgotten World Monument |degree=PhD |url=http://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstream/handle/1828/7939/Keshani_Hussein_PhD_2003.pdf |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521154024/http://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstream/handle/1828/7939/Keshani_Hussein_PhD_2003.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Bahu Begum had another favourite eunuch, Tehsin Ali Khan who died on 27 August 1818. He constructed a mosque and owned a Serai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tehsin ki Masjid |url=https://lucknow.me/Tehsin-ki-Masjid.html |website=LUCKNOW Society |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605021633/https://lucknow.me/Tehsin-ki-Masjid.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Bahu Begum's name was Amanat-uz Zahra and her eunuch Jawahar Ali Khan built an Imambara in Faizabad.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Trivedi |first=Madhu K |date=1977 |title=Cultural history of the kingdom of awadh |degree=PhD |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |url=http://ir.amu.ac.in/5952/1/T%201784.pdf |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820001918/http://ir.amu.ac.in/5952/1/T%201784.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Bahu Begam was the younger sister of Mirza Muhammad<ref>{{cite thesis |last=SRIVASTAVA |first=ASHIRBADI LAL |title=SHUJA-UD-DAULAH |degree=D.Litt |volume=I (1754 - 1765) |edition=2nd Revised and corrected |date=1961 |page=5 |url=http://srivastavahistorian.com/img/Books/Shuja-Ud%20Daulah%20%20V-I.pdf |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408105614/http://srivastavahistorian.com/img/Books/Shuja-Ud%20Daulah%20%20V-I.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
-''As there is a full account given of Jawahir 'Ali Ķbán in connection with Faizábád, there is no need to speak of him here. Having filled the office of the Nazárat on earth for thirty-four years after the death of Nusrat 'Ali ķhán, he was summoned in 1214 A.H. [1799 A.D.), to superintend the huris of Firdaus, and hastened. to Paradise. Then the lucrative appointments which he had vacated were conferred on Muhammad Dáráb. Ali Ķbán. Although Jawahir . 'Ali Khán had thrice the dignity and opulence of his father,* for his authority extended from the mountain of Butwal on the north to the banks of the Ganges on the south, and he had more than 10,000 horse and foot, and had personal property greater than all the other eunuchs of Faizábád had been able to collect in their whole lives, yet he was never known to utter an arrogant or haughty word, and never assumed any manner or a form of speech which savoured of pride or arrogance. As he had evinced from his early boyhood a taste for literature, he was constantly engaged in reading, and when any literary discussion took place, he used to leave the most urgent business to go and share its advantages. In his early years he was fond of Arabic, and becoming proficient in etymology, syntax, and logic, he entered on the study of Şadra; but owing to his tours and journeys, which he had to make to Lucknow each year and sometimes to the mountain of Butwal, he was unable to make further progress.''
-''He was an able expositor of the ambiguities of Persian poetry. Enigmas and riddles were solved in gatherings around him. Above all, he was especially fond of historical works. He read from beginning to end the Sháhnáma, Hamla-i-Haidarí, the Masnavís of Jalálu'ddín Rúmi, Ma'ariju'nnabuwat, Rauzatu'ssafa, Habibu'ssiyar, Shahjabánnáma, Akbarnáma, Taimúrnáma, Táriķh Farishta, and every other book on which he could lay his hands. The duty of reading these aloud to him was imposed on me. He used to listen to them from sunset until midnight. I heard many narratives and tales while thus privileged with the enjoyment of his society. He always sought the company of scholars, poets, and men of science. He is dead and gone.''
-''* The relation of an old eunuch to a younger one as guru and chelá (priest and novice) is often referred to in this work. When a eunuch adopted another they were spoken of as father and son. This is the relation here alluded to, Jawábir 'Ali being looked on as the adopted son of Nusrat 'Ali, whom he succeeded.'' [[Muhammad Faiz Bakhsh]], "Memoirs of Delhi and Faizábád: Being a Translation of the Táríḳh Farahbaḳhsh of Muhammad Faiz Baḳhsh from the Original Persian, Volume 1", pages iv-v.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bakhsh |first1=Muhammad Faiz |last2=Hoey |first2=William |title=Memoirs of Delhi and Faizábád: Being a Translation of the Táríḳh Farahbaḳhsh of Muhammad Faiz Baḳhsh from the Original Persian, Volume 1 |date=1888 |publisher=Government Press, North-western Provinces and Oudh |pages=iv, v |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jus2AQAAMAAJ&dq=jawahir+ali+eunuch&pg=PR6-IA4 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209112842/https://books.google.com/books?id=jus2AQAAMAAJ&dq=jawahir+ali+eunuch&pg=PR6-IA4#v=onepage&q=jawahir%20ali%20eunuch&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Yusuf Ali Khan and Ambar Ali Khan were 2 other eunuch boys who were raised with Jawahir Ali Khan.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Bowen |editor1-first=Zazie |editor2-last=Hinchy |editor2-first=Jessica |title=Children and Knowledge: Contemporary and Historical Perspectives from India |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge South Asian History and Culture Series |isbn=978-1000740417 |edition=reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NXpDwAAQBAJ&dq=jawahir+ali+eunuch&pg=PT110 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209113502/https://books.google.com/books?id=5NXpDwAAQBAJ&dq=jawahir+ali+eunuch&pg=PT110#v=onepage&q=jawahir%20ali%20eunuch&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Ambar Ali Khan was taken prisoner in the same battle as Jawahir Ali Khan when the Twelver Shia Commissioner Muhammad Ali Khan defeated the Hindu Rajputs of Khairabad (Sitapur) and castrated the Hindu boys.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhasin |first1=Rakesh |title=Dastan-e-Awadh: A Momentous Journey from Faizabad to Lucknow |date=2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1642498820 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lhbDwAAQBAJ&dq=jawahir+ali+eunuch&pg=PT184 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209113343/https://books.google.com/books?id=1lhbDwAAQBAJ&dq=jawahir+ali+eunuch&pg=PT184#v=onepage&q=jawahir%20ali%20eunuch&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Jawahir Ali Khan used white clothing for Mewatis, black clothing for irregulars and livery in mango green for household troops (Sahib Khanis) when he ordered his servants and soldiers to parade in Lucknow while he was administrator.<ref>{{cite book |last1=BAYLY |first1=C. A. |editor1-last=Appadurai |editor1-first=Arjun |title=The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521357268 |page=304 |edition=illustrated, reprint |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JqTcziwKTYC&dq=jawahir+ali+eunuch&pg=PA304 |series=ACLS Humanities E-Book, Cambridge studies in social and cultural anthropology |chapter=CHAPTER 10 The origins of swadeshi (home industry): cloth and Indian society, 1700-1930 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209113344/https://books.google.com/books?id=6JqTcziwKTYC&dq=jawahir+ali+eunuch&pg=PA304#v=onepage&q=jawahir%20ali%20eunuch&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Jawahir Ali patronized intellectuals and culture as well as engaging in horsemanship and archery practice every day. He did not wear ornate, expensive or elaborate clothing and did not do extravagant grooming, since as a high ranking eunuch (khwajasarai) his mistress did not need to flaunt her wealth through him.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hinchy |first1=Jessica |last2=Miescher |first2=Stephan F. |last3=Mitchell |first3=Michele |last4=Shibusawa |first4=Naoko |title=Gender, Imperialism and Global Exchanges |date=2015 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |series=Gender and History Special Issues |isbn=978-1119052197 |page=30 |edition=reprint |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEkZBwAAQBAJ&dq=jawahir+ali+eunuch&pg=PA30 |chapter=PART I Labour 1 The Sexual Politics of Imperial Expansion: Eunuchs and Indirect Colonial Rule in Mid-Nineteenth-Century North India |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209113450/https://books.google.com/books?id=JEkZBwAAQBAJ&dq=jawahir+ali+eunuch&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q=jawahir%20ali%20eunuch&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Jawahir Ali Khan cone had 1,000 servants shout "Din, Din" while raising banners and wearing white robes after taking off their black robes. One of his officials was Akhund Ahmad. Jawahir Ali had a dispute with his mistress Bahu Begum when he was blocking a road once and she sent a eunuch to tell him to stop it.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Pakistan Historical Society |title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, Volume 42 |date=1994 |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society. |pages=116, 117, 118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_htAAAAMAAJ&q=jawahir+ali+eunuch |quote=Salih , leaving the service of Jawahir ' Ali Khan joined the service of Bani Khānam . He entreated that his wife Nūrjahān ... and it was not expedient to stay in . She again spoke to the Bahū Begum who sent a eunuch to Jawāhir ' Ali Khān saying ... Jawahir ' Ali Khān was so much in the heat of passion that he became reckless , and forgetting the relations of master and servant , he returned no answer ... |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209113345/https://books.google.com/books?id=w_htAAAAMAAJ&q=jawahir+ali+eunuch |url-status=live }}</ref>
 ====Asaf-ud-Daula====
@@ Line 125: / Line 109: @@
 [[Farrukhabad]] and [[Rampur State|Rampur]] was not annexed by the British yet; instead, they served as separate princely states for the moment.<ref name="habib"/>
-The kingdom became a British [[protectorate]] in May 1816 (However, the state was an unofficial British protectorate since 1764, having little external autonomy). Three years later, in 1819, the [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah]] took the title of ''Badshah'' (king), signaling formal independence from the Mughal Empire under the advice of the [[Marquis of Hastings]].
+The kingdom became a British [[protectorate]] in May 1816. Three years later, in 1819, the [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah]] took the title of ''Badshah'' (king), signaling formal independence from the Mughal Empire under the advice of the [[Marquis of Hastings]].
 Throughout the early 1800s until annexation, several areas were gradually ceded to the British.
@@ Line 143: / Line 127: @@
 The following were feudatory estates —[[taluqdari]]s<ref>{{cite book|title=The Feudatory and zemindari India, Volume 17, Issue 2|date=1937|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBYnAQAAIAAJ&q=nanpara|access-date=4 August 2014|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209113504/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBYnAQAAIAAJ&q=nanpara|url-status=live}}</ref> or [[pargana]]s— of Oudh:
 *Balrampur Estate<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/balrampur.html |title=Balrampur (Taluqdari) |access-date=4 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133300/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/balrampur.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
-*[[Benares State]] until 1740<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=C. A. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870 |date=1988-05-19 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-31054-3 |language=en}}</ref>
+*[[Benares State]] until 1740<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=C. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17 |title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870 |date=1988-05-19 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-31054-3 |language=en}}</ref>
 *[[Bhadri Estate]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bhadri.html |title=Bhadri (Taluq) |access-date=4 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129144934/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bhadri.html |archive-date=29 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 *Itaunja Estate<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/i/itaunja.html |title=Itaunja – Raipur Ekdaria (Taluq) |access-date=4 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710154445/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/i/itaunja.html |archive-date=10 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-*[[Kohra Estate]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=Kohra (Taluk) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/kohra |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |date=2 April 1970 |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320120857/https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/kohra |url-status=live }}</ref>
+*[[Kohra Estate]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |date= |title=Kohra (Taluk) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/kohra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320120857/https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/kohra |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref>
 *[[Nanpara Taluqdari]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Year Book, Volume 29|date=1942|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|page=1286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HV8dAQAAMAAJ&q=nanpara|access-date=6 August 2014|archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209113509/https://books.google.com/books?id=HV8dAQAAMAAJ&q=nanpara|url-status=live}}</ref>
+*[[Pratapgarh Estate]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pratapgarh (Taluq) |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/pratapgarh_up.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031014806/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/pratapgarh_up.html |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>
-*[[Pratapgarh Estate]]
 *[[Tulsipur State]]
@@ Line 278: / Line 262: @@
 {{col div|colwidth=30em}}
 *[[Awadh|Awadh region]]
+*[[Wajid Ali Shah]]
-*[[List of Indian monarchs#Nawabs of Oudh (1719 – 1858 CE)|List of Indian monarchs]]
+*[[Begum Hazrat Mahal]]
-*[[Mahseer#In heraldry|Mahseer in heraldry]]
+*[[List of Indian monarchs#Nawabs of Oudh (1719 – 1858 CE)|List of Indian monarchs]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-06-02|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of Indian monarchs#Nawabs of Oudh (1719 – 1858 CE)|reason= The anchor (Nawabs of Oudh (1719 – 1858 CE)) [[Special:Diff/1133674608|has been deleted]].}}
 *[[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]]
 *[[Oudh and Tirhut Railway]]